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Zawisza M, Rebl A, Teitge F, Krzystyniak B, Piackova V, Gela D, Kocour M, Chadzinska M, Adamek M, Rakus K. Stressing out-carp edema virus induces stress and modulates immune response in common carp. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1350197. [PMID: 38576605 PMCID: PMC10991768 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1350197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Carp edema virus (CEV) is a fish poxvirus that primarily infects the gills of common carp. CEV causes koi sleepy disease (KSD), which is highly contagious and can result in mortality of up to 100%. Methods In the present study, we analyzed the stress and immune responses during KSD in two strains of common carp with different resistance to CEV: susceptible koi and resistant Amur sazan. Experiments were performed at two temperatures: 12°C and 18°C. In the case of koi carp, we also analyzed the effect of supplementation of 0.6% NaCl into tank water, which prevents mortality of the CEV-infected fish (salt rescue model). Results We found that CEV-infected koi kept at 18°C had the highest viral load, which correlated with the most severe histopathological changes in the gills. CEV infection resulted in the activation of stress response reflected by the upregulated expression of genes involved in stress response in the stress axis organs and increased levels of cortisol and glucose in the blood plasma. These changes were the most pronounced in CEV-infected koi kept at 18°C. At both temperatures, the activation of antiviral immune response was observed in koi kept under freshwater and NaCl conditions upon CEV infection. Interestingly, a clear downregulation of the expression of adaptive immune genes was observed in CEV-infected koi kept under freshwater at 18°C. Conclusion CEV induces a stress response and modulates adaptive immune response in koi, and this is correlated with the level of viral load and disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Zawisza
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Alexander Rebl
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Felix Teitge
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Barbara Krzystyniak
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Veronika Piackova
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Vodnany, Czechia
| | - David Gela
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Vodnany, Czechia
| | - Martin Kocour
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Vodnany, Czechia
| | - Magdalena Chadzinska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Rakus
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Okon EM, Okocha RC, Taiwo AB, Michael FB, Bolanle AM. Dynamics of co-infection in fish: A review of pathogen-host interaction and clinical outcome. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 4:100096. [PMID: 37250211 PMCID: PMC10213192 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2023.100096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Co-infections can affect the transmission of a pathogen within a population and the pathogen's virulence, ultimately affecting the disease's dynamics. In addition, co-infections can potentially affect the host's immunological responses, clinical outcomes, survival, and disease control efficacy. Co-infections significantly impact fish production and can change several fish diseases' progression and severity. However, the effect of co-infection has only recently garnered limited attention in aquatic animals such as fish, and there is currently a dearth of studies on this topic. This study, therefore, presents an in-depth summary of the dynamics of co-infection in fish. This study reviewed the co-infection of fish pathogens, the interaction of pathogens and fish, clinical outcomes and impacts on fish immune responses, and fish survival. Most studies described the prevalence of co-infections in fish, with various parameters influencing their outcomes. Bacterial co-infection increased fish mortality, ulcerative dermatitis, and intestinal haemorrhage. Viral co-infection resulted in osmoregulatory effects, increased mortality and cytopathic effect (CPE). More severe histological alterations and clinical symptoms were related to the co-infection of fish than in single-infected fish. In parasitic co-infection, there was increased mortality, high kidney swelling index, and severe necrotic alterations in the kidney, liver, and spleen. In other cases, there were more severe kidney lesions, cartilage destruction and displacement. There was a dearth of information on mitigating co-infections in fish. Therefore, further studies on the mitigation strategies of co-infections in fish will provide valuable insights into this research area. Also, more research on the immunology of co-infection specific to each fish pathogen class (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites) is imperative. The findings from such studies would provide valuable information on the relationship between fish immune systems and targeted responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reuben Chukwuka Okocha
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Landmark University, P.M.B. 1001 Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
- Climate Action Research Group, Landmark University SDG 13, Nigeria
| | | | - Falana Babatunde Michael
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Landmark University, P.M.B. 1001 Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
- Life Below Water Research Group, Landmark University SDG 14, Nigeria
| | - Adeniran Moji Bolanle
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Landmark University, P.M.B. 1001 Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
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3
