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Castro FLAD, Durand LB. Influence of cavity wall thickness on the color adjustment potential of single-shade resin composites. J Am Dent Assoc 2024:S0002-8177(24)00187-9. [PMID: 38819355 DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The color adjustment potential of resin composites depends on the specific characteristics of the surrounding structures. The authors evaluated the influence of cavity wall thickness on CIEDE2000 color adjustment potential (CAP00) of single-shade composites using the CIEDE2000 color difference (ΔE00) formula. METHODS Two types of specimens were produced: single, using Vittra APS color DA3 (FGM Dental), Vittra APS Unique (VU) (FGM Dental), and Omnichroma (Tokuyama Dental) composites; and dual, using Vittra APS color DA3, but with cavity wall thicknesses of 3, 2, or 1 mm, restored with VU or Omnichroma. CIEL∗a∗b∗ color coordinates were obtained from digital photographs of the specimens at different locations, and ΔE00 and CAP00 were calculated. Statistical analysis included 2-way analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis, Holm-Sidak, Student-Newman-Keuls, Wilcoxon signed rank, and paired t tests (α = 5%). RESULTS Cavity walls 1-mm-thick had higher ΔE00 values and lower CAP00 values, particularly for VU (P < .05). Restorations matched better with the control at the periphery than the central area (P < .001). Overall ΔE00 means exceeded the color perceptibility threshold (ie, 0.8) and the acceptability threshold (ie, 1.8). Color differences (between center of restoration and control composite) were moderately unacceptable for 3-mm and 2-mm thicknesses and extremely unacceptable for 1-mm thickness. Both composites had a ΔE00 color shift predominately determined by means of the lightness difference. Positive CAP00 values were found for VU and Omnichroma. CONCLUSIONS Wall thickness, especially at 1 mm, negatively impacted the color of single- shade composites. This effect was more pronounced for VU, affecting mainly the restoration's central area. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Color matching ability depends on the structural and material characteristics, and clinicians should be attentive to these factors when using single-shade resin composites.
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Fidan M, Yağci Ö. Effect of aging and fiber-reinforcement on color stability, translucency, and microhardness of single-shade resin composites versus multi-shade resin composite. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2024; 36:632-642. [PMID: 37622399 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of aging and fiber-reinforcement on the color stability, translucency, and microhardness of single-shade resin composites versus multi-shade resin composite. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four resin composites (Filtek Z250, Omnichroma, Vittra APS Unique, Zenchroma) were tested. Three subgroups of specimens were prepared for each of the composites: control, polyethylene fiber-reinforcement, and glass fiber-reinforcement- groups (n = 10/per group). The samples were subjected to aging for 10,000 thermal cycles. Color differences (ΔE00 ) were calculated after aging. Relative translucency parameter (RTP00 ) and microhardness values were calculated before and after aging. A two-way analysis of variance and the generalized linear model was used (p < 0.05). RESULTS The lowest and highest ΔE00 values were found for Filtek Z250 (0.6 ± 0.2) and Omnichroma resin composites (1.6 ± 0.4), respectively. The ΔE00 value of the polyethylene fiber-reinforcement group (1.2 ± 0.6) was significantly higher than the ΔE00 value of the glass fiber-reinforcement group (1.0 ± 0.4, p < 0.001). The RTP00 value of the glass fiber-reinforcement group (1.92 ± 0.78) was significantly higher than the RTP00 value of the polyethylene fiber-reinforcement group (1.72 ± 0.77, p < 0.001). The highest microhardness values were found in glass fiber-reinforcement group (76.48 ± 17.07, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Single-shade resin composites were more translucent, had higher color change, and lower hardness than multi-shade resin composite. For relative translucency and microhardness, statistical significance was found in the material and fiber type interaction. The glass fiber-reinforcement provided higher translucency, lower color change and higher microhardness values than polyethylene fiber-reinforcement group after aging. Thermocycling had a significant impact on the color stability, translucency parameter, and microhardness of the tested resin composite materials. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Single-shade resin composite materials have greater color-changing potential. The glass fiber-reinforcement optimize resin material mechanical properties and color stability more than polyethylene fiber-reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Fidan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Usak University, Usak, Turkey
| | - Özhan Yağci
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Usak University, Usak, Turkey
