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Turbek SP, Funk WC, Ruegg KC. Where to draw the line? Expanding the delineation of conservation units to highly mobile taxa. J Hered 2023; 114:300-311. [PMID: 36815497 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esad011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Conservation units (CUs) are an essential tool for maximizing evolutionary potential and prioritizing areas across a species' range for protection when implementing conservation and management measures. However, current workflows for identifying CUs on the basis of neutral and adaptive genomic variation largely ignore information contained in patterns of isolation by distance (IBD), frequently the primary signal of population structure in highly mobile taxa, such as birds, bats, and marine organisms with pelagic larval stages. While individuals located on either end of a species' distribution may exhibit clear genetic, phenotypic, and ecological differences, IBD produces subtle changes in allele frequencies across space, making it difficult to draw clear boundaries for conservation purposes in the absence of discrete population structure. Here, we highlight potential pitfalls that arise when applying common methods for delineating CUs to continuously distributed organisms and review existing methods for detecting subtle breakpoints in patterns of IBD that can indicate barriers to gene flow in highly mobile taxa. In addition, we propose a new framework for identifying CUs in all organisms, including those characterized by continuous genomic differentiation, and suggest several possible ways to harness the information contained in patterns of IBD to guide conservation and management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheela P Turbek
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - W Chris Funk
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Kristen C Ruegg
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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2
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Turbek SP, Semenov GA, Enbody ED, Campagna L, Taylor SA. Variable Signatures of Selection Despite Conserved Recombination Landscapes Early in Speciation. J Hered 2021; 112:485-496. [PMID: 34499149 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esab054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently diverged taxa often exhibit heterogeneous landscapes of genomic differentiation, characterized by regions of elevated differentiation on an otherwise homogeneous background. While divergence peaks are generally interpreted as regions responsible for reproductive isolation, they can also arise due to background selection, selective sweeps unrelated to speciation, and variation in recombination and mutation rates. To investigate the association between patterns of recombination and landscapes of genomic differentiation during the early stages of speciation, we generated fine-scale recombination maps for six southern capuchino seedeaters (Sporophila) and two subspecies of White Wagtail (Motacilla alba), two recent avian radiations in which divergent selection on pigmentation genes has likely generated peaks of differentiation. We compared these recombination maps to those of Collared (Ficedula albicollis) and Pied Flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca), non-sister taxa characterized by moderate genomic divergence and a heterogenous landscape of genomic differentiation shaped in part by background selection. Although recombination landscapes were conserved within all three systems, we documented a weaker negative correlation between recombination rate and genomic differentiation in the recent radiations. All divergence peaks between capuchinos, wagtails, and flycatchers were located in regions with lower-than-average recombination rates, and most divergence peaks in capuchinos and flycatchers fell in regions of exceptionally reduced recombination. Thus, co-adapted allelic combinations in these regions may have been protected early in divergence, facilitating rapid diversification. Despite largely conserved recombination landscapes, divergence peaks are specific to each focal comparison in capuchinos, suggesting that regions of elevated differentiation have not been generated by variation in recombination rate alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheela P Turbek
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Georgy A Semenov
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Erik D Enbody
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leonardo Campagna
- Fuller Evolutionary Biology Program, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Scott A Taylor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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3
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Srikulnath K, Ahmad SF, Singchat W, Panthum T. Why Do Some Vertebrates Have Microchromosomes? Cells 2021; 10:2182. [PMID: 34571831 PMCID: PMC8466491 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
With more than 70,000 living species, vertebrates have a huge impact on the field of biology and research, including karyotype evolution. One prominent aspect of many vertebrate karyotypes is the enigmatic occurrence of tiny and often cytogenetically indistinguishable microchromosomes, which possess distinctive features compared to macrochromosomes. Why certain vertebrate species carry these microchromosomes in some lineages while others do not, and how they evolve remain open questions. New studies have shown that microchromosomes exhibit certain unique characteristics of genome structure and organization, such as high gene densities, low heterochromatin levels, and high rates of recombination. Our review focuses on recent concepts to expand current knowledge on the dynamic nature of karyotype evolution in vertebrates, raising important questions regarding the evolutionary origins and ramifications of microchromosomes. We introduce the basic karyotypic features to clarify the size, shape, and morphology of macro- and microchromosomes and report their distribution across different lineages. Finally, we characterize the mechanisms of different evolutionary forces underlying the origin and evolution of microchromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornsorn Srikulnath
- Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Center (AGB Research Center), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (S.F.A.); (W.S.); (T.P.)
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics (ACCG), Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- The International Undergraduate Program in Bioscience and Technology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics (SRUWG), Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Syed Farhan Ahmad
- Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Center (AGB Research Center), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (S.F.A.); (W.S.); (T.P.)
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics (ACCG), Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- The International Undergraduate Program in Bioscience and Technology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics (SRUWG), Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Worapong Singchat
- Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Center (AGB Research Center), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (S.F.A.); (W.S.); (T.P.)
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics (ACCG), Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics (SRUWG), Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Thitipong Panthum
- Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Center (AGB Research Center), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (S.F.A.); (W.S.); (T.P.)
