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Vázquez-Salgado L, Olveira JG, Dopazo CP, Bandín I. Detection of different Betanodavirus genotypes in wild fish from Spanish Atlantic coastal waters (Galicia, northwestern Spain). JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2024; 36:57-69. [PMID: 37787030 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The nervous necrosis virus (NNV; genus Betanodavirus) is an aquatic pathogen that is responsible for a neurological disease affecting marine fish. Despite its almost worldwide distribution, global warming could favor the spread of NNV to new areas, highlighting the importance of conducting epidemiological surveys on both wild and farmed marine fish species. In this study, we assessed NNV prevalence in wild fish caught along the Galician Atlantic coast. METHODS In total, 1277 fish were analyzed by reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULT Twenty two (1.72%) of those fish tested positive for NNV, including two species in which the pathogen had not yet been reported. CONCLUSION The reassortant RGNNV/SJNNV (red-spotted grouper NNV/striped jack NNV) was detected in 55% of NNV-positive individuals, while the remaining 45% harbored the SJNNV-type genome. Moreover, from European Pilchard Sardina pilchardus and Atlantic Mackerel Scomber scombrus, we isolated four reassortant strains that carried amino acid mutations at key sites related to NNV-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Vázquez-Salgado
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José G Olveira
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos P Dopazo
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Isabel Bandín
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Zrnčić S, Brnić D, Panzarin V, Abbadi M, Lojkić I, Zupičić IG, Oraić D. Transmission Pathways of the VNN Introduced in Croatian Marine Aquaculture. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040418. [PMID: 35456093 PMCID: PMC9026106 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the insufficient capacity of Croatian hatcheries, marine aquaculture depends on the importation of fry from different countries in the Mediterranean basin. Importation enables a risk of spreading pathogenic agents. Viral nervous necrosis (VNN), caused by betanodavirus is devastating for the farming of European sea bass. We described a VNN outbreak that occurred in Croatia in 2014. After the diagnosis of VNN in sea bass fry introduced from the same hatchery to five unconnected marine farms at the Adriatic Coast, we performed surveillance within one of the affected farms. It resulted in proven horizontal spreading of the virus within the farm and to feral fish around farm cages. Real-time RT-PCR tested samples showed the dependence of the virus’ proliferation to the water temperature and the fish age. The highest mortality rates were noted during higher sea temperatures. Phylogenetic analysis of partial sequences of RNA1 and RNA2 supported the hypothesis that the virus was introduced to all studied farms from the same hatchery. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis of the whole genome sequences of infected farmed sea bass and thicklip mullet showed high similarity and it is unlikely that infection in Croatian sea bass farms has originated from wild reservoirs, as the first positive record in wild mullet was recorded after the disease outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snježana Zrnčić
- Department of Pathology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.G.Z.); (D.O.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Dragan Brnić
- Department of Virology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.B.); (I.L.)
| | - Valentina Panzarin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy; (V.P.); (M.A.)
| | - Miriam Abbadi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy; (V.P.); (M.A.)
| | - Ivana Lojkić
- Department of Virology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.B.); (I.L.)
| | - Ivana Giovanna Zupičić
- Department of Pathology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.G.Z.); (D.O.)
| | - Dražen Oraić
- Department of Pathology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.G.Z.); (D.O.)
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Mugimba KK, Byarugaba DK, Mutoloki S, Evensen Ø, Munang’andu HM. Challenges and Solutions to Viral Diseases of Finfish in Marine Aquaculture. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060673. [PMID: 34070735 PMCID: PMC8227678 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture is the fastest food-producing sector in the world, accounting for one-third of global food production. As is the case with all intensive farming systems, increase in infectious diseases has adversely impacted the growth of marine fish farming worldwide. Viral diseases cause high economic losses in marine aquaculture. We provide an overview of the major challenges limiting the control and prevention of viral diseases in marine fish farming, as well as highlight potential solutions. The major challenges include increase in the number of emerging viral diseases, wild reservoirs, migratory species, anthropogenic activities, limitations in diagnostic tools and expertise, transportation of virus contaminated ballast water, and international trade. The proposed solutions to these problems include developing biosecurity policies at global and national levels, implementation of biosecurity measures, vaccine development, use of antiviral drugs and probiotics to combat viral infections, selective breeding of disease-resistant fish, use of improved diagnostic tools, disease surveillance, as well as promoting the use of good husbandry and management practices. A multifaceted approach combining several control strategies would provide more effective long-lasting solutions to reduction in viral infections in marine aquaculture than using a single disease control approach like vaccination alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kizito K. Mugimba
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda;
- Correspondence: (K.K.M.); (H.M.M.); Tel.: +256-772-56-7940 (K.K.M.); +47-98-86-86-83 (H.M.M.)
