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Kania B, Goldberg DJ. Cryolipolysis: A promising nonsurgical technique for localized fat reduction. J Cosmet Dermatol 2023; 22 Suppl 3:1-7. [PMID: 37988716 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.16039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryolipolysis, also known as fat freezing, is a nonsurgical technique specialized for localized fat reduction. Utilizing targeted cold exposure to adipose tissue, cryolipolysis devices induce cellular apoptosis in adipocytes while sparing surrounding tissues, resulting in the selective disruption of fat cells and subsequent removal of damaged cells by macrophages. A reduction of the fat layer produces a noninvasive cosmetic benefit that provides an accessible alternative to liposuction. Objective and subjective measurements have demonstrated significant reduction in fat volume and high patient satisfaction rates. Cryolipolysis has been proven to be safe with minimal adverse effects. However, further research is needed to fully understand the mechanism of cryolipolysis and its efficacy in different treatment areas. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of cryolipolysis, including its mechanism of action, indications, contraindications, adverse effects, results and outcomes, safety profile, and areas requiring further research. METHODS Our primary phase of literature review consisted of a PubMed search looking for all published literature around cryolipolysis. We employed a review approach that examined over 30 papers with the key search terms of "cryolipolysis," "fat-freezing," "cosmetic dermatology," "body contouring," "adverse effects," "adipocyte apoptosis," "Coolsculpting®," "cold panniculitis," and "localized fat reduction." We then analyzed each paper, extracting relevant information to gain a multidimensional understanding of cryolipolysis to provide a comprehensive review. CONCLUSION Cryolipolysis, with its ability to target and reduce localized adipose tissue, has emerged as a promising nonsurgical technique in the field of body contouring. It offers patients a valuable option for achieving their desired fat reduction without the need for a lengthy recovery period or major surgery. Cryolipolysis has shown to reduce the number of adipocytes in the treated area, a phenomenon that can be objectively quantified through various means, including fat caliper measurements, ultrasound assessments, and 3D imaging, or subjectively observed through patient satisfaction rates, clinical observations, and investigator assessments. In addition to its effectiveness in reducing localized adipose tissue, cryolipolysis also holds potential in the area of skin tightening. Preliminary studies suggest that cryolipolysis may have a positive impact on skin elasticity and tightening. Further investigation of this mechanism is needed to provide a better understanding of its potential in achieving optimal cosmetic outcomes for patients. By combining the benefits of fat reduction and skin tightening, cryolipolysis has the potential to offer a comprehensive nonsurgical solution for body contouring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kania
- Skin Laser and Surgery Specialists, A Division of Schweiger Dermatology Group, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - David J Goldberg
- Skin Laser and Surgery Specialists, A Division of Schweiger Dermatology Group, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Wolska B, Domagała Ł, Kisilewicz A, Hassanlouei H, Makar P, Kawczyński A, Klich S. Multiple cryosauna sessions for post-exercise recovery of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS): a randomized control trial. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1253140. [PMID: 37772056 PMCID: PMC10523143 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1253140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The main goal was to investigate the effectiveness of cryosauna in preventing the development of delayed onset muscle soreness and to analyze the regenerative changes within muscles after acute fatigue-induced exercises. Thirty-one volunteers were assigned into two groups: 1) an intervention group that participated in cryostimulation after fatigue-induced exercise protocol (CRYO, n = 16) and a control group that performed fatigue-induced exercise protocol, but without any intervention (CONT, n = 15). Main outcome measures include at baseline: blood sample testing (leukocyte content, myoglobin concentration, and creatine kinase activity) and muscle stiffness of lower extremity; immediately after (stiffness), and 24-48-72-96 h post-exercise (blood samples and stiffness). Both groups performed an exercise-induced muscle damage protocol based on repeated countermovement jumps (10 sets, 10 repetitions). The CRYO group underwent a cryosauna (temperature: -110°C, time: 1.5 min per session) intervention during four sessions (i.e., immediately after, 24-48-72 h post-exercise). Leukocyte content was significantly greater 24-48-72 h after exercise in CONT, compared with the CRYO group (p ≤ 0.05 for all), while creatine kinase activity was greater 24-48-96 h in CONT, compared with the CRYO group (p ≤ 0.05 for all). Muscle stiffness increased significantly in rectus femoris, tibialis anterior, and fibula muscle after 48 h post-exercise (p ≤ 0.05 for all), as well as in tibialis anterior and fibula after 72 h post-exercise (p ≤ 0.05 for all) in the CRYO group. Multiple cryosauna was an effective recovery strategy that reduced blood biomarkers and muscle stiffness after exercise-induced muscle damage. Moreover, the development of delayed onset muscle soreness, expressed by a greater muscle stiffness post-exercise, was attenuated to the first 48 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Wolska
- Department of Combat Sports, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Łukasz Domagała
- Department of Athletics, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Hamidollah Hassanlouei
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences and Technology in Sport, Shahid Beheshti University, Teheran, Iran
| | - Piotr Makar
- Department of Swimming, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Adam Kawczyński
- Department of Biomechanics and Sport Engineering, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Sebastian Klich
- Department of Paralympic Sport, Wrocław University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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Shakurov AV, Lukina YS, Skriabin AS, Bionyshev-Abramov LL, Serejnikova NB, Smolencev DV. Enhanced bone healing using local cryostimulation: In vivo rat study. J Therm Biol 2023; 113:103501. [PMID: 37055120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
A short-term intense cooling through the skin causes a response of the body. Potentially, it can be used to enhance bone healing. The aim of this study is to evaluate an effectiveness of a bone defect cryostimulation in the Wistar rat model in vivo. Through holes with a diameter of 2.15 mm were formed in the cortical layer of the diaphysis of the hind paws of rats. Further animals were subjected to cryotherapy 1 and 2 times a week (up to 6 weeks). The local average skin surface temperature dropped from 28 to 14 °C. The decrease in temperature in a control point inside the biological tissue was 5.3 °C. Micro CT and histological analyses showed that cryostimulation twice a week is efficient treatment. In this case, there was an acceleration of maturation of the newly formed bone tissue replacing the defect region. In the control, the newly formed immature bone with a large number of osteocytes and vessels was detected. In the experiment, the newly formed bone had a more mature structure with signs of a compact bone (formation of Haversian canals, reduction in the number of osteocytes, appearance of gluing lines). Morphometric analysis has showed a 2-fold decrease of the relative vessels area near the defect region and an increase of 30% in the content of mast cells in the entire bone marrow and especially near the site of osteogenesis. Generally, the complete filling of the critical size defect and almost complete mineralization have been observed. This information is expected to be useful for understanding the effect-exposure correlation of the cryotherapy and in the design of the cryotherapy protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Shakurov
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University (National Research University), Moscow, 105005, Baumanskaya 2-ya St., 5, Russian Federation.