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Miranda AO, Favoreto MW, Matos TP, Castro AS, Kunz P, Souza JL, Carvalho P, Reis A, Loguercio AD. Color Match of a Universal-shade Composite Resin for Restoration of Non-carious Cervical Lesions: An Equivalence Randomized Clinical Trial. Oper Dent 2024; 49:20-33. [PMID: 38057996 DOI: 10.2341/23-021-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this double-blind, split-mouth, randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the color match of a single-shade composite resin Admira Fusion X-tra in comparison with a multi-shade composite resin Admira Fusion in non-carious cervical lesion restorations (NCCLs). METHODS AND MATERIALS One hundred and twenty restorations were performed on NCCLs with two restorative materials (n=60). After prophylaxis, the teeth were isolated with a rubber dam, and one universal adhesive was applied in the selective enamel etching strategy. For both groups, the restorations were inserted incrementally and light-cured. The values of the coordinates L*, a*, and b* in the cervical third before vs after the restorations and cervical vs middle third after the restorations were evaluated using a digital spectrophotometer after the coordinate values were used to calculate the CIEDE (ΔE00). The restorations were evaluated at baseline and after 7 days of clinical performance according to the FDI criteria. Statistical analysis was performed using the Chi-square test for all parameters. Color change was analyzed by Student t-test for paired samples (α=0.05). RESULTS All restorations were evaluated after 7 days. Regarding the color measurement, no significant difference was observed when Admira Fusion was compared to Admira Fusion X-tra for any of the comparisons performed (p>0.05). However, the values of ΔE00 in the cervical third before vs after the restorations were higher when compared with ΔE00 observed when the cervical vs middle third after restorations were compared. All restorations received the score "clinically very good" after 7 days for all outcomes, including the subjective color match, when evaluated for FDI criterion. CONCLUSIONS The single-shade composite resin used achieves the same color match when compared to a multi-shade composite resin after 7 days in NCCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Miranda
- Amanda de Oliveira de Miranda, graduate student, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Tuiuti University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - M W Favoreto
- Michael Willian Favoreto, DDS, MSc, PhD student, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - T P Matos
- Thalita P. Matos, DDS, MSc, PhD, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Tuiuti University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - A S Castro
- Andrea dos Santos de Castro, DDS, MSc, PhD, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Tuiuti University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Pvm Kunz
- Patrícia Valéria Manozzo Kunz, DDS, MSc, PhD, private clinic, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - J L Souza
- Jaqueline de Lima de Souza, graduate student, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Tuiuti University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - P Carvalho
- Pamela de Carvalho, graduate student, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Tuiuti University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - A Reis
- Alessandra Reis, DDS, PhD, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - A D Loguercio
- *Alessandro D. Loguercio, DDS, MSc, PhD, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
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Zhu J, Xu Y, Li M, Huang C. Instrumental and visual evaluation of the color adjustment potential of a recently introduced single‑shade composite resin versus multishade composite resins. J Prosthet Dent 2023:S0022-3913(23)00653-4. [PMID: 37919131 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2023.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Single-shade composite resins simplify the process of shade selection by providing a narrow range of color but the ability to simulate all shades. However, evidence is limited for the color shifting ability of a newly developed single‑shade composite resin. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the instrumental color adjustment potential (CAP-I) and visual color adjustment potential (CAP-V) of a recently introduced single-shade composite resin compared with conventional multishade composite resins against different background colors. MATERIAL AND METHODS Four multishade composite resins (Spectrum TPH3, Beautifil II, Clearfil AP-X, and Gradia Direct) and a single-shade composite resin (Charisma Diamond One) were tested. Four base shades (A1, A2, A3, and A3.5) of the same composite resin (Filtek Z350XT) were selected as different background colors. Dual specimens (an outer base material with an inner hole filled with inner test material) and single specimens of all test and base materials were prepared (n=6 per group). Spectral reflectance values were obtained by using a spectroradiometer. The color difference (ΔE00) and relative translucency parameter (RTP) were calculated by using the CIEDE2000 and RTPCIEDE2000 formula. Visual scoring of color matching was performed by independent observers. The CAP-I and CAP-V values were calculated according to ΔE00 and visual scoring. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for statistical analysis (α=.05). RESULTS CAP-I and CAP-V were significantly affected by composite resin type, background color, and their interaction (P<.001). Positive CAP-I and CAP-V values were found for the majority of test materials. Charisma Diamond One exhibited the highest CAP-I value under all background colors, the highest CAP-V value under most background colors, and the significantly highest RTP value (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS The color adjustment potential was dependent on the material type and background color. Charisma Diamond One exhibited the highest color adjustment potential and the most pronounced color shifting ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiakang Zhu
- Doctoral candidate, State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yue Xu
- Doctoral candidate, State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Mengxun Li
- Lecturer, State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Cui Huang
- Professor, State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China..