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Heckman TI, Yazdi Z, Pomaranski EK, Sebastião FDA, Mukkatira K, Vuglar BM, Cain KD, Loch TP, Soto E. Atypical flavobacteria recovered from diseased fish in the Western United States. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1149032. [PMID: 37153143 PMCID: PMC10161732 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1149032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavobacterial diseases, caused by bacteria in the order Flavobacteriales, are responsible for devastating losses in farmed and wild fish populations worldwide. The genera Flavobacterium (Family Flavobacteriaceae) and Chryseobacterium (Weeksellaceae) encompass the most well-known agents of fish disease in the order, but the full extent of piscine-pathogenic species within these diverse groups is unresolved, and likely underappreciated. To identify emerging agents of flavobacterial disease in US aquaculture, 183 presumptive Flavobacterium and Chryseobacterium isolates were collected from clinically affected fish representing 19 host types, from across six western states. Isolates were characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis using the gyrB gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were compared between representatives from each major phylogenetic clade. Of the isolates, 52 were identified as Chryseobacterium species and 131 as Flavobacterium. The majority of Chryseobacterium isolates fell into six clades (A-F) consisting of ≥ 5 fish isolates with ≥ 70% bootstrap support, and Flavobacterium into nine (A-I). Phylogenetic clades showed distinct patterns in antimicrobial susceptibility. Two Chryseobacterium clades (F & G), and four Flavobacterium clades (B, G-I) had comparably high minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for 11/18 antimicrobials tested. Multiple clades in both genera exhibited MICs surpassing the established F. psychrophilum breakpoints for oxytetracycline and florfenicol, indicating potential resistance to two of the three antimicrobials approved for use in finfish aquaculture. Further work to investigate the virulence and antigenic diversity of these genetic groups will improve our understanding of flavobacterial disease, with applications for treatment and vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor I. Heckman
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Zeinab Yazdi
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Eric K. Pomaranski
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Fernanda de Alexandre Sebastião
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Fisheries, Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Kaveramma Mukkatira
- Fish Health Laboratory, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, CA, United States
| | - Brent M. Vuglar
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Kenneth D. Cain
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Thomas P. Loch
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Esteban Soto,
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Palíková M, Pojezdal Ľ, Dávidová-Geržová L, Nováková V, Pikula J, Papežíková I, Minářová H, Mikulíková I, Dyková I. Carp edema virus infection associated gill pathobiome: A case report. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:1409-1417. [PMID: 35708022 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding disease aetiology and pathologic mechanisms is essential for fish health evaluation. Carp edema virus (CEV) is the causative agent of a disease (CEVD) responsible for high mortality rates in both wild and cultured common carp Cyprinus carpio. Inspection of two carp specimens from a pond with high fish mortality revealed CEV infection in both the host and its ectoparasite (Argulus foliaceus). In addition to flavobacteria, well known to be associated with gill lesions, we found that free-living eukaryotes (amoebae and ciliates) and a temporary parasite (Ichthyobodo spp.) colonizing the gills may also contribute to alterations in gill structure and/or function, either directly, through firm (Ichthyobodo) or weak (amoebae) attachment of trophozoites to the gill epithelium, or indirectly, through carriage of pathogenic bacteria. Bacterial assemblages rich in families and genera, with predominance of Cetobacterium spp. in low-intensity alteration of the gill tissue and of Flavobacterium spp. in gills with extensive necrotic lesions, were detected in gills and within the cytoplasm of associated amoebae using high-throughput sequencing. Quantitative PCR indicated F. swingsii as the prevailing flavobacterial species within amoebae from less affected gills and F. psychrophilum within amoebae from extensively affected gills. This case study suggests that eukaryotic organisms as part of the gill pathobiome may also contribute to irreversible gill lesions seen in CEVD. Emphasizing the complexity of mutual relationships between bacterial assemblages and eukaryotic co-pathogens, further studies regarding factors that trigger pathology and influence severity in the CEV-positive carp are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Palíková
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ľubomír Pojezdal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Dávidová-Geržová
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Věra Nováková
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Pikula
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Papežíková
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Minářová
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Mikulíková
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Dyková
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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Hudson J, Egan S. Opportunistic diseases in marine eukaryotes: Could Bacteroidota be the next threat to ocean life? Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:4505-4518. [PMID: 35706128 PMCID: PMC9804302 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria within the phylum Bacteroidota (Bacteroidetes) are known to cause devastating and widespread disease outbreaks in marine eukaryotic hosts. However, with few pathogens described in detail, their prevalence and virulence strategies remain largely unknown. Here, we systematically reviewed the literature to evaluate the current understanding of Bacteroidota that cause disease in marine hosts. Isolates affiliated with the genera Tenacibaculum and Aquimarina (Flavobacteriaceae) were the most widely reported and characterized pathogens. Although cultured isolates were predominantly Flavobacteriia, culture-independent studies also found classes Bacteroidia, Cytophagia and Sphingobacteriia associated with disease. We found that pathogenic marine Bacteroidota largely conformed to an opportunistic lifestyle but could also act as secondary pathogens or were involved in polymicrobial diseases. Many diseases were also associated with an environmental stressor, especially those affecting coral, macroalgae and fish. Key virulence traits included the production of adhesins and host tissue-degrading enzymes. Overall, the nature of disease involving Bacteroidota pathogens appears to be an outcome of complex host-pathogen-environment interactions; however, our understanding of virulence remains limited by the lack of functional characterization studies. This is concerning as Bacteroidota have the potential to emerge as a serious threat to marine ecosystems and aquaculture industries, driven by global changes in ocean conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hudson
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - Suhelen Egan
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
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6
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Wang G, Liu J, Li Y, Li J, Luo J, Chen B, Liao Z, Su H, Liang J, Yu K. Description of Prasinibacter corallicola gen. nov., sp. nov., a zeaxanthin-producing bacterium isolated from stony coral Porites lutea. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2022; 115:933-941. [PMID: 35639297 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-022-01747-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thermal stress is considered one of the main causes of mass scleractinian coral degradation; however, it is still unknown how corals can adapt to future global warming. In this study, 11 strains of coral-associated Flavobacteria were shown to produce zeaxanthin, a carotenoid antioxidant, which may help coral holobionts to alleviate thermal stress. In addition, a novel zeaxanthin-producing Flavobacterium, designated R38T, was identified using polyphasic taxonomy. Although strain R38T shared a maximum 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 93% with Mesoflavibacter aestuarii KYW614T, phylogenetic analyses based on whole genome and 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain R38T forms a distinct branch in a robust cluster composed of strain R38T and Leptobacterium flavescens KCTC 22160T under the family Flavobacteriaceae. Strain R38T exhibited average nucleotide identities of 70.2% and 72.5% for M. aestuarii KYW614T and L. flavescens KCTC 22160T, respectively. The only detected respiratory quinone was menaquinone 6 (MK-6). The genomic DNA G + C content was 33.2 mol%. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified ninhydrin phospholipid, three unidentified ninhydrin-positive lipids, and three unidentified lipids. The major cellular fatty acids were iso - C15: 0, iso - C15: 0 ω6c, C16:2 DMA, and C13:1 ω3c. The distinct biochemical, chemotaxonomic, phylogenetic, and phylogenomic differences from validly published taxa suggest that strain R38T represents a new species of a new genus, for which Prasinibacter corallicola gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain R38T (= MCCC 1K03889T = KCTC 72444T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghua Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yuanjin Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Jin Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Jixin Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Biao Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Zhiheng Liao
- Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources use in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Education, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Hongfei Su
- Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Jiayuan Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Kefu Yu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China. .,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai), China.
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7
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Adamek M, Teitge F, Baumann I, Jung-Schroers V, El Rahman SA, Paley R, Piackova V, Gela D, Kocour M, Rakers S, Bergmann SM, Ganter M, Steinhagen D. Koi sleepy disease as a pathophysiological and immunological consequence of a branchial infection of common carp with carp edema virus. Virulence 2021; 12:1855-1883. [PMID: 34269137 PMCID: PMC8288041 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1948286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Gills of fish are involved in respiration, excretion and osmoregulation. Due to numerous interactions between these processes, branchial diseases have serious implications on fish health. Here, "koi sleepy disease" (KSD), caused by carp edema virus (CEV) infection was used to study physiological, immunological and metabolic consequences of a gill disease in fish. A metabolome analysis shows that the moderately hypoxic-tolerant carp can compensate the respiratory compromise related to this infection by various adaptations in their metabolism. Instead, the disease is accompanied by a massive disturbance of the osmotic balance with hyponatremia as low as 71.65 mmol L-1, and an accumulation of ammonia in circulatory blood causing a hyperammonemia as high as 1123.24 µmol L-1. At water conditions with increased ambient salt, the hydro-mineral balance and the ammonia excretion were restored. Importantly, both hyponatremia and hyperammonemia in KSD-affected carp can be linked to an immunosuppression leading to a four-fold drop in the number of white blood cells, and significant downregulation of cd4, tcr a2 and igm expression in gills, which can be evaded by increasing the ion concentration in water. This shows that the complex host-pathogen interactions within the gills can have immunosuppressive consequences, which have not previously been addressed in fish. Furthermore, it makes the CEV infection of carp a powerful model for studying interdependent pathological and immunological effects of a branchial disease in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Felix Teitge
