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Son YT, Son K, Eo GO, Lee KB. Feasibility of images acquired using smartphone camera for marginal and internal fit of fixed dental prosthesis: comparison and correlation study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5291. [PMID: 38438467 PMCID: PMC10912410 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55711-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to measure marginal and internal fit using images captured with both an optical microscope and a smartphone camera, comparing the fit measurement performance of these devices and analyzing their correlation. Working casts (with 10 posterior and 10 anterior teeth) created to fabricate fixed dental prostheses were used. These working casts were scanned using a desktop scanner (E1) to design an interim crown, and the designed interim crown was fabricated using a three-dimensional (3D) printer. Utilizing the silicone replica technique, the fabricated interim crown replicated the fit, which was then captured using both an optical microscope and a smartphone camera. The captured images were used to measure the marginal and internal fit according to the imaging device. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were used for reliability analysis according to the imaging device. Furthermore, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test was adopted for the comparative evaluation of the marginal and internal fit between the imaging devices (α = 0.05). The measurement results of the marginal and internal fit according to the optical microscope and smartphone camera did exhibit a significant difference (P < 0.05). The ICC between the two devices showed an "excellent" agreement of over 0.9 at all measurement points (P < 0.001). A smartphone camera could be used to obtain images for evaluating the marginal and internal fit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Tak Son
- Department of Dental Science, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Dental Device Development Institute, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubuldaero, Jung-Gu, Daegu, 41940, Republic of Korea
| | - KeunBaDa Son
- Advanced Dental Device Development Institute, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubuldaero, Jung-Gu, Daegu, 41940, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong-O Eo
- Department of Smart Software, Yonam Institute of Technology, Jinju-Si, Gyeongsangnam-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Bok Lee
- Advanced Dental Device Development Institute, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubuldaero, Jung-Gu, Daegu, 41940, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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Shukla S, Vishwakarma C, Sah AN, Ahirwar S, Pandey K, Pradhan A. Smartphone-based fluorescence spectroscopic device for cervical precancer diagnosis: a random forest classification of in vitro data. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:6826-6834. [PMID: 37706817 DOI: 10.1364/ao.496543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer can be treated and cured if diagnosed at an early stage. Optical devices, developed on smartphone-based platforms, are being tested for this purpose as they are cost-effective, robust, and field portable, showing good efficiency compared to the existing commercial devices. This study reports on the applicability of a 3D printed smartphone-based spectroscopic device (3D-SSD) for the early diagnosis of cervical cancer. The proposed device has the ability to evaluate intrinsic fluorescence (IF) from the collected polarized fluorescence (PF) and elastic-scattering (ES) spectra from cervical tissue samples of different grades. IF spectra of 30 cervical tissue samples have been analyzed and classified using a combination of principal component analysis (PCA) and random forest (RF)-based multi-class classification algorithm with an overall accuracy above 90%. The usage of smartphone for image collection, spectral data analysis, and display makes this device a potential contender for use in clinics as a regular screening tool.
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A low-cost smartphone fluorescence microscope for research, life science education, and STEM outreach. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2722. [PMID: 36894527 PMCID: PMC9998573 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29182-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Much of our understanding of cell and tissue development, structure, and function stems from fluorescence microscopy. The acquisition of colorful and glowing images engages and excites users ranging from seasoned microscopists to STEM students. Fluorescence microscopes range in cost from several thousand to several hundred thousand US dollars. Therefore, the use of fluorescence microscopy is typically limited to well-funded institutions and biotechnology companies, research core facilities, and medical laboratories, but is financially impractical at many universities and colleges, primary and secondary schools (K-12), and in science outreach settings. In this study, we developed and characterized components that when used in combination with a smartphone or tablet, perform fluorescence microscopy at a cost of less than $50 US dollars per unit. We re-purposed recreational LED flashlights and theater stage lighting filters to enable viewing of green and red fluorophores including EGFP, DsRed, mRFP, and mCherry on a simple-to-build frame made of wood and plexiglass. These devices, which we refer to as glowscopes, were capable of 10 µm resolution, imaging fluorescence in live specimens, and were compatible with all smartphone and tablet models we tested. In comparison to scientific-grade fluorescence microscopes, glowscopes may have limitations to sensitivity needed to detect dim fluorescence and the inability to resolve subcellular structures. We demonstrate capability of viewing fluorescence within zebrafish embryos, including heart rate, rhythmicity, and regional anatomy of the central nervous system. Due to the low cost of individual glowscope units, we anticipate this device can help to equip K-12, undergraduate, and science outreach classrooms with fleets of fluorescence microscopes that can engage students with hands-on learning activities.