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Yazıcıoğlu S, Karadeniz H. Bonded lingual retainer adhesives and discoloration : An in vitro study. J Orofac Orthop 2023; 84:259-265. [PMID: 36867217 PMCID: PMC10575990 DOI: 10.1007/s00056-023-00453-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This in vitro study was conducted to compare the discoloration of a flowable self-adhesive composite, a highly filled composite adhesive, and a liquid polish applied highly filled composite adhesive for bonded lingual retainers. METHODS Thirty composite discs were fabricated and divided into three groups: group 1, flowable self-adhesive (GC Ortho Connect™ Flow [GCO], GC Orthodontics, Tokyo, Japan); group 2, highly filled composite adhesive (Transbond™ LR [TLR], 3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA); and group 3, highly filled composite adhesive with liquid polish (TLR and BisCover LV™ [TLRB], BISCO Inc, Schaumburg, IL, USA). L*a*b* values were measured by spectrophotometer prior to (T0) and following (T1) immersion in coffee. T1 - T0 differences were calculated as ∆L*, ∆a*, ∆b*, and ∆E*ab values. The Shapiro-Wilk test was performed to determine whether the data were normally distributed. The values that did not fit the normal distribution were evaluated with the Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Dunn's test was used for multiple comparisons. The level of significance was p < 0.05. RESULTS The difference between the TLR and TLRB groups was statistically significant for ∆E*ab (P = 0.007). ∆E*ab value of TLR group was greater than ∆E*ab value of TLRB group. The differences between the GCO and TLR groups (p = 0.001) and the TLR and TLRB groups (p = 0.010) were statistically significant for ∆a*. ∆a* values of GCO and TLRB groups were greater than ∆a* value of TLR group. The difference between the TLR and TLRB groups was statistically significant (p = 0.003) for ∆b*. ∆b* value of TLR group was greater than ∆b* value of TLRB group. CONCLUSIONS Using a Transbond LR polished with BisCover LV or only GC Ortho Connect Flow for lingual retainer bonding reduces coffee-induced discoloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabahat Yazıcıoğlu
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics, University of Ondokuz Mayıs, 55139, Atakum, Samsun, Turkey.
| | - Hasan Karadeniz
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics, University of Ondokuz Mayıs, 55139, Atakum, Samsun, Turkey
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Cruz da Silva ET, Charamba Leal CDF, Miranda SB, Evangelista Santos M, Saeger Meireles S, Maciel de Andrade AK, Japiassú Resende Montes MA. Evaluation of Single-Shade Composite Resin Color Matching on Extracted Human Teeth. ScientificWorldJournal 2023; 2023:4376545. [PMID: 37404241 PMCID: PMC10317581 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4376545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Universal single-shade composite resins are characterized by a property that enables the creation of restorations that mimic tooth structure to the extent possible with fewer shades of color. Objectives This study aimed to instrumentally and visually evaluate the color correspondence of two single-shade composite resins in extracted human teeth multishade composite resins. Methods Upper central incisors and upper and/or lower molars with intact buccal surfaces were selected. The study consisted of a control group (n = 20): Z250 XT (3M ESPE) (G1) multishade composite resin in colors A1 to A4, and a test group (n = 20) divided further into two equal groups, consisting of single-shade composite resin Omnichroma (Tokuyama Dental) (G2) and single-shade composite resin Vittra APS Unique from (FGM) (G3). Instrumental evaluation was performed using a spectrophotometer, and visual evaluation was performed by three observers. Descriptive measurements related to the differences in color obtained through instrumental means were analyzed using mean and standard deviation, wherein the means were compared using ANOVA, applying the Bonferroni post hoc test. Results A statistically significant difference was observed among the groups (G1, G2, and G3) (ANOVA: p < 0.001). For the visual assessment, regardless of the assessment group, 77.49% of the teeth were within the acceptable color-match classification, with the single-shade resins showing better correspondence than the multishade resins. Conclusion Single-shade composite resins showed different color-matching results when compared to multishade resins, both in spectrophotometry and visual evaluations. Clinical Significance. Single-shade composite resins simplify the shade-selection process and are promising materials for use in dental practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Thaís Cruz da Silva
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Samille Biasi Miranda
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Sônia Saeger Meireles
- Departmentof Operative Dentistry, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
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Altınışık H, Özyurt E. Instrumental and visual evaluation of the color adjustment potential of different single-shade resin composites to human teeth of various shades. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:889-896. [PMID: 36222960 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04737-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aims to evaluate the color adjustment potential (CAP-I, CAP-V) of different single-shade resin composites. MATERIALS AND METHODS The shades of 40 human incisors were determined using a spectrophotometer, with the teeth divided into four groups of the same shade (n = 10). The following single-shade resin composites were tested: Omnichroma, Charisma Diamond One, Vittra Unique, and Essentia Universal. The specimens were prepared as "dual" and "single." Standardized cavity preparations (diameter, 7 mm; depth, 2 mm) were prepared in human incisor teeth and then restored for dual specimens. Composite duplicates of human incisors were prepared with resin composites for single specimens (n = 10). The color match of these specimens to that of unrestored human incisors was compared, and the color difference (ΔE*) was calculated. Independent observers conducted a visual evaluation of the specimens and scored them. CAP-I and CAP-V values were determined. A one-way analysis of variance test was used for statistical analysis (p < 0.05). RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference between the CAP-V and CAP-I values of the tested single-shade resin composites (p > 0.05). All the materials tested had acceptable color-matching potential. CONCLUSIONS In terms of color matching, there were no significant differences between the different tooth shades of all the tested resin composites. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Single-shade resin composites have acceptable CAP. The use of single-shade resin composites can reduce in-chair clinical times by minimizing the time spent on shade selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanife Altınışık
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esra Özyurt
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey.
