Hepatoprotective effect of essential phospholipids enriched with virgin coconut oil (Phoscoliv) on paracetamol-induced liver toxicity

Diacerein ameliorates amiodarone-induced pulmonary fibrosis via targeting the TGFβ1/α-SMA/Smad3 pathway

This study is aimed at investigating the possible protective effect of diacerein (DIA) against AMD-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Rats were classified into 4 groups: a normal group that received distilled water, control group that received AMD (100 mg/kg, p.o.) for 21 days to induce pulmonary fibrosis, and 2 treatment groups that received diacerein, in 2 dose levels (50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o., respectively) in addition to AMD (100 mg/kg, p.o.), for 21 days. Lung function test was assessed using a spirometer; serum and tissue were collected. Biochemical, real-time PCR, histopathological, and immunohistopathological analyses were carried out. AMD reduced tidal volume (TV), peripheral expiratory rate (PER), forced vital capacity (FVC), serum reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, Beclin, and LCII, while it elevated transform growth factor (TGF-β1) gene expression, serum malondialdehyde (MDA) level, alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), Smad3, phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription (p-STAT3), and p62 lung content. Also, AMD elevated tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and caspase-3 protein expression. DIA elevated TV, PER, FVC, serum GSH level, Beclin, and LCII, while it reduced TGF-β1 gene expression, serum MDA level, α-SMA, Smad3, p-STAT-3, and p62 lung content. Moreover, DIA reduced TNF-α and caspase-3 protein expression. DIA attenuated AMD-induced pulmonary fibrosis via alleviating the TGF1/α-SMA/Smad3 pathway, reducing STAT-3 activation, and combating oxidative stress and inflammation in addition to promoting autophagy and abrogating apoptosis.

Diacerein modulates TLR4/ NF-κB/IL-1β and TRPC1/CHOP signalling pathways in gentamicin-induced parotid toxicity in rats

The present study aimed to identify the possible protective effect of diacerein (DIA) on gentamicin (GNT)-induced parotid toxicity in rats. DIA was administered in the presence and absence of GNT. Thirty-two Wistar adult male rats were randomly arranged into four groups: control, DIA (50 mg/kg/day), GNT (100 mg/kg) and GNT+DIA groups for 8 days. Parotid oxidative stress parameters, besides inflammatory and apoptotic biomarkers, were evaluated. Salivary flow rate, transient receptor potential canonical 1 (TRCP1), and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) in parotid tissue were measured. A parotid histopathological examination and an interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) immunohistochemical study were also performed. GNT significantly increased parotid oxidative stress, inflammatory, apoptotic and CHOP biomarkers with decreased salivary flow rate and TRCP1 level. A histopathological picture of parotid damage and high IL-1β immunoexpression were detected. DIA significantly normalized the distributed oxidative, inflammatory and apoptotic indicators, CHOP and TRCP1, with a prompt improvement in the histopathological picture and a decrease in IL-1β immunoexpression. These results reported that DIA protects against GNT-induced parotid toxicity via modulation of TLR4/NF-κB/IL-1β and TRPC1/CHOP signalling pathways.

Virgin coconut oil: A comprehensive review of antioxidant activity and mechanisms contributed by phenolic compounds

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is obtained by processing mature coconut cores with mechanical or natural methods. In recent years, VCO has been widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries because of its excellent functional activities. VCO has biological functions such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiviral, and also has potential therapeutic effects on many chronic degenerative diseases. Among these functions, the antioxidant is the most basic and important function, which is mainly determined by phenolic compounds and medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs). This review aims to elucidate the antioxidant functions of each phenolic compound in VCO, and discuss the antioxidant mechanisms of VCO in terms of the role of phenolic compounds with fat, intestinal microorganisms, and various organs. Besides, the composition of VCO and its application in various industries are summarized, and the biological functions of VCO are generalized, which should lay a foundation for further research on the antioxidant activity of VCO and provide a theoretical basis for the development of food additives with antioxidant activity.