| | - Denis K. Byarugaba
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda;
| | - Stephen Mutoloki
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 369, 0102 Oslo, Norway; (S.M.); (Ø.E.)
| | - Øystein Evensen
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 369, 0102 Oslo, Norway; (S.M.); (Ø.E.)
| | - Hetron M. Munang’andu
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 369, 0102 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence: (K.K.M.); (H.M.M.); Tel.: +256-772-56-7940 (K.K.M.); +47-98-86-86-83 (H.M.M.)
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4
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Filipa-Silva A, Parreira R, Martínez-Puchol S, Bofill-Mas S, Barreto Crespo MT, Nunes M. The Unexplored Virome of Two Atlantic Coast Fish: Contribution of Next-Generation Sequencing to Fish Virology. Foods 2020; 9:E1634. [PMID: 33182306 PMCID: PMC7695296 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Much of the knowledge on viruses is focused on those that can be propagated using cell-cultures or that can cause disease in humans or in economically important animals and plants. However, this only reflects a small portion of the virosphere. Therefore, in this study, we explore by targeted next-generation sequencing, how the virome varies between Atlantic horse mackerels and gilthead seabreams from fisheries and aquaculture from the center and south regions of Portugal. Viral genomes potentially pathogenic to fish and crustaceans, as well as to humans, were identified namelyese included Astroviridae, Nodaviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Birnaviridae, Caliciviridae, and Picornaviridae families. Also bacteriophages sequences were identified corresponding to the majority of sequencese detected, with Myoviridae, Podoviridae, and Siphoviridae, the most widespread families in both fish species. However, these findings can also be due to the presence of bacteria in fish tissues, or even to contamination. Overall, seabreams harbored viruses from a smaller number of families in comparison with mackerels. Therefore, the obtained data show that fish sold for consumption can harbor a high diversity of viruses, many of which are unknown, reflecting the overall uncharacterized virome of fish. While cross-species transmission of bonafide fish viruses to humans is unlikely, the finding of human pathogenic viruses in fish suggest that fish virome can be a potential threat regarding food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Filipa-Silva
- ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (A.F.-S.); (M.T.B.C.)
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Parreira
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM) Research Center, Unidade de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHTM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (NOVA), 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Sandra Martínez-Puchol
- Laboratory of Viruses Contaminants of Water and Food, Genetics, Microbiology & Statistics Department, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; (S.M.-P.); (S.B.-M.)
- The Water Research Institute (idRA), Universitat de Barcelona, 08001 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sílvia Bofill-Mas
- Laboratory of Viruses Contaminants of Water and Food, Genetics, Microbiology & Statistics Department, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; (S.M.-P.); (S.B.-M.)
- The Water Research Institute (idRA), Universitat de Barcelona, 08001 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Barreto Crespo
- ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (A.F.-S.); (M.T.B.C.)
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Mónica Nunes
- ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (A.F.-S.); (M.T.B.C.)