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ilka Baumann
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Verena Jung-Schroers
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sahar Abd El Rahman
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura Egypt
| | - Richard Paley
- Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Weymouth, Dorset, UK
| | - Veronica Piackova
- South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - David Gela
- South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kocour
- South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Sebastian Rakers
- Working Group Aquatic Cell Technology and Aquaculture, Fraunhofer Research Institution for Marine Biotechnology and Cell Technology, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sven M Bergmann
- Institute of Infectology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Ganter
- Clinic for Swine, Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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8
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Adamek M, Heling M, Bauer J, Teitge F, Bergmann SM, Kleingeld DW, Welzel A, Scuda N, Bachmann J, Louis CS, Böttcher K, Bräuer G, Steinhagen D, Jung-Schroers V. It is everywhere-A survey on the presence of carp edema virus in carp populations in Germany. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:2227-2241. [PMID: 34231974 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Carp edema virus (CEV) is the causative agent of koi sleepy disease (KSD), a serious gill disease affecting common carp, Cyprinus carpio, and its ornamental variety, koi. After recent detections of the virus in various countries around the world, KSD has emerged as a new global disease in carp. However, the prevalence of the infection in carp populations in a given geographical region has not been studied thoroughly. The present communication reports an investigation into the presence of CEV in carp and koi populations in Germany. For this purpose, gill samples collected from carp and koi populations suffering from gill diseases or collected for a routine examination of their health status were tested for the presence of CEV by PCR. In total, 651 fish samples from 401 carp or koi cases were examined in 2015 and 2016, additional 118 samples from previous studies were included in the examination. CEV was detected in archive samples from carp dating back to 2007, and in koi samples dating back to 2009. From 2015 to 2016, CEV was detected in 69% of cases from carp populations examined from the main carp-producing areas in Germany, and in 41% of the examined cases from koi populations from all over Germany. Clinical KSD occurred mainly from April to June in carp populations at water temperatures ranging from 8 to 12°C and in koi populations at water temperatures ranging from 18 to 22°C. Most fish from clinically affected carp or koi populations harboured high virus loads of above 10,000 copies of CEV-specific DNA per 250 ng DNA, while gills from fish of other fish species from the ponds, including goldfish, grass carp and European perch were found CEV negative or harboured a low virus load. A phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of multiple CEV variants from genogroup I in carp and genogroup II in koi populations in Germany. Genetically identical genogroup I isolates were detected in carp from different geographical locations in Germany and in other European carp populations. Some German genogroup II variants were identical to variants previously recorded from koi in Asian and other European countries. The data presented here show that CEV is highly prevalent in German common carp and koi populations and implies the spreading of this virus by intense trading of common carp and koi without necessary risk mitigating measures. As infections with this virus may induce serious disease, CEV diagnostic should be included in health surveillance and disease monitoring programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Max Heling
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Bauer
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Felix Teitge
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sven M Bergmann
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Dirk Willem Kleingeld
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Veterinary Task Force, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alice Welzel
- Lower Saxony Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nelly Scuda
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Carola Sauter Louis
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Grit Bräuer
- Saxony Animal Disease Fund, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Verena Jung-Schroers
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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Machat R, Pojezdal L, Piackova V, Faldyna M. Carp edema virus and immune response in carp (Cyprinus carpio): Current knowledge. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:371-378. [PMID: 33460151 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The importance of world aquaculture production grows annually together with the increasing need to feed the global human population. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the most important freshwater fish in global aquaculture. Unfortunately, carp production is affected by numerous diseases of which viral diseases are the most serious. Koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD), spring viraemia of carp (SVC), and during the last decades also koi sleepy disease (KSD) are currently the most harmful viral diseases of common carp. This review summarizes current knowledge about carp edema virus (CEV), aetiological agent causing KSD, and about the disease itself. Furthermore, the article is focused on summarizing the available information about the antiviral immune response of common carp, like production of class I interferons (IFNs), activation of cytotoxic cells, and production of antibodies by B cells focusing on anti-CEV immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radek Machat
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomir Pojezdal
