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Schmidt VF, Kapp FG, Goldann C, Huthmann L, Cucuruz B, Brill R, Vielsmeier V, Seebauer CT, Michel AJ, Seidensticker M, Uller W, Weiß JBW, Sint A, Häberle B, Haehl J, Wagner A, Cordes J, Holm A, Schanze D, Ricke J, Kimm MA, Wohlgemuth WA, Zenker M, Wildgruber M. Extracranial Vascular Anomalies Driven by RAS/MAPK Variants: Spectrum and Genotype-Phenotype Correlations. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e033287. [PMID: 38563363 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.033287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to correlate alterations in the rat sarcoma virus (RAS)/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in vascular anomalies to the clinical phenotype for improved patient and treatment stratification. METHODS AND RESULTS This retrospective multicenter cohort study included 29 patients with extracranial vascular anomalies containing mosaic pathogenic variants (PVs) in genes of the RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Tissue samples were collected during invasive treatment or clinically indicated biopsies. PVs were detected by the targeted sequencing of panels of genes known to be associated with vascular anomalies, performed using DNA from affected tissue. Subgroup analyses were performed according to the affected genes with regard to phenotypic characteristics in a descriptive manner. Twenty-five vascular malformations, 3 vascular tumors, and 1 patient with both a vascular malformation and vascular tumor presented the following distribution of PVs in genes: Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene (n=10), neuroblastoma ras viral oncogene homolog (n=1), Harvey rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (n=5), V-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (n=8), and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (n=5). Patients with RAS PVs had advanced disease stages according to the Schobinger classification (stage 3-4: RAS, 9/13 versus non-RAS, 3/11) and more frequent progression after treatment (RAS, 10/13 versus non-RAS, 2/11). Lesions with Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene PVs infiltrated more tissue layers compared with the other PVs including other RAS PVs (multiple tissue layers: Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene, 8/10 versus other PVs, 6/19). CONCLUSIONS This comparison of patients with various PVs in genes of the RAS/MAPK pathway provides potential associations with certain morphological and clinical phenotypes. RAS variants were associated with more aggressive phenotypes, generating preliminary data and hypothesis for future larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa F Schmidt
- Department of Radiology LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich München Germany
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Gefäßanomalien (IZGA) LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich München Germany
| | - Friedrich G Kapp
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg Germany
| | - Constantin Goldann
- Clinic and Policlinic of Radiology Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Linda Huthmann
- Clinic and Policlinic of Radiology Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Beatrix Cucuruz
- Clinic and Policlinic of Radiology Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Richard Brill
- Clinic and Policlinic of Radiology Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Veronika Vielsmeier
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Regensburg University Medical Center Regensburg Germany
| | - Caroline T Seebauer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Regensburg University Medical Center Regensburg Germany
| | - Armin-Johannes Michel
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Surgery Paracelsus Medical University Hospital Salzburg Austria
| | - Max Seidensticker
- Department of Radiology LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich München Germany
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Gefäßanomalien (IZGA) LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich München Germany
| | - Wibke Uller
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology University of Freiburg Medical Centre, Medical Faculty of the University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Jakob B W Weiß
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery University of Freiburg Medical Centre, Medical Faculty of the University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Alena Sint
- Department of Radiology LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich München Germany
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Gefäßanomalien (IZGA) LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich München Germany
| | - Beate Häberle
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Gefäßanomalien (IZGA) LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich München Germany
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich München Germany
| | - Julia Haehl
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Gefäßanomalien (IZGA) LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich München Germany
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich München Germany
| | - Alexandra Wagner
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Gefäßanomalien (IZGA) LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich München Germany
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich München Germany
| | - Johanna Cordes
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg Germany
| | - Annegret Holm
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg Germany
| | - Denny Schanze
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg Magdeburg Germany