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Barros MS, Silva PFD, Santana MLC, Bragança RMF, Faria-E-Silva AL. Effects of surrounding and underlying shades on the color adjustment potential of a single-shade composite used in a thin layer. Restor Dent Endod 2023; 48:e7. [PMID: 36875813 PMCID: PMC9982245 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2023.48.e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the surrounding and underlying shades' effect on the color adjustment potential (CAP) of a single-shade composite used in a thin layer. Materials and Methods Cylinder specimens (1.0 mm thick) were built with the Vittra APS Unique composite, surrounded (dual specimens) or not (simple specimens) by a control composite (shade A1, A2, or A3). Simple specimens were also built only with the control composites. Each specimen's color was measured against white and black backgrounds or the simple control specimens with a spectrophotometer (CIELAB system). The whiteness index for dentistry (WID) and translucency parameters (TP00) were calculated for simple specimens. Differences (ΔE00) in color between the simple/dual specimens and the controls were calculated. The CAP was calculated based on the ratios between data from simple and dual specimens. Results The Vittra APS Unique composite showed higher WID and TP00 values than the controls. The highest values of ΔE00 were observed among simple specimens. The color measurements of Vittra APS Unique (simple or dual) against the control specimens presented the lowest color differences. Only surrounding the single-shade composite with a shaded composite barely impacted the ΔE00. The highest CAP values were obtained using a shaded composite under simple or dual specimens. Conclusions The CAP of Vittra APS Unique was strongly affected by the underlying shade, while surrounding this composite with a shaded one barely affected its color adjustment.
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Furusawa K, Kobayashi S, Yamashita A, Tichy A, Hosaka K, Shimada Y, Nakajima M. Effect of filler load on structural coloration and color adjustment potential of resin composites. Dent Mater J 2023. [PMID: 36709985 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2022-199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The color-matching ability of single-shade composites Omnichroma (OMN) and Omnichroma Flow (OCF) is ensured by structural color, which arises from monodisperse 260 nm spherical fillers. This study evaluated how filler load influences the color adjustment potential of composite restorations to human teeth of various shades. The performance of composites containing the 260 nm spherical fillers -OMN (79 wt%), OCF (71 wt%), and experimental composites R1 (65 wt%), and R2 (60 wt%)- was compared to two conventional A2-shade composites and a transparent composite. Additionally, the translucency parameter, spectral reflectance, and light transmission properties were assessed. Composites with a lower load of the 260 nm spherical fillers exhibited lower light diffusion and lower reflectance in the yellow-to-red range (580-650 nm), which is characteristic for the structural color of OMN and OCF. The best color adjustment was achieved with OCF, presumably due to its high translucency and uniform spectral reflectance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoka Furusawa
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Shun Kobayashi
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Ako Yamashita
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Antonin Tichy
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University.,Institute of Dental Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine of the Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague
| | - Keiichi Hosaka
- Department of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Tokushima University
| | - Yasushi Shimada
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Masatoshi Nakajima
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University.,Department of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Tokushima University
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10
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Yamashita A, Kobayashi S, Furusawa K, Tichy A, Oguro R, Hosaka K, Shimada Y, Nakajima M. Does the thickness of universal-shade composites affect the ability to reflect the color of background dentin? Dent Mater J 2023; 42:255-265. [PMID: 36624077 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2022-197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The recently introduced resin composites with a universal shade are claimed to match any tooth color. In this study, it was examined how composite thickness affects the color adjustment of conventional and universal-shade composites to background dentin. Thirty sound human central incisors of various shade were used, and color differences between their intact labial surfaces, exposed dentin surfaces and composite restorations (thickness 1-3 mm) were evaluated. In addition, the translucency, light transmission characteristics, and spectral reflectance of the composites were measured. The results showed that universal-shade composites outperformed conventional composites of A2 shade in the adjustment of hue and chroma (p<0.05) but not in lightness (p>0.05). The color adjustment potential of all composites significantly decreased as their thickness increased (p<0.05). The effect of thickness on Omnichroma and Omnichroma Flow was less marked, presumably because of their higher translucency (p<0.05) and structural coloration which induces light reflectance in the yellow-to-red range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ako Yamashita
