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Medina J. Regional Effects of Perceived Risks of Harm on Cigarette Smoking among U.S. High School Seniors: Evidence from Monitoring the Future. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18179120. [PMID: 34501708 PMCID: PMC8431182 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Overall, there has been an increasing trend in the perceived risk of harm from smoking among U.S. high school seniors. However, these perceptions of risk have been falling in recent years. This study uses regional-level panel data from the Monitoring the Future survey and a fixed effects model to estimate the effect of perceived risk on three regional measurements of smoking behavior: consumption, lifetime prevalence, and daily smoking prevalence. Elasticity measurements at regional levels show that an increase in perceived risk decreases these regional measurements of smoking behavior. Moreover, the results show that, at regional levels, these measurements of smoking behavior are more responsive to changes in the perceived risk associated with smoking than to changes in the price of cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Medina
- Department of Economics, New Jersey City University, Jersey City, NJ 07305, USA
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Li YH, Mgbere O, Abughosh S, Chen H, Cuccaro P, Smesny A, Essien EJ. Assessment of sexually transmitted disease/HIV risk among young African Americans: comparison of self-perceived and epidemiological risks utilizing ecodevelopmental theory. HIV AIDS-RESEARCH AND PALLIATIVE CARE 2019; 11:31-44. [PMID: 30863188 PMCID: PMC6388744 DOI: 10.2147/hiv.s189482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Recent advances in understanding the developmental processes associated with adolescents warrant new thinking and systematic application of key concepts of risk and protective processes. This study examined the association between epidemiological and self-perceived risks of contracting sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)/HIV among young African Americans (AAs) and the multilevel factors identified using ecodevelopmental theory. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on wave 1 data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health comprising 1,619 AA youth aged 14-18 years. Epidemiological and self-perceived HIV-risk indices were developed and their associations with ecodevelopmental system parameters evaluated. Results Significant discordance (P<0.0001) in the youths' self-perceived risk and epidemiological risk (the "gold standard") was recorded with Cohen's k-coefficient of 0.144 (95% CI 0.104-0.193). Adolescents who felt like talking to their mother had no trouble getting along with schoolteachers, perceived that teachers treated student fairly, experienced mother's disapproval of their sexual debut, and had close friends who knew how to use condoms correctly, were positively related to low epidemiological risk of contracting STDs/HIV. Being older, male, and a mother's positive attitude toward their adolescent's use of birth control (in exosystem) were associated with high epidemiological risk of contracting STDs/HIV. Furthermore, poor connection with the mother (did not feel like talking to mother) and growing older were related to low accuracy of self-risk perception among AA youths. Conclusion The findings demonstrate the strong need to align self-perceived risk with epidemiological risk of acquiring STDs/HIV using the key multilevel ecodevelopmental system factors identified. This will require changes in relevant social attitudes and norms associated with risk measurement, and allow for a rational basis for safe health practices and behaviors among AA youths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Huei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA,
| | - Osaro Mgbere
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA, .,Disease Prevention and Control Division, Houston Health Department, Houston, TX, USA.,Institute of Community Health, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Susan Abughosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA,
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA,
| | - Paula Cuccaro
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA,
| | - Andrea Smesny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA,
| | - Ekere James Essien
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA, .,Institute of Community Health, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA,
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Just AL, Meng C, Smith DG, Bullmore ET, Robbins TW, Ersche KD. Effects of familial risk and stimulant drug use on the anticipation of monetary reward: an fMRI study. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:65. [PMID: 30718492 PMCID: PMC6362203 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0399-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between stimulant drug use and aberrant reward processing is well-documented in the literature, but the nature of these abnormalities remains elusive. The present study aims to disentangle the separate and interacting effects of stimulant drug use and pre-existing familial risk on abnormal reward processing associated with stimulant drug addiction. We used the Monetary Incentive Delay task, a well-validated measure of reward processing, during fMRI scanning in four distinct groups: individuals with familial risk who were either stimulant drug-dependent (N = 41) or had never used stimulant drugs (N = 46); and individuals without familial risk who were either using stimulant drugs (N = 25) or not (N = 48). We first examined task-related whole-brain activation followed by a psychophysiological interaction analysis to further explore brain functional connectivity. For analyses, we used a univariate model with two fixed factors (familial risk and stimulant drug use). Our results showed increased task-related activation in the putamen and motor cortex of stimulant-using participants. We also found altered task-related functional connectivity between the putamen and frontal regions in participants with a familial risk (irrespective of whether they were using stimulant drugs or not). Additionally, we identified an interaction between stimulant drug use and familial risk in task-related functional connectivity between the putamen and motor-related cortical regions in potentially at-risk individuals. Our findings suggest that abnormal task-related activation in motor brain systems is associated with regular stimulant drug use, whereas abnormal task-related functional connectivity in frontostriatal brain systems, in individuals with familial risk, may indicate pre-existing neural vulnerability for developing addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna L. Just
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,0000000121885934grid.5335.0Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chun Meng
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,0000000121885934grid.5335.0Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dana G. Smith
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,0000000121885934grid.5335.0Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Edward T. Bullmore
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,0000000121885934grid.5335.0Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,0000 0004 0412 9303grid.450563.1Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK ,0000 0001 2162 0389grid.418236.aGlaxoSmithKline, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area Unit, Stevenage, UK
| | - Trevor W. Robbins
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,0000000121885934grid.5335.0Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Karen D. Ersche
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,0000000121885934grid.5335.0Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Pacek LR, McClernon FJ. Decline in the perceived risk of cigarette smoking between 2006 and 2015: Findings from a U.S. nationally representative sample. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 185:406-410. [PMID: 29496344 PMCID: PMC5889731 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Perceived risk of smoking is associated with smoking status, interest in quitting, quit attempts, and sustained quitting. Tracking and reporting of risk perceptions is integral to inform regulation and education. However, no research describes temporal changes in perceived great risk of smoking in the U.S. using nationally representative data. METHODS Data came from the 2006-2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). Time trends were assessed for the population overall, stratified by smoking status and by sociodemographic characteristics. Linear time trends of perceived great risk (versus other risk) were assessed using logistic regression, with survey year as the predictor. RESULTS Perceived great risk of smoking declined significantly among the entire population between 2006 and 2015 (73.89% versus 72.89%). Perceived great risk also decreased among all smoking statuses: daily (51.16% versus 48.19%), non-daily (64.12% versus 58.44%, former (79.57% versus 77.12%), and non-smokers (79.32% versus 77.10%). The prevalence of perceived great risk declined between 2006 and 2015 among both males and females; the rate of decline was more rapid among females (aOR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.97, 0.98 versus aOR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.98, 0.99). Older age, African American and Hispanic race/ethnicity, educational attainment, and non-daily, former, and never smoking statuses were positively associated with perceived great risk of smoking. DISCUSSION Perceived risk of smoking has declined over a 10-year period in the U.S. Declines in perceived risk indicate the need for innovative interventions to reinforce the harms associated with smoking. Differential rates of decline among males and females indicate the need for sex-specific interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R Pacek
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705 USA.
| | - F Joseph McClernon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705 USA
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Czoli CD, Fong GT, Mays D, Hammond D. How do consumers perceive differences in risk across nicotine products? A review of relative risk perceptions across smokeless tobacco, e-cigarettes, nicotine replacement therapy and combustible cigarettes. Tob Control 2016; 26:e49-e58. [DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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