| | - Yu S Lukina
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University (National Research University), Moscow, 105005, Baumanskaya 2-ya St., 5, Russian Federation; National Medical Research Center for Traumatology and Orthopedics Named After N.N. Priorov, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 127299, Priorova St., 10, Russian Federation
| | - A S Skriabin
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University (National Research University), Moscow, 105005, Baumanskaya 2-ya St., 5, Russian Federation
| | - L L Bionyshev-Abramov
- National Medical Research Center for Traumatology and Orthopedics Named After N.N. Priorov, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 127299, Priorova St., 10, Russian Federation
| | - N B Serejnikova
- National Medical Research Center for Traumatology and Orthopedics Named After N.N. Priorov, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 127299, Priorova St., 10, Russian Federation; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Trubetskaya St., 8, Russian Federation
| | - D V Smolencev
- National Medical Research Center for Traumatology and Orthopedics Named After N.N. Priorov, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 127299, Priorova St., 10, Russian Federation
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Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Yang M, Hu C, Liao H, Li D, Du Y. Synergistic antibacterial effects of ultrasound combined nanoparticles encapsulated with cellulase and levofloxacin on Bacillus Calmette-Guérin biofilms. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1108064. [PMID: 36937280 PMCID: PMC10014853 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1108064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease, the treatment of which is challenging due to the formation of cellulose-containing biofilms by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Herein, a composite nanoparticle loaded with cellulase (CL) and levofloxacin (LEV) (CL@LEV-NPs) was fabricated and then combined with ultrasound (US) irradiation to promote chemotherapy and sonodynamic antimicrobial effects on Bacillus Calmette-Guérin bacteria (BCG, a mode of MTB) biofilms. The CL@LEV-NPs containing polylactic acid-glycolic acid (PLGA) as the shell and CL and LEV as the core were encapsulated via double ultrasonic emulsification. The synthesized CL@LEV-NPs were uniformly round with an average diameter of 196.2 ± 2.89 nm, and the zeta potential of -14.96 ± 5.35 mV, displaying high biosafety and sonodynamic properties. Then, BCG biofilms were treated with ultrasound and CL@LEV-NPs separately or synergistically in vivo and in vitro. We found that ultrasound significantly promoted biofilms permeability and activated CL@LEV-NPs to generate large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in biofilms. The combined treatment of CL@LEV-NPs and US exhibited excellent anti-biofilm effects, as shown by significant reduction of biofilm biomass value and viability, destruction of biofilm architecture in vitro, elimination of biofilms from subcutaneous implant, and remission of local inflammation in vivo. Our study suggested that US combined with composite drug-loaded nanoparticles would be a novel non-invasive, safe, and effective treatment modality for the elimination of biofilm-associated infections caused by MTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Can Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongjian Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dairong Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Dairong Li,
| | - Yonghong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Yonghong Du,
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Valsakumar A, Dinesh S, Prasad G, Shetty P. Immediate effect of cold mud pack therapy on autonomic variables in primary hypertensive individuals: a randomized trial. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 19:799-806. [PMID: 34757704 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2021-0421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mud pack or compress is an easily accessible, cost-effective, efficient treatment modality used in naturopathy to manage and prevent various chronic illnesses. This study sought to elucidate the effectiveness of cold spinal mud packs on improving neuro-cardiac parameters among hypertensive individuals. METHODS A total of 100 hypertensive subjects aged 30-50 years were randomly allocated into two groups: Cold spinal mud pack (CSMP) and prone rest. Blood Pressure (BP) and Heart Rate Variability (HRV) were assessed at three-time points: Baseline, After 20 min (T1), After 60 min (T2). This single-blinded randomized controlled trial was registered in the Clinical Trials Registry-India (CTRI/2019/12/022492). RESULTS After 20 min of CSMP showed a statistically significant reduction (p<0.01) in mean values of Systolic BP, Diastolic BP, and in HRV attained statistically significant change (p<0.01) in mean score in the frequency domain except for Very low-frequency power (VLF) and a significant difference found in the mean score of time-domain values (p<0.01) when compared to control group and 95% confidence interval (CI) will be provided for each effect. CONCLUSIONS CSMP reduces the sympathetic tone and shifts the sympathovagal balance in favor of parasympathetic dominance, contributing to a decrease in BP and effective changes in components of HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abitone Valsakumar
- Department of Naturopathy, SDM College of Naturopathy and Yogic Sciences, Affiliated to RGUHS, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sujatha Dinesh
- Division of Natural Therapeutics, SDM College of Naturopathy and Yogic Sciences, Affiliated to RGUHS, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ganesh Prasad
- Department of Naturopathy, SDM College of Naturopathy and Yogic Sciences, Affiliated to RGUHS, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Prashanth Shetty
- SDM College of Naturopathy and Yogic Sciences, Affiliated to RGUHS, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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One Week of CDAHFD Induces Steatohepatitis and Mitochondrial Dysfunction with Oxidative Stress in Liver. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115851. [PMID: 34072586 PMCID: PMC8198552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been rapidly increasing worldwide. A choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD) has been used to create a mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). There are some reports on the effects on mice of being fed a CDAHFD for long periods of 1 to 3 months. However, the effect of this diet over a short period is unknown. Therefore, we examined the effect of 1-week CDAHFD feeding on the mouse liver. Feeding a CDAHFD diet for only 1-week induced lipid droplet deposition in the liver with increasing activity of liver-derived enzymes in the plasma. On the other hand, it did not induce fibrosis or cirrhosis. Additionally, it was demonstrated that CDAHFD significantly impaired mitochondrial respiration with severe oxidative stress to the liver, which is associated with a decreasing mitochondrial DNA copy number and complex proteins. In the gene expression analysis of the liver, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers were significantly increased by CDAHFD. These results demonstrated that 1 week of feeding CDAHFD to mice induces steatohepatitis with mitochondrial dysfunction and severe oxidative stress, without fibrosis, which can partially mimic the early stage of NASH in humans.