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Shun Kobayashi
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Kiyoka Furusawa
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Antonin Tichy
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University.,Institute of Dental Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine of the Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague
| | - Rena Oguro
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Keiichi Hosaka
- Department of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Tokushima University
| | - Yasushi Shimada
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Masatoshi Nakajima
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University.,Department of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Tokushima University
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ÇALIŞKAN A, ALAGÖZ LGÜLEÇ, IRMAK Ö. Shade matching potential of one-shade resin composites used for restoration repair. Dent Mater J 2023; 42:158-166. [PMID: 36543191 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2022-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate shade matching ability of one-shade composites used for repair of different resin-based restorative materials. Two one-shade composites or one layering composite of 1 mm thickness were placed over non-aged or aged 3 different base materials of 1 mm thickness to simulate repair. Two millimeters thick base samples were prepared and used for reference (n=12). Shade measurements of reference and repair groups were performed with dental spectrophotometer and color difference (ΔE00) were calculated according to CIEDE2000. Data were analyzed using three-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test (α=0.05). Regardless of aging and base materials, repairing with layering composite yielded lower ΔE00 than repair of one-shade composites (p<0.05). Repair of non-aged and aged GrandioDisc with any repair composite led to higher ΔE00 values than repair of other base materials (p<0.05). Shade matching performance of one-shade composites for repair of different non-aged or aged resin-based material was not clinically acceptable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz ÇALIŞKAN
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Near East University
| | - Laden GÜLEÇ ALAGÖZ
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Final International University
| | - Özgür IRMAK
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Cyprus Health and Social Sciences University
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12
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Barros MS, Silva PFD, Santana MLC, Bragança RMFD, Faria-e-Silva AL. Effect of surrounded shade and specimen`s thickness on color adjustment potential of a single-shade composite. Braz Dent J 2022; 33:126-132. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202204973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract This study evaluated the effect of surrounded shade and specimens` thickness on the color adjustment potential (CAP) of a single-shade composite. The composite Vittra APS Unique was surrounded (dual specimens) or not (simple specimens) by a control composite (shade A1, A2, or A3). Simple specimens of the control composite were also confectioned. Opacity and whiteness index for dentistry (WID) were calculated for simple specimens. Color differences between the simple (ΔE*SIMPLE)/ dual specimens (ΔE*DUAL) and the controls were calculated. CAP was calculated based on the ratio between ΔE* SIMPLE and ΔE* DUAL. The tested composite presented lower opacity (53 to 62% vs. 80 to 93%) and higher WID (≈ 42 vs. 18 to 32) than controls. Irrespective of the specimens’ thickness (1.0/ 1.5 mm), the lowest values of ΔE* SIMPLE (11.1/ 10.8) and ΔE*DUAL (7.2/ 6.1) were observed using the surrounding shade A1. The shade A3 yielded higher ΔE*SIMPLE (16.4/ 17.1) and ΔE* DUAL (11.3/ 12.3) than the A2 (ΔE*SIMPLE = 13.4/ 14.6; and ΔE* DUAL = 9.7/ 10.3). The specimen`s thickness significantly affected the CAP (0.35 and 0.44 for 1.0 and 1.5 mm, respectively) only for shade A1, which had the highest CAP values. The shade A3 resulted in higher CAP values (0.31) than A2 (0.27) when 1.0-mm thick specimens were used, but similar values were observed for 1.5 thick specimens (≈ 0.29). In conclusion, both surrounding shade and specimen thickness can affect the CAP of a single-shade resin composite.