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
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Savoca S, Bottari T, Fazio E, Bonsignore M, Mancuso M, Luna GM, Romeo T, D'Urso L, Capillo G, Panarello G, Greco S, Compagnini G, Lanteri G, Crupi R, Neri F, Spanò N. Plastics occurrence in juveniles of Engraulis encrasicolus and Sardina pilchardus in the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 718:137457. [PMID: 32325618 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report the presence of microplastics on the external surface and in the gastrointestinal tract of white late-larval and juvenile stages (fry) of clupeid fishes caught in the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea. The average highest number of plastics debris was recorded on Sardina pilchardus (0.53 items/specimen); a lower average number of items was observed for Engraulis encrasicolus (0.26 items/specimen). The plastics were characterized by fibers that differed in shape, colour and composition. Polyester, polypropylene, polyacrylonitrile, polyethylene, polyamide, nylon, rayon and polyurethane segments were detected by Raman and FTIR spectroscopies. Traces of organic components and dyes, compounds that are generally included in the polymer matrix to modify its base properties, were also identified on microplastics. Our results raise concerns for the potential transfer of synthetic materials through the marine food web and into humans, given the prominent role of S. pilchardus and E. encrasicolus within the food web as main food source for many marine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Savoca
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Teresa Bottari
- Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology (IRBIM), National Research Council (CNR), Section of Messina, Spianata S. Raineri, 86 98122 Messina, Italy; Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Centro Interdipartimentale della Sicilia, Messina, Italy
| | - Enza Fazio
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physical Science and Earth Science, Messina University, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Martina Bonsignore
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Monique Mancuso
- Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology (IRBIM), National Research Council (CNR), Section of Messina, Spianata S. Raineri, 86 98122 Messina, Italy; Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Centro Interdipartimentale della Sicilia, Messina, Italy
| | - Gian Marco Luna
- Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology (IRBIM), National Research Council (CNR), Section of Messina, Spianata S. Raineri, 86 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Teresa Romeo
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Centro Interdipartimentale della Sicilia, Messina, Italy; Institute for Protection and Environmental Research (ISPRA), Via dei Mille, 46, Milazzo (ME), Italy
| | - Luisa D'Urso
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, Catania 95125, Italy
| | - Gioele Capillo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Panarello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Silvestro Greco
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Centro Interdipartimentale della Sicilia, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Compagnini
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, Catania 95125, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lanteri
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Fortunato Neri
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physical Science and Earth Science, Messina University, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Nunziacarla Spanò
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, Messina, Italy
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Betanodavirus and VER Disease: A 30-year Research Review. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020106. [PMID: 32050492 PMCID: PMC7168202 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreaks of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), caused by nervous necrosis virus (NNV), represent one of the main infectious threats for marine aquaculture worldwide. Since the first description of the disease at the end of the 1980s, a considerable amount of research has gone into understanding the mechanisms involved in fish infection, developing reliable diagnostic methods, and control measures, and several comprehensive reviews have been published to date. This review focuses on host–virus interaction and epidemiological aspects, comprising viral distribution and transmission as well as the continuously increasing host range (177 susceptible marine species and epizootic outbreaks reported in 62 of them), with special emphasis on genotypes and the effect of global warming on NNV infection, but also including the latest findings in the NNV life cycle and virulence as well as diagnostic methods and VER disease control.
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Capillo G, Savoca S, Panarello G, Mancuso M, Branca C, Romano V, D'Angelo G, Bottari T, Spanò N. Quali-quantitative analysis of plastics and synthetic microfibers found in demersal species from Southern Tyrrhenian Sea (Central Mediterranean). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 150:110596. [PMID: 31733904 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study highlights plastics occurrence in five demersal fish species from the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea: the Red mullet Mullus barbatus barbatus, the Piper gurnard Trigla lyra, the Blackmouth catshark Galeus melastomus, the Lesser spotted dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula and the Brown ray Raja miraletus. Overall, 125 fish were examined: 21 Red mullets, 16 Piper gurnards, 75 Blackmouth catsharks, 72 Dogfish and 1 Brown ray. The percentage of fish with ingested plastics was 14.4% with 0.24 items per specimen. The majority of the debris were fibers and the application of infrared and Raman spectroscopy allowed the identification and discrimination of plastic and non-plastic fibers. The plastic debris isolated were mainly microplastics (94.1%), while macroplastics occurrence was very low (5.9%). The plastics were identified as polypropylene, Teflon, nylon, kraton G (triblock copolymer) and polyethylene. Also cellulose was detected. S. canicula was the species with the highest number of plastic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioele Capillo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Serena Savoca
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Panarello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Monique Mancuso
- Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology (IRBIM), National Research Council (CNR), Section of Messina, Spianata S. Raineri, 86, 98122, Messina, Italy; StazioneZoologica Anton Dohrn, Centro Interdipartimentale della Sicilia, Italy
| | - Caterina Branca
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physical Science and Earth Science, Messina University, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Valentino Romano
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physical Science and Earth Science, Messina University, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanna D'Angelo
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physical Science and Earth Science, Messina University, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy; CNR-IPCF, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 37, 98158, Messina, Italy.
| | - Teresa Bottari
- Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology (IRBIM), National Research Council (CNR), Section of Messina, Spianata S. Raineri, 86, 98122, Messina, Italy; StazioneZoologica Anton Dohrn, Centro Interdipartimentale della Sicilia, Italy
| | - Nunziacarla Spanò
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, Messina, Italy.