The Use of Sea Buckthorn Processing Products in the Creation of a Functional Biologically Active Food Emulsion

The current trend in dietary supplements and functional foods is the use of lipophilic bioactive compounds. The sea buckthorn (Hippóphae rhamnoídes) contains some such compounds: polyunsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols, and carotenoids. Lipophilic components are best distributed using oil-in-water emulsions, which ensures their high bioavailability. A significant property of emulsions is colloidal and oxidative stability, so the choice of emulsifiers that have both surface-active properties and antioxidant activity is an important area of research for making new types of food emulsions. The purpose of this study is the development and refinement of an emulsified biologically active food additive containing sea buckthorn products (pulp, juice, and oil) and stabilized with soy phospholipids. We studied the fruits of Chuyskaya, Orange, and Prevoskhodnaya sea buckthorn varieties growing in the Altai Territory. As we analyzed their composition, we chose the Chuyskaya variety for making the emulsion. The fruits contain 5.30 ± 0.1% of lipids including 16.8 ± 0.5 mg/100 g of carotenoids and 10.5 ± 0.5 mg/100 g of tocopherols. To choose the emulsifier we studied the fractional and fatty acid composition of the soy and sunflower phospholipids with different hydrophilic-lipophilic balances (HLB). We made the emulsions containing sea buckthorn oil and pulp of its different layers, soybean oil, and phospholipids by dispersion using an HG-15D homogenizer. The study of the colloidal stability showed that the most stable (99.5%) are the emulsions containing a mixture of hydrolyzed soybean phospholipids (HLB = 7) and fractionated soybean phospholipids (HLB = 3). The best ratio is 40:60. We examined the oxidative stability of the emulsions by provoking accelerated oxidation. The emulsions containing 1.5% of a soy phospholipids mixture showed the best oxidative stability. The resulting direct oil-in-water fine emulsion contains polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), tocopherols, β-carotene, and essential phospholipids. For this reason, the emulsion can be used to make biologically active food supplements (also encapsulated) and as part of special nutrients.

Diacerein ameliorates acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in rats via inhibiting HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB and upregulating PPAR-γ signal

BACKGROUND

Acetaminophen (APAP) is a worldwide antipyretic as well as an analgesic medication. It has been extensively utilized during the outbreak of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). APAP misuse would lead to liver injury. Diacerein (DIA), an anthraquinone derivative, has antioxidant and inflammatory properties. Hence, this study attempted to evaluate the impact of DIA treatment on liver injury induced by APAP and its influence on nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) /toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/high mobility group box-1(HMGB-1) signaling as well as the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) expression.

METHODS

Male albino rats received 25 as well as 50 mg/kg/day DIA orally for seven days. One hour after the last administration, rats received APAP (1gm/kg, orally). For histopathological analysis, liver tissues and blood were collected, immunohistochemical (IHC) assay, biochemical assay, as well as quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).

RESULTS

DIA markedly reduced liver injury markers and ameliorated histopathological changes. Moreover, DIA dose-dependently alleviated oxidative stress status caused by APAP administration along with inflammatory markers, including the level of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), myeloperoxidase (MPO), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin 6 (IL-6). Furthermore, DIA downregulated protein levels as well as mRNA of HMGB-1, TLR4, NF-κB p65 expression, and enhanced PPAR-γ expression. Moreover, DIA ameliorated apoptotic (Bax) and caspase-3 expressions and increased the anti-apoptotic (Bcl2) expression.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrated that DIA exerts anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties against liver injury induced by APAP that is attributed to inhibition of the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway, besides upregulation of the expression of PPAR-γ.

Partial Replacement of Dietary Fat with Krill Oil or Coconut Oil Alleviates Dyslipidemia by Partly Modulating Lipid Metabolism in Lipopolysaccharide-Injected Rats on a High-Fat Diet

This study investigated the effects of partial replacement of dietary fat with krill oil (KO) or coconut oil (CO) on dyslipidemia and lipid metabolism in rats fed with a high-fat diet (HFD). Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups as follows: HFD, HFD + KO, and HFD + CO. The rats were fed each diet for 10 weeks and then intraperitoneally injected with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (1 mg/kg). The KO- and CO-fed rats exhibited lower levels of serum lipids and aspartate aminotransferases than those of the HFD-fed rats. Rats fed with HFD + KO displayed significantly lower hepatic histological scores and hepatic triglyceride (TG) content than rats fed with HFD. The KO supplementation also downregulated the adipogenic gene expression in the liver. When treated with LPS, the HFD + KO and HFD + CO groups reduced the adipocyte size in the epididymal white adipose tissues (EAT) relative to the HFD group. These results suggest that KO and CO could improve lipid metabolism dysfunction.