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Kwiecien SY, McHugh MP. The cold truth: the role of cryotherapy in the treatment of injury and recovery from exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:2125-2142. [PMID: 33877402 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04683-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cryotherapy is utilized as a physical intervention in the treatment of injury and exercise recovery. Traditionally, ice is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal injury while cold water immersion or whole-body cryotherapy is used for recovery from exercise. In humans, the primary benefit of traditional cryotherapy is reduced pain following injury or soreness following exercise. Cryotherapy-induced reductions in metabolism, inflammation, and tissue damage have been demonstrated in animal models of muscle injury; however, comparable evidence in humans is lacking. This absence is likely due to the inadequate duration of application of traditional cryotherapy modalities. Traditional cryotherapy application must be repeated to overcome this limitation. Recently, the novel application of cooling with 15 °C phase change material (PCM), has been administered for 3-6 h with success following exercise. Although evidence suggests that chronic use of cryotherapy during resistance training blunts the anabolic training effect, recovery using PCM does not compromise acute adaptation. Therefore, following exercise, cryotherapy is indicated when rapid recovery is required between exercise bouts, as opposed to after routine training. Ultimately, the effectiveness of cryotherapy as a recovery modality is dependent upon its ability to maintain a reduction in muscle temperature and on the timing of treatment with respect to when the injury occurred, or the exercise ceased. Therefore, to limit the proliferation of secondary tissue damage that occurs in the hours after an injury or a strenuous exercise bout, it is imperative that cryotherapy be applied in abundance within the first few hours of structural damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Y Kwiecien
- Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Malachy P McHugh
- Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY, USA
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8
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Pereira Martins R, Hartmann DD, Furtado ABV, Luccas Duarte BS, Signori LU, Antunes Soares FA, Pereira ME, Puntel GO. Combined platelet-rich plasma and cold water immersion treatment minimize the damage following a skeletal muscle stretch injury in rats. Platelets 2020; 31:1039-1051. [PMID: 31905314 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2019.1704718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The skeletal muscle stretch injuries are commonly observed in sports. In order to stimulate tissue healing, the platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and cold water immersion (CWI) are widely used in clinical practice. This study investigated the effects of isolated or combined PRP and/or CWI on the oxidative damage determined by a stretch injury induced in gastrocnemius muscle of rats. PRP and CWI are applied immediately after the injury, and the biochemical analysis was performed after 1, 3, 5, or 7 days. The levels of o thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and oxidized dichlorofluorescein were significantly increased, both in skeletal muscle tissue and erythrocytes preparations, and the combined PRP and CWI minimized these parameters. Moreover, combined PRP and CWI were more effective than the isolated treatments to increase catalase activity, also the ratio of reduced/oxidized glutathione, and the non-protein thiols (-SH) group levels. In conclusion, we could infer that the combination of these regular treatments used in an isolated form shows a great potential for treatments of muscular injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Pereira Martins
- Biochemistry and toxicology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) , Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Diane Duarte Hartmann
- Biochemistry and toxicology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) , Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Bárbara Santos Luccas Duarte
- Rehabilitation physical motor, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) , Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luis Ulisses Signori
- Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) , Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Ester Pereira