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics (ACCG), Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics (SRUWG), Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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4
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Semenov GA, Linck E, Enbody ED, Harris RB, Khaydarov DR, Alström P, Andersson L, Taylor SA. Asymmetric introgression reveals the genetic architecture of a plumage trait. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1019. [PMID: 33589637 PMCID: PMC7884433 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21340-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide variation in introgression rates across hybrid zones offers a powerful opportunity for studying population differentiation. One poorly understood pattern of introgression is the geographic displacement of a trait implicated in lineage divergence from genome-wide population boundaries. While difficult to interpret, this pattern can facilitate the dissection of trait genetic architecture because traits become uncoupled from their ancestral genomic background. We studied an example of trait displacement generated by the introgression of head plumage coloration from personata to alba subspecies of the white wagtail. A previous study of their hybrid zone in Siberia revealed that the geographic transition in this sexual signal that mediates assortative mating was offset from other traits and genetic markers. Here we show that head plumage is associated with two small genetic regions. Despite having a simple genetic architecture, head plumage inheritance is consistent with partial dominance and epistasis, which could contribute to its asymmetric introgression. Hybrid zones are windows into the evolutionary process. Semenov et al. find that the head plumage differences between white wagtail subspecies have a simple genetic basis involving two small genetic regions, in which partially dominant and epistatic interactions help to explain how this sexual signal has become decoupled from other plumage traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgy A Semenov
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Ethan Linck
- UNM Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, Mexico
| | - Erik D Enbody
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Per Alström
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Leif Andersson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Scott A Taylor
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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Hudon J, Wiebe KL, Stradi R. Disruptions of feather carotenoid pigmentation in a subset of hybrid northern flickers (Colaptes auratus) may be linked to genetic incompatibilities. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 251:110510. [PMID: 33010421 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2020.110510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hybridization can bring in single individuals alleles that were never designed to work together, which can result in unexpected or transgressive phenotypes. The Yellow-shafted (auratus group) and Red-shafted (cafer group) subspecies groups of the Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus) differ conspicuously in the coloration of their flight feathers, but hybridize freely where their ranges overlap in western North America. The difference in color is largely the result of the Red-shafted form harboring ketolated products at C4(4') of the carotenoids found in the Yellow-shafted form. Characterizing the carotenoid pigments in a series of birds of intermediate color (presumed hybrids) revealed that most accumulated a product of β-cryptoxanthin with a keto group on its hydroxylated ring (3-hydroxy-echinenone), while a few accumulated the product with a keto group on the unhydroxylated ring (3'-hydroxy-echinenone). Surprisingly, the latter group also had feather barbs that were noticeably yellower than the associated rachis, corresponding to a lower level of ketolation at C4(4'). We assessed possible biochemical explanations for the differences by probing the relative carotenoid concentration data in individuals of varying color. The difference between the hybrids could not be explained by the general level of ketolation of carotenoids or a particular selectivity of the 4-ketolase involved. We present a testable genetic explanation that invokes incompatibilities between divergent alleles of the two parental forms at interacting loci. Because the idiosyncrasies affect oxidation, they may be the product of mitonuclear incompatibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Hudon
- Royal Alberta Museum, 9810 103A Avenue NW, Edmonton, AB T5J 0G2, Canada.
| | - Karen L Wiebe
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada.
| | - Riccardo Stradi
- DISFARM, Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica "A. Marchesini", Facoltà di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian, 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
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6
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Wang E, Zhang D, Braun MS, Hotz-Wagenblatt A, Pärt T, Arlt D, Schmaljohann H, Bairlein F, Lei F, Wink M. Can Mitogenomes of the Northern Wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe) Reconstruct Its Phylogeography and Reveal the Origin of Migrant Birds? Sci Rep 2020; 10:9290. [PMID: 32518318 PMCID: PMC7283232 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66287-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Northern Wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe, including the nominate and the two subspecies O. o. leucorhoa and O. o. libanotica) and the Seebohm’s Wheatear (Oenanthe seebohmi) are today regarded as two distinct species. Before, all four taxa were regarded as four subspecies of the Northern Wheatear. Their classification has exclusively been based on ecological and morphological traits, while their molecular characterization is still missing. With this study, we used next-generation sequencing to assemble 117 complete mitochondrial genomes covering O. o. oenanthe, O. o. leucorhoa and O. seebohmi. We compared the resolution power of each individual mitochondrial marker and concatenated marker sets to reconstruct the phylogeny and estimate speciation times of three taxa. Moreover, we tried to identify the origin of migratory wheatears caught on Helgoland (Germany) and on Crete (Greece). Mitogenome analysis revealed two different ancient lineages that separated around 400,000 years ago. Both lineages consisted of a mix of subspecies and species. The phylogenetic trees, as well as haplotype networks are incongruent with the present morphology-based classification. Mitogenome could not distinguish these presumed species. The genetic panmixia among present populations and taxa might be the consequence of mitochondrial introgression between ancient wheatear populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erjia Wang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Dezhi Zhang
- Key laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, UniversityMerops apiaster. J. Divers of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Markus Santhosh Braun
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Agnes Hotz-Wagenblatt
- Omics IT and Data Management Core Facility, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tomas Pärt
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Debora Arlt
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Heiko Schmaljohann
- Institute of Avian Research "Vogelwarte Helgoland", Wilhelmshaven, Germany.,Institute for Biology und Environmental Sciences (IBU), Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Franz Bairlein
- Institute of Avian Research "Vogelwarte Helgoland", Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Fumin Lei
- Key laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, UniversityMerops apiaster. J. Divers of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Michael Wink
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Semenov GA, Basheva EA, Borodin PM, Torgasheva AA. High rate of meiotic recombination and its implications for intricate speciation patterns in the white wagtail (Motacilla alba). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgy A Semenov
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Ramaley Hall, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Frunze, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Ramaley Hall, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Ekaterina A Basheva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel M Borodin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State Research University, Department of Cytology and Genetics, Pirogova st., Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Anna A Torgasheva
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Frunze, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State Research University, Department of Cytology and Genetics, Pirogova st., Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
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