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Lutomski JE, Manders P. From opt-out to opt-in consent for secondary use of medical data and residual biomaterial: An evaluation using the RE-AIM framework. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299430. [PMID: 38547214 PMCID: PMC10977758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patient records, imaging, and residual biomaterial from clinical procedures are crucial resources for medical research. In the Netherlands, consent for secondary research has historically relied on opt-out consent. For ethical-legal experts who purport passive consent undermines patient autonomy, opt-in consent (wherein affirmative action is required) is seen as the preferred standard. To date, there is little empirical research exploring patient feasibility, organizational consequences, and the potential risks for research based on secondary data. Thus, we applied the RE-AIM framework to evaluate the impact of migrating from an opt-out to an opt-in consent process. METHODS This evaluation was carried out in Radboud University Medical Center, a large tertiary hospital located in the southeast of the Netherlands. All non-acute, mentally competent patients ≥16 years of age registered between January 13, 2020 and June 30, 2023 were targeted (N = 101,437). In line with the RE-AIM framework, individual and organizational consequences were evaluated across five domains: reach, efficacy, adoption, implementation, and maintenance. RESULTS 101,437 eligible patients were approached of whom 66,214 (65.3%) consented, 8,059 (7.9%) refused consent and 27,164 (26.8%) had no response. Of the 74,273 patients with a response, 89.1% consented to secondary use. The migration to an opt-in consent system was modestly successful; yet notably, differential response patterns by key sociodemographic characteristics were observed. Adaptions to the process flow improved its effectiveness and resulted in a reasonable response over time. Implementation was most affected by budgetary restraints, thus impeding the iterative approach which could have further improved domain outcomes. CONCLUSION This evaluation provides an overview of logistical and pragmatic issues encountered when migrating from opt-out to opt-in consent. Response bias remains a major concern. Though not always directly transferable, these lessons can be broadly used to inform other health care organizations of the potential advantages and pitfalls of an opt-in consent system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E. Lutomski
- Radboud Biobank, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- School of Allied Health Professionals, Fontys University of Applied Sciences, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Peggy Manders
- Radboud Biobank, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Pedersen CB, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Pedersen MG, Grove J, Agerbo E, Bækvad-Hansen M, Poulsen JB, Hansen CS, McGrath JJ, Als TD, Goldstein JI, Neale BM, Daly MJ, Hougaard DM, Mors O, Nordentoft M, Børglum AD, Werge T, Mortensen PB. The iPSYCH2012 case-cohort sample: new directions for unravelling genetic and environmental architectures of severe mental disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:6-14. [PMID: 28924187 PMCID: PMC5754466 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH) consortium has established a large Danish population-based Case-Cohort sample (iPSYCH2012) aimed at unravelling the genetic and environmental architecture of severe mental disorders. The iPSYCH2012 sample is nested within the entire Danish population born between 1981 and 2005, including 1 472 762 persons. This paper introduces the iPSYCH2012 sample and outlines key future research directions. Cases were identified as persons with schizophrenia (N=3540), autism (N=16 146), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (N=18 726) and affective disorder (N=26 380), of which 1928 had bipolar affective disorder. Controls were randomly sampled individuals (N=30 000). Within the sample of 86 189 individuals, a total of 57 377 individuals had at least one major mental disorder. DNA was extracted from the neonatal dried blood spot samples obtained from the Danish Neonatal Screening Biobank and genotyped using the Illumina PsychChip. Genotyping was successful for 90% of the sample. The assessments of exome sequencing, methylation profiling, metabolome profiling, vitamin-D, inflammatory and neurotrophic factors are in progress. For each individual, the iPSYCH2012 sample also includes longitudinal information on health, prescribed medicine, social and socioeconomic information, and analogous information among relatives. To the best of our knowledge, the iPSYCH2012 sample is the largest and most comprehensive data source for the combined study of genetic and environmental aetiologies of severe mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Pedersen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,National Centre for Register-Based Research, Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus V, Denmark,Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark,National Centre for Register-Based Research, Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Fuglesangs Allé 4, Aarhus 8210, Denmark. E-mail:
| | - J Bybjerg-Grauholm
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M G Pedersen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,National Centre for Register-Based Research, Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus V, Denmark,Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - J Grove
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Department of Biomedicine and iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark,BiRC-Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - E Agerbo
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,National Centre for Register-Based Research, Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus V, Denmark,Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - M Bækvad-Hansen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J B Poulsen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C S Hansen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J J McGrath
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,National Centre for Register-Based Research, Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus V, Denmark,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia,Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia
| | - T D Als
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Department of Biomedicine and iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - J I Goldstein
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (ATGU), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - B M Neale
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (ATGU), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M J Daly
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (ATGU), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - D M Hougaard
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - O Mors
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | - M Nordentoft
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A D Børglum
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Department of Biomedicine and iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - T Werge
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Capital Region of Denmark, Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P B Mortensen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,National Centre for Register-Based Research, Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus V, Denmark,Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark,Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Department of Biomedicine and iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Hagen CM, Khoo SK, Johannesen ML, Hansen CS, Bækvad-Hansen M, Christiansen M, Hougaard DM, Hollegaard MV. RNA sequencing of archived neonatal dried blood spots. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2016; 10:33-37. [PMID: 28053876 PMCID: PMC5198792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal dried blood spots (DBS) are routinely collected on standard Guthrie cards for all-comprising national newborn screening programs for inborn errors of metabolism, hypothyroidism and other diseases. In Denmark, the Guthrie cards are stored at − 20 °C in the Danish Neonatal Screening Biobank and each sample is linked to elaborate social and medical registries. This provides a unique biospecimen repository to enable large population research at a perinatal level. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility to obtain gene expression data from DBS using next-generation RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). RNA-seq was performed on five males and five females. Sequencing results have an average of > 30 million reads per sample. 26,799 annotated features can be identified with 64% features detectable without fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads (FPKM) cutoff; number of detectable features dropped to 18% when FPKM ≥ 1. Sex can be discriminated using blood-based sex-specific gene set identified by the Genotype-Tissue Expression consortium. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility to acquire biologically-relevant gene expression from DBS using RNA-seq which provide a new avenue to investigate perinatal diseases in a high throughput manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm
- Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen DK-2300, Denmark; iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark
| | - Christian Munch Hagen
- Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen DK-2300, Denmark; iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark
| | - Sok Kean Khoo
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Grand Valley State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Maria Louise Johannesen
- Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen DK-2300, Denmark; iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark
| | - Christine Søholm Hansen
- Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen DK-2300, Denmark; iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark
| | - Marie Bækvad-Hansen
- Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen DK-2300, Denmark; iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark
| | - Michael Christiansen
- Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen DK-2300, Denmark; iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N DK-2200, Denmark
| | - David Michael Hougaard
- Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen DK-2300, Denmark; iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark
| | - Mads V Hollegaard
- Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen DK-2300, Denmark; iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark
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