Spondylosis in a green moray eel, Gymnothorax funebris (Ranzani 1839), with swim bladder hyperinflation

Geriatric Freshwater and Marine Fish

As pain management finally becomes accepted for this last of the vertebrate taxa, fish medicine is finally reaching the sophistication of other vertebrates. The diseases of aging fish in captivity therefore need to be addressed. The degenerative organ/tissue changes and neoplasias of fish deserve the same diagnosis and treatments of their terrestrial counterparts including pain relief, anti-inflammatory medications, chemotherapy, surgery, joint supplements, regenerative cell therapy, and photobiomodulation. Besides the challenges of an aquatic environment, recognizing normal changes in older fish will be addressed in this article. Clinicians can appreciate the diversity of fishes and their unique anatomies, physiologies, and behaviors which translate to creative medicine.

Hook-shaped enterolith and secondary cachexia in a free-living grey nurse shark (Carcharias taurus, Rafinesque 1810)

The carcass of a critically endangered, juvenile female grey nurse shark (Carcharias taurus, Rafinesque 1810) was recovered from a south‐eastern Australian beach and subjected to necropsy. The 1.98‐m‐long shark exhibited advanced cachexia with its total weight (19.0 kg) and liver weight (0.37 kg) reduced by 60% and 89%, respectively, compared with a healthy individual of the same length. Marked tissue decomposition was evident preventing histopathology and identification of a definitive cause of death. At necropsy, the abdominal organs were abnormally displaced and showed marked reductions in size compared with a healthy individual of the same size. Importantly, a hook‐shaped enterolith (HSE), with a rough surface and cream in colour, was found within the spiral valve of the intestine and is to the authors’ knowledge, the first description of such in any marine animal. X‐ray diffractometry showed that the HSE comprised the minerals monohydrocalcite (Ca[CO₃].H₂O; ~70 wt%) and struvite (Mg [NH₄] [PO₄]. [H₂O]₆; ~30 wt%). A CT scan showed concentric lamellate concretions around a 7/o offset J‐hook that formed the nidus of the HSE. Nylon fishing line attached to the hook exited the HSE and was evident in the abdominal cavity through a perforation in the intestinal wall where the posterior intestinal artery merges. The most parsimonious reconstruction of events leading to enterolithiasis and secondary cachexia in this shark was the consumption of a hooked fish and subsequent hook migration causing perforations of the cardiac stomach wall followed by the thin, muscular wall of the apposed, sub‐adjacent intestine.