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Dülger K. The Effect of Additional Finishing and Polishing Sequences on Hardness and Roughness of Two Different Dental Composites: An In Vitro Study. JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ORAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/23202068221121518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of additional finishing and polishing sequences on a new structural colored (Omnichroma) and a conventional dental composite (Estelite Sigma Quick). Materials and Method: Forty disk-shaped dental composite specimens were prepared from each dental composite and assigned to four groups in terms of additional finishing polishing sequences. Group 1: Mylar strip (control). Group 2: Abrasive disks. Group 3: After abrasive disks, application of a felt brush with abrasive paste. Group 4: After abrasive disks, application of a felt brush with abrasive paste. Then, a single-bottle adhesive was applied as a surface sealer. Hardness and surface roughness were measured using the Vickers hardness test and a profilometer, respectively. SEM images of one of each group were captured at 500x, 1500x, and 3500x magnifications. Two-way analysis of variance, Tukey HSD, and Shapiro–Wilk tests were used for the statistical analysis. Results: Mean hardness values differ in terms of finishing-polishing sequences ( P < .001), dental composites ( P < .001), and interaction of finishing-polishing sequences-dental composites ( P < .001). Mean roughness values differ in terms of finishing-polishing ( P = .002). The main effect of composites on roughness values was not found statistically significant ( P = .990). Also, there is no difference between the mean roughness values in terms of the interactions of finishing-polishing and composites ( P = .967). Conclusion: Finishing-polishing with abrasive disks and abrasive paste are important steps for these dental composites. However, the application of a single-bottle adhesive as a surface sealant on these composites decreases the hardness of the materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kıvanç Dülger
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Hastane Caddesi, Trabzon, Turkey
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Ebaya MM, Ali AI, El-Haliem HA, Mahmoud SH. Color stability and surface roughness of ormocer- versus methacrylate-based single shade composite in anterior restoration. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:430. [PMID: 36167560 PMCID: PMC9513900 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02423-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The blending ability of universal shade composites and their stability in the oral environment are of great concern in restoring anterior teeth. This study aims to evaluate and compare the color stability and surface roughness of two single-shade composite restorations, ormocer-based composite (OBC) and methacrylate resin-based composite (RBC), after storing them in different staining media.
Materials and methods In this study, two universal shade composite restorative materials were tested: a nanohybrid OBC (Admira fusion X-tra, Voco) and a supra-nanofilled RBC (Omnichroma, Toukyama). In total, 60 cylindrical centralized cavities (diameter: 5 mm, depth: 2 mm) were prepared in sound extracted-human central incisors and divided into two equal groups according to the restorative material used (n = 30). According to the storage media, the teeth of each group were divided into three subgroups (n = 10): artificial saliva, black tea, and cola. The restoration color was evaluated for all teeth at baseline and after four weeks of storage. The color stability (∆E) was measured using a reflective spectrophotometer (X-Rite, model RM200QC, Neu-Isenburg, Germany). The surface roughness (Ra) was evaluated using three-dimensional optical profilometry (Wyko, Model NT 1100, Veeco, Tucson, USA). Additionally, the extracted data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), one-way ANOVA and Student’s t-test.
Results In the baseline evaluation, there were no statistically significant differences with respect to color matching or surface roughness results between the two studied restorative materials. However, the differences were statistically significant after storing them in different media. Conclusion Universal composites showed satisfactory color matching with different teeth colors and accepted surface smoothness, whereas the aging procedure exerted a negative effect on their color stability and surface characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha M Ebaya
- Operative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Algomhoria Street, Po (box) 35516, Mansoura, Aldakhlia, Egypt
| | - Ashraf I Ali
- Operative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Algomhoria Street, Po (box) 35516, Mansoura, Aldakhlia, Egypt
| | - Huda Abed El-Haliem
- Operative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Algomhoria Street, Po (box) 35516, Mansoura, Aldakhlia, Egypt
| | - Salah Hasab Mahmoud
- Operative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Algomhoria Street, Po (box) 35516, Mansoura, Aldakhlia, Egypt.