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Bitchava K, Chassalevris T, Lampou E, Athanassopoulou F, Economou V, Dovas CI. Occurrence and molecular characterization of betanodaviruses in fish and invertebrates of the Greek territorial waters. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:1773-1783. [PMID: 31637759 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Betanodaviruses are small ssRNA viruses that cause viral encephalopathy and retinopathy, a severe neuropathological infectious disease in marine fish species worldwide. In the present study, the occurrence of betanodaviruses was investigated in wild and cultured populations of fishes and invertebrates of the Greek territorial waters. Betanodaviruses were detected in 35 species belonging to 21 families and 12 orders. To our knowledge, 23 of those are reported for the first time in Greek waters, while 11 of them are reported for the first time globally. The positive samples were subjected to sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of partial segments of RNA1 and RNA2 genes. Almost all the viruses circulating in Greece fell within RGNNV genotype, while reassortant viruses were detected in three samples, namely two inter-RGNNV and one RGNNV/SJNNV. A novel unclassified Betanodavirus sequence was also identified. Most of the Greek sequence types have a restricted geographic distribution except for two RNA1 and one RNA2 sequence types that are widespread throughout the Mediterranean basin. The results of this study indicate the range of reservoirs/hosts of betanodaviruses and also their wide spread in the Greek territorial waters and reinforce the hypothesis that wild fish species transmit the virus to cultured ones and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Bitchava
- Laboratory of Fish, Shellfish & Crustacean Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki ELGO-DEMETER, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Laboratory of Ichthyology and Aquatic Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Taxiarchis Chassalevris
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eirini Lampou
- Laboratory of Ichthyology and Aquatic Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Fotini Athanassopoulou
- Laboratory of Ichthyology and Aquatic Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Vangelis Economou
- Laboratory of Hygiene of Food of Animal Origin - Veterinary Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chrysostomos I Dovas
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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9
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Ariff N, Abdullah A, Azmai MNA, Musa N, Zainathan SC. Risk factors associated with viral nervous necrosis in hybrid groupers in Malaysia and the high similarity of its causative agent nervous necrosis virus to reassortant red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus/striped jack nervous necrosis virus strains. Vet World 2019; 12:1273-1284. [PMID: 31641308 PMCID: PMC6755403 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1273-1284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Viral nervous necrosis (VNN) is a serious disease of several marine fish species. VNN causes 100% mortality in the larval stages, while lower losses have been reported in juvenile and adult fish. This study aimed to detect the occurrence of VNN while identifying its associated risk factors and the genotypes of its causative agent in a hybrid grouper hatchery in Malaysia. Materials and Methods: A batch of newly hatched hybrid grouper fry (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × Epinephelus lanceolatus) were followed from the larval stage to market size. Samples of the hybrid groupers, water, live feed, and artificial fish pellets were collected periodically from day 0 to 180 in the hybrid grouper hatchery. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and nested PCR amplifications were carried out on VNN-related sequences. The phylogenetic tree including the sampled causative agent of VNN was inferred from the coat protein genes from all known Betanodavirus species using Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA). Pearson’s correlation coefficient values were calculated to determine the strength of the correlation between the presence of VNN in hybrid grouper samples and its associated risk factors. Results: A total of 113 out of 146 pooled and individual samples, including hybrid grouper, water, and artificial fish pellet samples, demonstrated positive results in tests for the presence of VNN-associated viruses. The clinical signs of infection observed in the samples included darkened skin, deformation of the backbone, abdominal distension, skin lesions, and fin erosion. VNN was present throughout the life stages of the hybrid groupers, with the first detection occurring at day 10. VNN-associated risk factors included water temperature, dissolved oxygen content, salinity, ammonia level, fish size (adults more at risk than younger stages), and life stage (age). Detection of VNN-associated viruses in water samples demonstrated evidence of horizontal transmission of the disease. All the nucleotide sequences found in this study had high nucleotide identities of 88% to 100% to each other, striped jack nervous necrosis virus (SJNNV), and the reassortant strain red-spotted grouper NNV/SJNNV (RGNNV/SJNNV) isolate 430.2004 (GenBank accession number JN189932.1) (n=26). The phylogenetic analysis showed that quasispecies was present in each VNN-causing virus-positive sample, which differed based on the type of sample and life stage. Conclusion: This study was the first to confirm the existence of a reassortant strain (RGNNV/SJNNV) in hybrid groupers from Malaysia and Southeast Asia. However, the association between the mode of transmission and the risk factors of this virus needs to be investigated further to understand the evolution and potential new host species of the reassortant strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurshuhada Ariff