- Biochemistry and toxicology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) , Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Influence of Intermittent Cold Stimulations on CREB and Its Targeting Genes in Muscle: Investigations into Molecular Mechanisms of Local Cryotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134588. [PMID: 32605164 PMCID: PMC7370117 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Local cryotherapy is widely used as a treatment for sports-related skeletal muscle injuries. The molecular mechanisms are unknown. To clarify these mechanisms, we applied one to three 15-min cold stimulations at 4 °C to various cell lines (in vitro), the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle (ex vivo), and mouse limbs (in vivo). In the in vitro assay, cyclic AMP (cAMP) response element binding protein 1 (CREB1) was markedly phosphorylated (p-CREB1), and the CREB-binding protein (CBP) was recruited to p-CREB-1 in response to two or three cold stimulations. In a reporter assay with the cAMP-responsive element, the signals significantly increased after two to three cold stimulations at 4 °C. In the ex vivo study, CREB-targeting genes were significantly upregulated following two or three cold stimulations. The in vivo experiment disclosed that cold stimulation of a mouse limb for 9 days significantly increased mitochondrial DNA copy number and upregulated genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. The results suggest that local cryotherapy increases CREB transcription and upregulates CREB-targeting genes, in a manner dependent on cold stimulation frequency and duration. This information will inform further investigations into local cryotherapy as a treatment for sports-related skeletal muscle trauma.
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Pathomechanisms of Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis: Chondrocyte Behavior and Fate in a Precarious Environment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051560. [PMID: 32106481 PMCID: PMC7084733 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic injuries of the knee joint result in a wide variety of pathomechanisms, which contribute to the development of so-called posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). These pathogenetic processes include oxidative stress, excessive expression of catabolic enzymes, release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and synovial inflammation. The present review focuses on the underlying pathomechanisms of PTOA and in particular the behavior and fate of the surviving chondrocytes, comprising chondrocyte metabolism, regulated cell death, and phenotypical changes comprising hypertrophy and senescence. Moreover, possible therapeutic strategies, such as chondroanabolic stimulation, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory treatment, as well as novel therapeutic targets are discussed.
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Li K, Han W, Zhao Y, Qi Y, Li Y, Bi J, Wang Y, Dong G. Using complex II as an emerging therapeutic target for the treatment of muscle lesions. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 26:1943-1947. [PMID: 31889777 PMCID: PMC6923501 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
After patients has been trapped into skeletal muscle injury, hypoxic and dysfunctional mitochondria brings about a crisis in energy supply that severely disrupts the repair of skeletal muscle. This study aims to elucidate injury-induced adaptations in the mitochondria and provide statistics for the role of complex II in instilling cells with energy under hypoxic conditions. Fifty-six male Wistar rats were divided into control, 12 h, 2 d, 5 d, 7 d, 10 d, 15 d, and 30 d postinjury groups. Contusion injury was made via an instrumented drop-mass technique delivering single impact to the posterior surface of the gastrocnemius of one limb of the rats. ROS levels, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), activities of marker enzymes (miCK, LDH, and ALP), and activities of complexes I–III were determined. Our findings reveal that the first 2 d postinjury, especially at 12 h, is the period with most severe oxidative stress. After injury, the activities of mitochondrial complexes I–III display different behaviors based on time and various energy production mechanisms. Our results highlight that complex II participates in electron transport in the acute phase of blunt trauma. We proposed that CII could be a therapeutic target in muscle lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefeng Li
- College of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 250102, China
| | - Wei Han
- College of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 250102, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- College of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 250102, China
| | - Yujuan Qi
- College of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 250102, China
| | - Yadan Li
- College of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 250102, China
| | - Jun Bi
- College of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 250102, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 250102, China
| | - Guijun Dong
- College of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 250102, China