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Piackova
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Faldyna
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
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Pikulkaew S, Phatwan K, Banlunara W, Intanon M, Bernard JK. First Evidence of Carp Edema Virus Infection of Koi Cyprinus carpio in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121400. [PMID: 33291286 PMCID: PMC7762178 DOI: 10.3390/v12121400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of carp edema virus (CEV) was confirmed in imported ornamental koi in Chiang Mai province, Thailand. The koi showed lethargy, loss of swimming activity, were lying at the bottom of the pond, and gasping at the water's surface. Some clinical signs such as skin hemorrhages and ulcers, swelling of the primary gill lamella, and necrosis of gill tissue, presented. Clinical examination showed co-infection by opportunistic pathogens including Dactylogyrus sp., Gyrodactylus sp. and Saprolegnia sp. on the skin and gills. Histopathologically, the gill of infected fish showed severe necrosis of epithelial cells and infiltrating of eosinophilic granular cells. Electron microscope examination detected few numbers of virions were present in the cytoplasm of gill tissue which showed an electron dense core with surface membranes worn by surface globular units. Molecular detection of CEV DNA from gill samples of fish was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and confirmed by nested-PCR. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that CEV isolate had 99.8% homology with the CEV isolated from South Korea (KY946715) and Germany (KY550420), and was assigned to genogroup IIa. In conclusion, this report confirmed the presence of CEV infection of koi Cyprinus carpio in Chiang Mai province, Thailand using pathological and molecular approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surachai Pikulkaew
- Department of Food Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-(53)-948-023; Fax: +66-(53)-274-710
| | - Khathawat Phatwan
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
| | - Wijit Banlunara
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Montira Intanon
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - John K. Bernard
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, The University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793-5766, USA;
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Bruce TJ, Ma J, Oliver LP, Jones EM, LaFrentz BR, Cain KD. Isolation and experimental challenge of cultured burbot (Lota lota maculosa) with Flavobacterium columnare and Aeromonas sp. isolates. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:839-851. [PMID: 32618015 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Burbot (Lota lota maculosa) are a potential new species for commercial aquaculture. As burbot culture expands, there is a need to further define pathogen susceptibility and characterize aspects of the burbot immune response in an effort to assess fish health. A recent clinical diagnostic case from juvenile burbot reared at a commercial production facility resulted in the isolation and identification of Flavobacterium columnare along with several Aeromonas spp. The F. columnare isolate was assigned to genetic group 1 via multiplex PCR, a genetic group commonly associated with columnaris disease cases in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Virulence of the F. columnare isolate was assessed in vivo in both juvenile burbot and rainbow trout. Additionally, several of the Aeromonas sp. case isolates were identified via sequencing (16S rRNA, gyrB and rpoD) and a putative A. sobria isolate (BI-3) was used to challenge burbot, along with a known virulent Aeromonas sp. (A141), but BI-3 was not found to be virulent. Burbot were refractory to F. columnare when challenged by immersion, and it is likely that this is a secondary pathogen for burbot. Although refractory in burbot, the identified F. columnare isolate (BI-1) was found to be virulent in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Bruce
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Luke P Oliver
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Evan M Jones
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | | | - Kenneth D Cain
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
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Adamek M, Teitge F, Steinhagen D. Quantitative diagnostics of gill diseases in common carp: not as simple as it seems. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 134:197-207. [PMID: 31120037 DOI: 10.3354/dao03374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
During a disease outbreak, affected fish exhibit particular clinical signs, and the task in veterinary diagnostics is to identify the causative agent(s) as a prerequisite for appropriate treatment measures. In this study, we present an outbreak of a multifactorial gill disease in a cohort of ornamental koi Cyprinus carpio with gill necrosis as the main exterior clinical sign. By means of pathogen identification and determining pathogen abundance in various tissues, mortality of individual fish was found to be caused by different agents. Three out of 5 diseased individuals suffered from koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD) associated with a systemic infection with cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3), 1 fish succumbed to koi sleepy disease (KSD) caused by a high carp edema virus (CEV) load in the gills co-infected with CyHV-3 and flavobacteria, and the last fish had low loads of both viruses but high flavobacteria and Ichthyobodo burdens and most likely died from an interaction of these bacterial and parasitic agents. The results indicated that correct identification of the agent responsible for the observed clinical signs or mortality during co-infection might require quantitative determination of the abundance of the pathogens as well as detailed knowledge of the infection biology of these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Centre of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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