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Food Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.,Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Azila Abdullah
- National Fish Health Research Division, Batu Maung, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Noor Amal Azmai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Najiah Musa
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Food Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.,Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries Research, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Sandra Catherine Zainathan
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Food Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.,Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
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Doan QK, Vandeputte M, Chatain B, Morin T, Allal F. Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy in aquaculture: a review. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:717-742. [PMID: 27633881 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), otherwise known as viral nervous necrosis (VNN), is a major devastating threat for aquatic animals. Betanodaviruses have been isolated in at least 70 aquatic animal species in marine and in freshwater environments throughout the world, with the notable exception of South America. In this review, the main features of betanodavirus, including its diversity, its distribution and its transmission modes in fish, are firstly presented. Then, the existing diagnosis and detection methods, as well as the different control procedures of this disease, are reviewed. Finally, the potential of selective breeding, including both conventional and genomic selection, as an opportunity to obtain resistant commercial populations, is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q K Doan
- Ifremer, UMR 9190 MARBEC, Palavas-les-Flots, France
- TNU, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry (TUAF), Quyet Thang Commune, Thai Nguyen City, Vietnam
| | - M Vandeputte
- Ifremer, UMR 9190 MARBEC, Palavas-les-Flots, France
- INRA, GABI, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - B Chatain
- Ifremer, UMR 9190 MARBEC, Palavas-les-Flots, France
| | - T Morin
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Unit Viral Diseases of Fish, Plouzané, France
| | - F Allal
- Ifremer, UMR 9190 MARBEC, Palavas-les-Flots, France
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Toubanaki DK, Margaroni M, Karagouni E. Nanoparticle-based lateral flow biosensor for visual detection of fish nervous necrosis virus amplification products. Mol Cell Probes 2015; 29:158-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Surveillance of viruses in wild fish populations in areas around the Gulf of Cadiz (South Atlantic Iberian Peninsula). Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:6560-71. [PMID: 25128341 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02090-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes a viral epidemiological study of wild fish around the Gulf of Cadiz (southwestern Iberian Peninsula) and is focused on infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), and viral nervous necrosis virus (VNNV). One fish species (Chelon labrosus) was sampled inside the gulf, at the mouth of the San Pedro River. Another 29 were sampled, in three oceanographic campaigns, at sites around the Bay of Cadiz. The fish were processed individually and subjected to isolation in cell culture and molecular diagnosis. VHSV was not isolated from any species. Thirteen IPNV-type isolates were obtained from barracuda (Sphyraena sphyraena), axillary seabream (Pagellus acarne), common two-banded seabream (Diplodus vulgaris), common pandora (P. erythrinus), Senegal seabream (D. bellottii), and surmullet (Mullus surmuletus). Six VNNV isolates were obtained from axillary seabream, common pandora, black seabream (Spondyliosoma cantharus), red mullet (Mullet barbatus), Lusitanian toadfish (Halobatrachus didactylus), and tub gurnard (Chelidonichtys lucerna). In the river mouth, viruses were detected only after reamplification, obtaining prevalence percentages of IPNV and VNNV (44.4 and 63.0%, respectively) much higher than those observed in the oceanographic campaigns (25.7 and 19.6%, respectively). The opposite results were obtained in the case of VHSV after reamplification: 11.1% in the river mouth and 43.6% in the oceanic locations. Analyzing the results with respect to the proximity of the sampling sites to the coast, an anthropogenic influence on wild fish is suggested and discussed. The type of viruses and the presence of natural reassortants are also discussed.
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