| | - Jens Ricke
- Department of Radiology LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich München Germany
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Gefäßanomalien (IZGA) LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich München Germany
| | - Melanie A Kimm
- Department of Radiology LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich München Germany
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Gefäßanomalien (IZGA) LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich München Germany
| | - Walter A Wohlgemuth
- Clinic and Policlinic of Radiology Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Martin Zenker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg Magdeburg Germany
| | - Moritz Wildgruber
- Department of Radiology LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich München Germany
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Gefäßanomalien (IZGA) LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich München Germany
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Gatts J, Chandra SR, Ricci K. Medical Management and Therapeutic Updates on Vascular Anomalies of the Head and Neck: Part 2. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2024; 36:115-123. [PMID: 37981343 DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2023.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Discovery of inherited and somatic genetic mutations, along with advancements in clinical and scientific research, has improved understanding of vascular anomalies and changed the treatment paradigm. With aim of minimizing need for invasive procedures and improving disease outcomes, molecularly targeted medications and anti-angiogenesis agents have become important as both adjuncts to surgery, and increasingly, as the primary treatment of vascular anomalies. This article highlights the commonly used and emerging therapeutic medications for non-malignant vascular tumors and vascular malformations in addition to medical management of associated hematologic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorie Gatts
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Srinivasa R Chandra
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Kiersten Ricci
- Hemangioma and Vascular Malformation Center, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Hematology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7015, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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3
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Stor MLE, Horbach SER, Lokhorst MM, Tan E, Maas SM, van Noesel CJM, van der Horst CMAM. Genetic mutations and phenotype characteristics in peripheral vascular malformations: A systematic review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2023. [PMID: 38037869 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.19640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Vascular malformations (VMs) are clinically diverse with regard to the vessel type, anatomical location, tissue involvement and size. Consequently, symptoms and disease impact differ significantly. Diverse causative mutations in more and more genes are discovered and play a major role in the development of VMs. However, the relationship between the underlying causative mutations and the highly variable phenotype of VMs is not yet fully understood. In this systematic review, we aimed to provide an overview of known causative mutations in genes in VMs and discuss associations between the causative mutations and clinical phenotypes. PubMed and EMBASE libraries were systematically searched on November 9th, 2022 for randomized controlled trials and observational studies reporting causative mutations in at least five patients with peripheral venous, lymphatic, arteriovenous and combined malformations. Study quality was assessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Data were extracted on patient and VM characteristics, molecular sequencing method and results of molecular analysis. In total, 5667 articles were found of which 69 studies were included, reporting molecular analysis in a total of 4261 patients and 1686 (40%) patients with peripheral VMs a causative mutation was detected. In conclusion, this systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of causative germline and somatic mutations in various genes and associated phenotypes in peripheral VMs. With these findings, we attempt to better understand how the underlying causative mutations in various genes contribute to the highly variable clinical characteristics of VMs. Our study shows that some causative mutations lead to a uniform phenotype, while other causal variants lead to more varying phenotypes. By contrast, distinct causative mutations may lead to similar phenotypes and result in almost indistinguishable VMs. VMs are currently classified based on clinical and histopathology features, however, the findings of this systematic review suggest a larger role for genotype in current diagnostics and classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L E Stor
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S E R Horbach
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M M Lokhorst
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Tan
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S M Maas
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C J M van Noesel
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Diagnostics, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C M A M van der Horst