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Salido J, Bueno G, Ruiz‐Santaquiteria J, Cristobal G. A review on low-cost microscopes for Open Science. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:3270-3283. [PMID: 35879870 PMCID: PMC9796433 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a review after an exhaustive search that yielded 23 works carried out in the last decade for the availability of optical microscopes with open hardware as a low-cost alternative to commercial systems. These works were developed with the aim of covering needs within several areas such as: Bio Sciences research in institutions with limited resources, diagnosis of diseases and health screenings in large populations in developing countries, and training in educational contexts with a need for high availability of equipment and low replacement cost. The analysis of the selected works allows us to classify the analyzed solutions into two main categories, for which their essential characteristics are enumerated: portable field microscopes and multipurpose automated microscopes. Moreover, this work includes a discussion on the degree of maturity of the solutions in terms of the adoption of practices aligned with the development of Open Science. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Concise review on low-cost microscopes for developing Open Science, exposing the role of smartphone-based microscopy. The work classifies microscopes in two main categories: (1) portable field microscopes, and (2) multipurpose automated microscopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Salido
- VISILAB GroupUniversidad de Castilla‐La ManchaCiudad RealSpain
| | - Gloria Bueno
- VISILAB GroupUniversidad de Castilla‐La ManchaCiudad RealSpain
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Sami MA, Tayyab M, Hassan U. Excitation modalities for enhanced micro and nanoparticle imaging in a smartphone coupled 3D printed fluorescent microscope. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:3755-3769. [PMID: 36070348 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00589a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Smartphone fluorescent microscopes (SFM) offer many functional characteristics similar to their benchtop counterparts at a fraction of the cost and have been shown to work for biomarker detection in many biomedical applications. However, imaging and quantification of bioparticles in the sub-micron and nanometer range remains challenging as it requires aggressive robustness and high-performance metrics of the building blocks of SFM. Here, we explored multiple excitation modalities and their performance on the imaging capability of an SFM. Employing spatial positional variations of the excitation source with respect to the imaging sample plane (i.e., parallel, perpendicular, oblique), we developed three distinct SFM variants. These SFM variants were tested using green-fluorescent beads of four different sizes (8.3, 2, 1, 0.8 μm). Optimal excitation voltage range was determined by imaging these beads at multiple excitation voltages to optimize for no data loss and acceptable noise levels for each SFM variant. The SFM with parallel excitation was able to only image 8.3 μm beads while the SFM variants with perpendicular and oblique excitation were able to image all four bead sizes. Relative performance of the SFM variants was quantified by calculating signal difference to noise ratio (SDNR) and contrast to noise ratio (CNR) from the captured images. SFM with oblique excitation generated the highest SDNR and CNR values, whereas, for power consumption, SFM with perpendicular excitation generated the best results. This study sheds light on significant findings related to performance of SFM systems and their potential utility in biomedical applications involving sub-micron imaging. Similarly, findings of this study are translatable to benchtop microscopy instruments as well as to enhance their imaging performance metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A Sami
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA.
| | - Muhammad Tayyab
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA.
| | - Umer Hassan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA.
