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Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Rojas JLG, Gortázar C, Herskin MS, Michel V, Miranda MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Bron J, Olesen NJ, Sindre H, Stone D, Vendramin N, Antoniou S, Kohnle L, Papanikolaou A, Karagianni A, Bicout DJ. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN). EFSA J 2023; 21:e08028. [PMID: 37313317 PMCID: PMC10258726 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) was assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular, the criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on its eligibility to be listed, Annex IV for its categorisation according to disease prevention and control rules as in Article 9, and Article 8 for listing animal species related to IPN. The assessment was performed following a methodology previously published. The outcome reported is the median of the probability ranges provided by the experts, which indicates whether each criterion is fulfilled (lower bound ≥ 66%) or not (upper bound ≤ 33%), or whether there is uncertainty about fulfilment. Reasoning points are reported for criteria with an uncertain outcome. According to the assessment here performed, it is uncertain whether IPN can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention according to Article 5 of the AHL (50-90% probability). According to the criteria in Annex IV, for the purpose of categorisation related to the level of prevention and control as in Article 9 of the AHL, the AHAW Panel concluded that IPN does not meet the criteria in Section 1 (Category A; 0-1% probability of meeting the criteria) and it is uncertain whether it meets the criteria in Sections 2, 3, 4 and 5 (Categories B, C, D and E; 33-66%, 33-66%, 50-90% and 50-99% probability of meeting the criteria, respectively). The animal species to be listed for IPN according to Article 8 criteria are provided.
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Hillestad B, Johannessen S, Melingen GO, Moghadam HK. Identification of a New Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV) Variant in Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar L.) that can Cause High Mortality Even in Genetically Resistant Fish. Front Genet 2021; 12:635185. [PMID: 34899819 PMCID: PMC8663487 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.635185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) is an important viral disease of salmonids that can affect fish during various life cycles. In Atlantic salmon, selecting for genetically resistant fish against IPN has been one of the most highly praised success stories in the history of fish breeding. During the late 2000s, the findings that resistance against this disease has a significant genetic component, which is mainly controlled by variations in a single gene, have helped to reduce the IPN outbreaks to a great extent. In this paper, we present the identification of a new variant of the IPN virus from a field outbreak in Western Norway that had caused mortality, even in genetically resistant salmon. We recovered and assembled the full-length genome of this virus, following the deep-sequencing of the head-kidney transcriptome. The comparative sequence analysis revealed that for the critical amino acid motifs, previously found to be associated with the degree of virulence, the newly identified variant is similar to the virus’s avirulent form. However, we detected a set of deduced amino acid residues, particularly in the hypervariable domain of the VP2, that collectively are unique to this variant compared to all other reference sequences assessed in this study. We suggest that these mutations have likely equipped the virus with the capacity to escape the host defence mechanism more efficiently, even in the genetically deemed IPN resistant fish.
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Duan K, Zhao J, Ren G, Shao Y, Lu T, Xu L, Tang X, Zhao W, Xu L. Molecular Evolution of Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus in China. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030488. [PMID: 33809489 PMCID: PMC7998647 DOI: 10.3390/v13030488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive virus surveillance was performed in twenty-nine salmon and trout farms from seven provinces and districts in China during the period 2017–2020. A total of 25 infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) isolates were obtained, mainly from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The molecular evolution of these Chinese IPNV isolates and the previously reported Chinese IPNV strains ChRtm213 and WZ2016 was analyzed, based on their VP2 gene coding region sequences (CDS). All 27 Chinese IPNV isolates clustered within genogroups I and V, with 24 of the IPNV isolates belonging to genogroup I (including ChRtm213 and WZ2016), and only three isolates clustering in genogroup V. The Chinese genogroup I IPNV isolates lacked diversity, composing six haplotypes with 41 polymorphic sites, and the identity of nucleotide and amino acid sequences among the entire VP2 gene CDS from these isolates was 97.44%–100% and 98.19%–100%, respectively. Divergence time analyses revealed that the Chinese genogroup I IPNV isolates likely diverged from Japanese IPNV isolates in 1985 (95% highest posterior density (HPD), 1965–1997), and diverged again in 2006 (95% HPD, 1996–2013) in China. Each of the three Chinese genogroup V IPNV isolates has a unique VP2 gene CDS, with a total of 21 polymorphic sites; the identity of nucleotide and amino acid sequences among all VP2 gene CDS from these isolates was 98.5%–99.5% and 98.6%–99.0%, respectively. The data demonstrate that genogroups I and V are more likely the currently prevalent Chinese IPNV genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyue Duan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; (K.D.); (J.Z.); (G.R.); (Y.S.); (T.L.); (X.T.); (W.Z.)
| | - Jingzhuang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; (K.D.); (J.Z.); (G.R.); (Y.S.); (T.L.); (X.T.); (W.Z.)
| | - Guangming Ren
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; (K.D.); (J.Z.); (G.R.); (Y.S.); (T.L.); (X.T.); (W.Z.)
| | - Yizhi Shao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; (K.D.); (J.Z.); (G.R.); (Y.S.); (T.L.); (X.T.); (W.Z.)
| | - Tongyan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; (K.D.); (J.Z.); (G.R.); (Y.S.); (T.L.); (X.T.); (W.Z.)
| | - Lipu Xu
- Fish Disease Department of Beijing Fisheries Technical Extension Station, Beijing 100176, China;
| | - Xin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; (K.D.); (J.Z.); (G.R.); (Y.S.); (T.L.); (X.T.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wenwen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; (K.D.); (J.Z.); (G.R.); (Y.S.); (T.L.); (X.T.); (W.Z.)
| | - Liming Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; (K.D.); (J.Z.); (G.R.); (Y.S.); (T.L.); (X.T.); (W.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510380, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0451-87930965
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