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Islam MS, Huda N, Mahendran S, Aryal Ac S, Nassar M, Rahman MM. The Blending Effect of Single-Shade Composite with Different Shades of Conventional Resin Composites-An In Vitro Study. Eur J Dent 2022. [PMID: 35728612 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1744369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Single-shade composite systems are gaining popularity among clinicians due to the claimed potential of blending with different tooth structure shades while restoring the tooth. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the blending effect of two single-shade composite with different shades of conventional resin composite systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy-two composite cylinders of B1, B2, A1, A2, A3, or A3.5 shade from CharmFil Plus (CP) and Filtek Universal Restorative (3M) were prepared using custom-made silicone mold. Single-shade composite OMNICHROMA (OC) or Beautifil II Enamel (BE) was placed in the center of each cylinder and polymerized. The color parameters, lightness (L*), chroma (C*), and hue (H*) of each composite were measured using a color chronometer. Furthermore, color stability of the samples was evaluated after 1-week staining challenge. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Multivariant analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of material and shade on the color parameters. Multiple comparisons of the data were performed using post hoc test. The staining challenge data were analyzed using repeated measure analysis of variance and paired sample T-test. RESULTS The multivariant analysis showed a statistically significant difference in color parameters among CP, 3M, OC, and BE (p = 0.001). Image analysis showed a visual blending effect for both OC and BE for certain shades; however, some color contrast with the darker shades was observed. The C* value of OC showed a similar pattern to CP; however, the H* of the latter was closely followed by BE. The L* value showed statistically significant difference among the shades of 3M, and in OC and BE when blended with 3M. CONCLUSION All four materials used in this study showed color alteration after the staining challenge. Single-shade composite can blend with only certain shades of resin composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sofiqul Islam
- Department of Operative Dentistry, RAK College of Dental Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al-Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Noorul Huda
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, RAK College of Dental Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al-Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sankavi Mahendran
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, RAK College of Dental Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al-Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Smriti Aryal Ac
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohannad Nassar
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammed Mustahsen Rahman
- Department of Periodontology, RAK College of Dental Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al-Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
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Evaluation of Color and Spectral Behavior of a Novel Flowable Resin Composite after Water Aging: An In Vitro Study. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15124102. [PMID: 35744160 PMCID: PMC9229841 DOI: 10.3390/ma15124102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to evaluate the color matching, light transmittance, and reflectance characteristics of the novel flowable resin composite OCF-001 (OCF). Methods: Fifty-four resin composite molds were made with simulated class I cavities of A2, A3, and A4 shades by filling the rubber mold interspace with Estelite Sigma Quick (ESQ), Gracefil Putty (GP) and Filtek Supremme Ultra (FSU). After applying the adhesive, three different flowable resin composites (n = 6), OCF, Gracefil LoFlo (GLF), and Supreme Ultra Flowable (SUF), were used to fill the cavities. A colorimeter was used to measure the color parameters (CIEDE2000). The color measurements were taken immediately and after 28 days. Data were analyzed using the nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis (α = 0.05) and Wilcoxon tests. The light transmittance and reflection characteristics were measured with a black background using a spectrophotometer under D65 illumination. Results: The ΔE00, and ΔC of OCF was lower than other tested materials in A2 and A3 shades both immediately and after 28 days. OCF showed the highest transmittance characteristic, and a relatively stable reflectance curve in all the wavelengths. Conclusions: OCF showed better shade matching with the surrounding shades of A2 and A3, a relative uniform reflectance and higher light transmission properties.
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Effects of Sr/F-Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles and Calcium Phosphate on Monomer Conversion, Biaxial Flexural Strength, Surface Microhardness, Mass/Volume Changes, and Color Stability of Dual-Cured Dental Composites for Core Build-Up Materials. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12111897. [PMID: 35683752 PMCID: PMC9181985 DOI: 10.3390/nano12111897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
This study prepared composites for core build-up containing Sr/F bioactive glass nanoparticles (Sr/F-BGNPs) and monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM) to prevent dental caries. The effect of the additives on the physical/mechanical properties of the materials was examined. Dual-cured resin composites were prepared using dimethacrylate monomers with added Sr/F-BGNPs (5 or 10 wt%) and MCPM (3 or 6 wt%). The additives reduced the light-activated monomer conversion by ~10%, but their effect on the conversion upon self-curing was negligible. The conversions of light-curing or self-curing polymerization of the experimental materials were greater than that of the commercial material. The additives reduced biaxial flexural strength (191 to 155 MPa), modulus (4.4 to 3.3), and surface microhardness (53 to 45 VHN). These values were comparable to that of the commercial material or within the acceptable range of the standard. The changes in the experimental composites’ mass and volume (~1%) were similar to that of the commercial comparison. The color change of the commercial material (1.0) was lower than that of the experimental composites (1.5–5.8). The addition of Sr/F-BGNPs and MCPM negatively affected the physical/mechanical properties of the composites, but the results were satisfactory except for color stability.