- Global Health Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, USA
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Yang J, Cheng Y, Gong X, Yi S, Li CW, Jiang L, Yi C. An integrative review on the applications of 3D printing in the field of in vitro diagnostics. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.08.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Rabha D, Biswas S, Hatiboruah D, Das P, Rather MA, Mandal M, Nath P. An affordable, handheld multimodal microscopic system with onboard cell morphology and counting features on a mobile device. Analyst 2022; 147:2859-2869. [DOI: 10.1039/d1an02317a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple yet effective, handheld and flexible bright-field and fluorescence microscopic platform on a smartphone with varying optical magnifications is reported for morphological analysis and onboard cell counting features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diganta Rabha
- Applied Photonics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tezpur University, Sonitpur, Assam-784028, India
| | - Sritam Biswas
- Applied Photonics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tezpur University, Sonitpur, Assam-784028, India
| | - Diganta Hatiboruah
- Applied Photonics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tezpur University, Sonitpur, Assam-784028, India
| | - Priyanka Das
- Applied Photonics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tezpur University, Sonitpur, Assam-784028, India
| | - Muzamil Ahmad Rather
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Sonitpur, Assam-784028, India
| | - Manabendra Mandal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Sonitpur, Assam-784028, India
| | - Pabitra Nath
- Applied Photonics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tezpur University, Sonitpur, Assam-784028, India
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Tadrous PJ. PUMA - An open-source 3D-printed direct vision microscope with augmented reality and spatial light modulator functions. J Microsc 2021; 283:259-280. [PMID: 34151425 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
3D-printed microscopes are a topical emerging field in the literature. However most microscopes presented to date are quite novel re-imaginings of the microscope's mechanical design and they are either solely dependent on, or primarily geared towards, camera-based observations rather than ergonomic direct vision screening through an ocular lens. The reliance on camera, computer and monitor for observation introduces a compromise between portability, cost and the quality of an instant wide field of view. In this report, I introduce the Portable Upgradeable Modular and Affordable (PUMA) microscope which is an open-source 3D-printed multimodality microscope that employs a traditional upright design for ease of human direct visual observations and slide screening. PUMA uses standard RMS or C-mount objectives, with a tube length 160 mm, 170 mm or infinity and wide field high eye point ocular lenses. PUMA can use simple mirror-based illumination or can be configured to a full Köhler system with Abbe condenser for high numerical aperture observations including oil immersion. PUMA also has advanced digital/optical imaging features such as a digital spatial light modulator and - unique to any 3D printed microscope to date - an augmented reality heads-up display for interactive calibrated measurements. Digital camera imaging can also be used with PUMA - in fact PUMA can take up to three separate digital cameras simultaneously. PUMA can also function as a direct vision multi-header microscope for teaching or discussion. The illumination system is also modular and includes transillumination, epi-illumination, fluorescence, polarisation, dark ground and also Schlieren-based phase contrast and other Fourier optics filtering modalities. All these advanced features are available through an on-board, battery operated, microprocessor so no mains supply, smartphone, network connection, PC or external monitor are required making PUMA a truly portable system suitable for remote field work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Tadrous
- Department of Histopathology, TadPath Diagnostics, London, UK
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Hatiboruah D, Devi DY, Namsa ND, Nath P. Turbidimetric analysis of growth kinetics of bacteria in the laboratory environment using smartphone. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e201960159. [PMID: 31908121 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201960159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
For different microbiological and pathological studies, it is often required to monitor the growth of bacteria in a cultured medium in the laboratory environment. UV-VIS spectrophotometer is commonly used to estimate the growth of bacterial cell population by measuring the absorbance at 600 nm over a period of time. Colony-forming unit (CFU) is another approach, which has been routinely performed to estimate the live bacterial cells on semisolid agar plates. Herein, we demonstrate an alternative yet highly reliable sensing platform on a smartphone using which growth kinetics of different bacteria can be reliably monitored. The performance of the proposed smartphone sensor has been compared with the data obtained from OD600 and CFU analysis. A good correlation of bacterial growth rates enumerated based on the proposed smartphone sensor, bench-top spectrophotometer and CFU analysis have been observed under the experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diganta Hatiboruah
- Applied Photonics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tezpur University, Tezpur, India
| | - Damayanti Y Devi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, India
| | - Nima D Namsa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, India
| | - Pabitra Nath
- Applied Photonics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tezpur University, Tezpur, India
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