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Riegger J, Zimmermann M, Joos H, Kappe T, Brenner RE. Hypothermia Promotes Cell-Protective and Chondroprotective Effects After Blunt Cartilage Trauma. Am J Sports Med 2018; 46:420-430. [PMID: 29116863 DOI: 10.1177/0363546517736051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryotherapy is routinely administered after sports injuries of synovial joints. Although positive clinical effects on periarticular swelling and pain have been described, the effects on the cell biological activities of cartilage and synovial cells remain largely unknown so far. HYPOTHESIS Local hypothermia alleviates synovial reactions and prevents chondrocyte death as well as cartilage destructive processes after blunt cartilage trauma. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Human cartilage explants were impacted by a drop-tower apparatus (0.59 J) and cultured at 24 hours or 7 days in different temperature conditions (2 hours [short term], 16 hours [medium term], or throughout [long term] at 27°C; afterwards or throughout at 37°C). Besides, isolated human fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) were stimulated with traumatized cartilage conditioned medium and cultured as mentioned above up to 4 days. The effects of hypothermia were evaluated by cell viability, gene expression, type II collagen synthesis and cleavage, as well as the release of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-13, and interleukin 6 (IL-6). RESULTS Seven days after trauma, hypothermic treatment throughout improved cell viability (short term: 10.1% [ P = .016]; medium term: 6% [ P = .0362]; long term: 12.5% [ P = .0039]). Short-term hypothermia attenuated the expression of catabolic MMP-13 (mRNA: -2.2-fold [ P = .0119]; protein: -2-fold [ P = .0238]). Whereas type II collagen synthesis (1.7-fold [ P = .0227]) was increased after medium-term hypothermia, MMP-13 expression (mRNA: -30.8-fold [ P = .0025]; protein: -10.3-fold [ P < .0001]) and subsequent cleavage of type II collagen (-1.1-fold [ P = .0489]) were inhibited. Long-term hypothermia further suppressed MMP release (pro-MMP-2: -3-fold [ P = .0222]; active MMP-2: -5.2-fold [ P = .0183]; MMP-13: -56-fold [ P < .0001]) and type II collagen breakdown (-1.6-fold [ P = .0036]). Four days after FLS stimulation, hypothermia significantly suppressed the gene expression of matrix-destructive enzymes after medium-term (MMP-3: -4.1-fold [ P = .0211]) and long-term exposure (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 4 [ADAMTS4]: -4.3-fold [ P = .0045]; MMP-3: -25.8-fold [ P = .014]; MMP-13: -122-fold [ P = .0444]) and attenuated IL-6 expression by trend. CONCLUSION After blunt cartilage trauma, initial hypothermia for only 2 hours and/or 16 hours induced significant cell-protective and chondroprotective effects and promoted the anabolic activity of chondrocytes, while the expression of matrix-destructive enzymes by stimulated FLS was attenuated by prolonged hypothermia. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The findings of this preliminary ex vivo investigation indicate that optimized cryotherapy management after cartilage trauma might prevent matrix-degenerative processes associated with the pathogenesis of posttraumatic osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Riegger
- Division for Biochemistry of Joint and Connective Tissue Diseases, Department of Orthopedics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Madeleine Zimmermann
- Division for Biochemistry of Joint and Connective Tissue Diseases, Department of Orthopedics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Helga Joos
- Division for Biochemistry of Joint and Connective Tissue Diseases, Department of Orthopedics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Kappe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Rolf E Brenner
- Division for Biochemistry of Joint and Connective Tissue Diseases, Department of Orthopedics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Local cryotherapy minimally impacts the metabolome and transcriptome of human skeletal muscle. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2423. [PMID: 28546635 PMCID: PMC5445066 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02754-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryotherapy is commonly used in the treatment of skeletal muscle injuries. However, the data to support the use of cryotherapy is inconclusive, and the biochemical etiology of cryotherapy in human skeletal muscle remains largely unknown. We therefore sought to determine how a clinically-relevant dose of cryotherapy would impact the transcriptome and metabolome of skeletal muscle. Eight healthy male subjects (age 24.7 ± 4.5 years, BMI 22.2 ± 1.6) received a 15 minute bout of local cryotherapy, delivered via ice cup massage over the anterolateral thigh. This resulted in an 85% decrease in skin temperature and a predicted 27% reduction in intramuscular temperature. The contralateral side served as a non-treated control. Two hours after cryotherapy, muscle biopsies were obtained to analyze changes in the transcriptome, metabolome, and activation of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, Akt, and p70S6K proteins. No changes were detected in the transcriptome between control and cooled muscles. Cryotherapy reduced levels of hexose sugars and hypoxanthine by 1.3%, but no statistically different changes were observed in 60 additional metabolites. Overall, no differences in phosphorylated p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, Akt, and p70S6K were observed. A clinically relevant dose of cryotherapy produced negligible acute biochemical and molecular changes in the skeletal muscle of human subjects.