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Sylvester B, Sundaram N, Marica S, Cagir B, Ronsivalle J. Lower-Extremity Arteriovenous Malformation Masquerading as Peripheral Artery Disease. Cureus 2023; 15:e41431. [PMID: 37546090 PMCID: PMC10404121 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.41431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An arteriovenous malformation (AVM) refers to an anomalous, direct connection between an artery and a vein. Typically, these two vessels are interposed by high-resistance capillary beds, the absence of which results in a high-flow system from an artery into a vein. Venous vessel walls are not designed to handle such high-pressure blood flow, and their vessel wall structure becomes permanently altered and weakened. For this reason, AVMs are at an increased risk for hemorrhages and ruptures. AVMs present with a spectrum of symptoms, ranging from skin discoloration, ischemia in distal tissues, and heart failure from arteriovenous shunting. Here, we present a case of a patient who underwent amputation of his second left toe, initially thought to be a result of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) due to his extensive smoking history. Further imaging findings revealed a rare lower-extremity AVM as the source of his ischemia, not PAD. Ultimately, the treatment of the vascular anomaly and resolution of the patient's symptoms were achieved via transarterial embolization. This case emphasizes the importance of looking beyond PAD as the cause of distal lower-extremity ischemia and provides insights into an uncommon and often missed diagnosis of extracranial AVMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana Sylvester
- School of Medicine, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, USA
| | | | - Silviu Marica
- Vascular Surgery, Guthrie Clinic/Guthrie Robert Packer Hospital, Sayre, USA
| | - Burt Cagir
- Colorectal Surgery, Guthrie Robert Packer Hospital, Sayre, USA
| | - Joseph Ronsivalle
- Interventional Radiology, Guthrie Robert Packer Hospital, Sayre, USA
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Wei T, Richter GT, Zhang H, Sun RW, Smith CH, Strub GM. Extracranial arteriovenous malformations demonstrate dysregulated TGF-β/BMP signaling and increased circulating TGF-β1. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16612. [PMID: 36198763 PMCID: PMC9534897 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21217-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are characterized by anomalous arterial-to-venous connections, aberrant angiogenesis, local inflammation and hypoxia, and disorganized histological architecture; however, the precise molecular perturbations leading to this phenotype remain elusive. We hypothesized that extracranial AVM tissue would demonstrate deregulation of the TGF-β/BMP signaling pathway, which may serve as a potential target in the development of molecular-based therapies for AVMs. AVM tissue was harvested during resection from 10 patients with AVMs and compared to control tissue. Blood was collected from 14 AVM patients and 10 patients without AVMs as controls. Expression of TGF-β/BMP pathway components was analyzed using RT-PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Circulating levels of TGF-β1 were analyzed by ELISA. Paired t tests were utilized to perform statistical analysis. The mRNA levels of TGF-β1, ALK1, Endoglin (ENG), Smad6, Smad7, and Smad8 were significantly elevated in AVM tissue when compared to controls. Protein levels of TGF-β1 and Smad3 were elevated in AVM tissue while protein levels of BMP-9, ALK1, Smad1, Smad6, and Smad8 were significantly decreased in AVMs. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated increased TGF-β1 in the perivascular cells of AVMs compared to normal controls, and circulating levels of TGF-β1 were significantly higher in AVM patients. Patients with AVMs demonstrate aberrant TGF-β/BMP expression in AVM tissue and blood compared to controls. Targeting aberrantly expressed components of the TGF-β/BMP pathway in extracranial AVMs may be a viable approach in the development of novel molecular therapies, and monitoring circulating TGF-β1 levels may be a useful indicator of treatment success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wei
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, 13 Children's Way, Little Rock, AR, 72202, USA
| | - Gresham T Richter
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, 13 Children's Way, Little Rock, AR, 72202, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Haihong Zhang
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, 13 Children's Way, Little Rock, AR, 72202, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Ravi W Sun
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, 13 Children's Way, Little Rock, AR, 72202, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Conor H Smith
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Graham M Strub
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, 13 Children's Way, Little Rock, AR, 72202, USA. .,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
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van der Vleuten CJM. Genetic understanding of vascular anomalies: better classification and risk-stratification with targeted therapeutic options - a new horizon for vascular anomaly patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2022; 36:765-766. [PMID: 35536170 PMCID: PMC9321908 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.18155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Linked article: F.N. El Sissy et al. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2022; 36: 905–912. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.18046.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J M van der Vleuten
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboudumc Expertise Centre for Hemangiomas and Congenital Vascular Malformations Nijmegen (Hecovan), Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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