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18
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Oivanen M, Keulemans F, Garoushi S, Vallittu PK, Lassila L. The effect of refractive index of fillers and polymer matrix on translucency and color matching of dental resin composite. Biomater Investig Dent 2021; 8:48-53. [PMID: 33855302 PMCID: PMC8018547 DOI: 10.1080/26415275.2021.1906879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective When restorative resin composites absorb light from the surrounding tooth structures, it creates a color-match, which is known as ‘a chameleon effect’. In this study, series of co-monomer mixtures were prepared with an increasing refraction index (RI) and mixed with glass fillers. The aim of this study was to optimize the mismatch of RI of resin/fillers to create the chameleon effect. Materials and Methods BisGMA/TEGDMA resins were prepared with seven different mix fractions from 20 to 80%. Two different series (A&B) of submicron (Ø 0.7 μm) silanized fillers (70 wt%) (A: Schott RI = 1.53, B: Esschem RI = 1.54) were mixed with resins (30 wt%). Disc-shaped specimens (1 mm thickness, Ø10 mm) for each composite combination (n = 3) were prepared and light cured for 20 s. Commercial resin composite (OmniChroma, Tokuyama Dental) was used as control. The translucency parameter (TP) was measured using a spectrophotometer. The color matching abilities of the experimental composites were visually analyzed. Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA. Results The composition of resin and type of fillers had a statistically significant effect on TP values (p < .05). The highest TP values were achieved around 50%-50% fractions of Bis-GMA and TEGDMA for series A and around 60%-40% fraction of Bis-GMA and TEGDMA for series B. Data showed that a high or low fraction of BisGMA resulted in a low translucent composite. Experimental resin composite (80% Bis-GMA) from series A was behaving similarly to Omnichroma in reference to TP values and color matching. Conclusions Including fillers with RI of 1.53 into BisGMA/TEGDMA resin with RI of 1.524 resulted in composite resin providing a good color match with surrounding structure ‘chameleon effect’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Oivanen
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Center -TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Filip Keulemans
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Center -TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sufyan Garoushi
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Center -TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pekka K Vallittu
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Center -TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,City of Turku Welfare Division, Oral Health Care, Turku, Finland
| | - Lippo Lassila
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Center -TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Gomes de Araújo-Neto V, Sebold M, Fernandes de Castro E, Feitosa VP, Giannini M. Evaluation of physico-mechanical properties and filler particles characterization of conventional, bulk-fill, and bioactive resin-based composites. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 115:104288. [PMID: 33383377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated physical and mechanical properties and characterized the filler particles of seven composites. MATERIALS AND METHODS Filtek Supreme (FS, 3M Oral Care), Forma (FO, Ultradent), Charisma Diamond (CD, Kulzer), Spectra Smart (SS, Dentsply), Filtek Bulk Fill (FB, 3M Oral Care), Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill (TB, Ivoclar), and Cention N (Ivoclar) in self- (CNSC) or dual-curing (CNDC) were evaluated. Fillers size, shape, and content were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray dispersive energy spectroscopy (EDX). Disk-shaped specimens (n = 5) were prepared for sorption (SP) and solubility (SL). Flexural strength and elastic modulus were tested at 24 h and 12 months (n = 10). Degree of conversion (DC%) and maximum rate of polymerization (Rpmax) were evaluated using micro-Raman spectroscopy. SP and SL results were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunn's pairwise test (α = 0.05). Mechanical properties were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). DC% of CNSC and CNDC was compared by independent t-test (α = 0.05). Rpmax results were analyzed by 1-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). RESULTS The composites differed regarding filler size, shape, and content. CD and CNSC showed lower SP than FS. SS had lower SL than CNSC and CNDC. CNDC presented higher DC% than CNSC. CD, TB, and CNDC showed the highest Rpmax. TB, CNSC, and CNDC showed the lowest 24-h flexural strengths. Mechanical properties of CD did not decrease, while FO, TB, and CNSC showed a significant reduction after storage. CONCLUSIONS Monomer composition and fillers characteristics greatly influenced the physico-mechanical properties of the tested composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaliano Gomes de Araújo-Neto
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials Division, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Avenida Limeira, 901, Bairro Areião, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maicon Sebold
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Operative Dentistry Division, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Avenida Limeira, 901, Bairro Areião, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Fernandes de Castro
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Operative Dentistry Division, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Avenida Limeira, 901, Bairro Areião, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Victor Pinheiro Feitosa
- School of Dentistry, Faculty Paulo Picanço, Rua Joaquim Sá, 900, Dionísio Torres, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Giannini
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Operative Dentistry Division, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Avenida Limeira, 901, Bairro Areião, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
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