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Abstract
Eccentric-contraction-induced skeletal muscle injuries, included in what is clinically referred to as muscle strains, are among the most common injuries treated in the sports medicine setting. Although patients with mild injuries often fully recover to their preinjury levels, patients who suffer moderate or severe injuries can have a persistent weakness and loss of function that is refractory to rehabilitation exercises and currently available therapeutic interventions. The objectives of this review were to describe the fundamental biophysics of force transmission in muscle and the mechanism of muscle-strain injuries, as well as the cellular and molecular processes that underlie the repair and regeneration of injured muscle tissue. The review also summarizes how commonly used therapeutic modalities affect muscle regeneration and opportunities to further improve our treatment of skeletal muscle strain injuries.
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15
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Siqueira AF, Vieira A, Ramos GV, Marqueti RDC, Salvini TDF, Puntel GO, Durigan JLQ. Multiple cryotherapy applications attenuate oxidative stress following skeletal muscle injury. Redox Rep 2016; 22:323-329. [PMID: 27750503 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2016.1239880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of multiple cryotherapy applications after muscle injury on markers of oxidative stress. METHODS Following cryolesion-induced skeletal muscle injury in rats, ice was applied at the injured site for 30 minutes, three times per day, on the day of injury, and for 2 days after injury. To determine the effect of the cryotherapy treatment on markers of oxidative stress, biochemical analyses were performed 3, 7, and 14 days after injury. RESULTS Compared with non-treated animals, cryotherapy reduced dichlorofluorescein at 7 and 14 days post-injury and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels at 3 and 7 days post-injury (P < 0.05). Additionally, cryotherapy maintained methyl thiazol tetrazolium reduction levels compared to the control group at all analyzed time points (P > 0.05), whereas non-treated groups demonstrated lower levels than the control group (P < 0.05). Superoxide dismutase activity at 7 and 14 days post-injury and catalase activity at 3 days post-injury were lower in cryotherapy groups compared with non-treated groups (P < 0.05). Cryotherapy prevented the reduction of non-protein thiol levels and maintained within control group level, at 3 days post-injury (P = 0.92). DISCUSSION Cryotherapy reduced the production of reactive oxygen species after muscle injury, resulting in an attenuated response of the antioxidant system. These findings suggest that using multiple cryotherapy applications is efficient to reduce oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amilton Vieira
- b Physical Education College , University of Brasilia , Federal District, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Gustavo Orione Puntel
- d Department of Morphology , Federal University of Santa Maria , Rio Grande do Sul , Brazil
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White SH, McDermott MM, Sufit RL, Kosmac K, Bugg AW, Gonzalez-Freire M, Ferrucci L, Tian L, Zhao L, Gao Y, Kibbe MR, Criqui MH, Leeuwenburgh C, Peterson CA. Walking performance is positively correlated to calf muscle fiber size in peripheral artery disease subjects, but fibers show aberrant mitophagy: an observational study. J Transl Med 2016; 14:284. [PMID: 27687713 PMCID: PMC5043620 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-1030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD) have decreased mobility, which is not fully explained by impaired blood supply to the lower limb. Additionally, reports are conflicted regarding fiber type distribution patterns in PAD, but agree that skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration is impaired. METHODS To test the hypothesis that reduced muscle fiber oxidative activity and type I distribution are negatively associated with walking performance in PAD, calf muscle biopsies from non-PAD (n = 7) and PAD participants (n = 26) were analyzed immunohistochemically for fiber type and size, oxidative activity, markers of autophagy, and capillary density. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance. RESULTS There was a wide range in fiber type distribution among subjects with PAD (9-81 % type I fibers) that did not correlate with walking performance. However, mean type I fiber size correlated with 4-min normal- and fastest-paced walk velocity (r = 0.4940, P = 0.010 and r = 0.4944, P = 0.010, respectively). Although intensity of succinate dehydrogenase activity staining was consistent with fiber type, up to 17 % of oxidative fibers were devoid of mitochondria in their cores, and the core showed accumulation of the autophagic marker, LC3, which did not completely co-localize with LAMP2, a lysosome marker. CONCLUSIONS Calf muscle type I fiber size positively correlates with walking performance in PAD. Accumulation of LC3 and a lack of co-localization of LC3 with LAMP2 in the area depleted of mitochondria in PAD fibers suggests impaired clearance of damaged mitochondria, which may contribute to reduced muscle oxidative capacity. Further study is needed to determine whether defective mitophagy is associated with decline in function over time, and whether interventions aimed at preserving mitochondrial function and improving autophagy can improve walking performance in PAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H White
- College of Health Sciences and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, 900 S Limestone CTW105, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Mary M McDermott
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 750 North Lake Shore Drive, 10th Floor, Chicago, 60611, USA. .,Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Robert L Sufit
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kate Kosmac
- College of Health Sciences and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, 900 S Limestone CTW105, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Alex W Bugg
- College of Health Sciences and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, 900 S Limestone CTW105, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | | | | | - Lu Tian
- Department of Health Research & Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lihui Zhao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Melina R Kibbe
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael H Criqui
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christiaan Leeuwenburgh
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida Institute on Aging, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Charlotte A Peterson
- College of Health Sciences and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, 900 S Limestone CTW105, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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Shadgan B, Med S, Pakravan AH, Hoens A, Reid WD. Subcutaneous and Intramuscular Hemodynamics and Oxygenation After Cold-Spray Application as Monitored by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. J Athl Train 2015; 50:800-5. [PMID: 26098273 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-50.6.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Vapocoolant spray, commonly known as cold spray (CS), is a cryotherapy modality used in sports medicine, athletic training, and rehabilitation settings. Proposed physiologic effects of cryotherapy modalities include reductions in tissue blood flow, oxygenation, and cell metabolism in addition to attenuation of pain perception attributed to reduced superficial nerve conduction velocity. OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of CS on subcutaneous and intramuscular blood flow and oxygenation on the thigh muscle using near-infrared spectroscopy, an optical method to monitor changes in tissue oxygenated (O2Hb), deoxygenated (HHb), and total (tHb) hemoglobin. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Muscle Biophysics Laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Participants were 13 healthy adults (8 men, 5 women; age = 37.4 ± 6 years, body mass index = 27.4 ± 2.6, adipose tissue thickness = 7.2 ± 1.8 mm). INTERVENTION(S) Conventional CS was applied to the vastus medialis muscles. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Changes in chromophore concentrations of O2Hb, HHb, and tHb at superficial and deep layers were monitored for 5 minutes using a 2-channel near-infrared spectroscopy. RESULTS Thirty seconds after CS application, we observed a decrease from baseline in O2Hb and tHb only in the superficial layer that was maintained for 3 minutes. CONCLUSIONS Application of CS induced a transient change in blood flow and oxygenation of the superficial tissues with no change in deeper tissues over the healthy vastus medialis muscle. The limited physiologic effect of CS on the superficial hemodynamics and oxygenation of limb muscles may limit the therapeutic benefit of this cryotherapy modality to a temporary analgesic effect, a hypothesis that warrants a clinical trial on traumatized muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sports Med
- Centre of International Collaborations on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Amir H Pakravan
- Cambridge University Hospital, United Kingdom. Dr Reid is now at Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alison Hoens
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - W Darlene Reid
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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