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Gene Regulation during Carapacial Ridge Development of Mauremys reevesii: The Development of Carapacial Ridge, Ribs and Scutes. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13091676. [PMID: 36140843 PMCID: PMC9498798 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique topological structure of a turtle shell, including the special ribs-scapula relationship, is an evolutionarily novelty of amniotes. The carapacial ridge is a key embryonic tissue for inducing turtle carapace morphologenesis. However, the gene expression profiles and molecular regulatory mechanisms that occur during carapacial ridge development, including the regulation mechanism of rib axis arrest, the development mechanism of the carapacial ridge, and the differentiation between soft-shell turtles and hard-shell turtles, are not fully understood. In this study, we obtained genome-wide gene expression profiles during the carapacial ridge development of Mauremys reevesii using RNA-sequencing by using carapacial ridge tissues from stage 14, 15 and 16 turtle embryos. In addition, a differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis and a gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of three comparison groups were performed. Furthermore, a Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis was used to analyze the pathway enrichment of the differentially expressed genes of the three comparative groups. The result displayed that the Wnt signaling pathway was substantially enriched in the CrTK14 vs. the CrTK15 comparison group, while the Hedgehog signaling pathway was significantly enriched in the CrTK15 vs. the CrTK16 group. Moreover, the regulatory network of the Wnt signaling pathway showed that Wnt signaling pathways might interact with Fgfs, Bmps, and Shh to form a regulatory network to regulate the carapacial ridge development. Next, WGCNA was used to cluster and analyze the expression genes during the carapacial ridge development of M. reevesii and P. sinensis. Further, a KEGG functional enrichment analysis of the carapacial ridge correlation gene modules was performed. Interesting, these results indicated that the Wnt signaling pathway and the MAPK signaling pathway were significantly enriched in the gene modules that were highly correlated with the stage 14 and stage 15 carapacial ridge samples of the two species. The Hedgehog signaling pathway was significantly enriched in the modules that were strongly correlated with the stage 16 carapacial ridge samples of M. reevesii, however, the PI3K-Akt signaling and the TGF-β signaling pathways were significantly enriched in the modules that were strongly correlated with the stage 16 carapacial ridge samples of P. sinensis. Furthermore, we found that those modules that were strongly correlated with the stage 14 carapacial ridge samples of M. reevesii and P. sinensis contained Wnts and Lef1. While the navajo white 3 module which was strongly correlated with the stage 16 carapacial ridge samples of M. reevesii contained Shh and Ptchs. The dark green module strongly correlated with the stage 16 carapacial ridge samples of P. sinensis which contained Col1a1, Col1a2, and Itga8. Consequently, this study systematically revealed the signaling pathways and genes that regulate the carapacial ridge development of M. reevesii and P. sinensis, which provides new insights for revealing the molecular mechanism that is underlying the turtle's body structure.
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Ascarrunz E, Sánchez-Villagra MR. The macroevolutionary and developmental evolution of the turtle carapacial scutes. VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/vz.72.e76256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The scutes of the carapace of extant turtles exhibit common elements in a narrow range of topographical arrangements. The typical arrangement has remained constant since its origin in the clade Mesochelydia (Early Jurassic), after a period of apparent greater diversity in the Triassic. This contribution is a review of the development and evolutionary history of the scute patterns of the carapace, seen through the lens of recent developmental models. This yields insights on pattern variations in the fossil record. We reinterpret the “supracaudal” scute and propose that Proganochelys had five vertebral scutes. We discuss the relationship between supramarginal scutes and Turing processes, and we show how a simple change during embryogenesis could account for origin of the configuration of the caudal region of the carapace in mesochelydians. We also discuss the nature of the decrease in number of scutes over the course of evolution, and whether macroevolutionary trends can be discerned. We argue that turtles with complete loss of scutes (e.g., softshells) follow clade-specific macroevolutionary regimes, which are distinct from the majority of other turtles. Finally, we draw a parallel between the variation of scute patterns on the carapace of turtles and the scale patterns in the pileus region (roof of the head) of squamates. The size and numbers of scales in the pileus region can evolve over a wide range, but we recognized tentative evidence of convergence towards a typical configuration when the scales become larger and fewer. Thus, typical patterns could be a more general property of similar systems of integumentary appendages.
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Global Analysis of Transcriptome and Translatome Revealed That Coordinated WNT and FGF Regulate the Carapacial Ridge Development of Chinese Soft-Shell Turtle. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212441. [PMID: 34830331 PMCID: PMC8621500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The turtle carapace is composed of severely deformed fused dorsal vertebrae, ribs, and bone plates. In particular, the lateral growth in the superficial layer of turtle ribs in the dorsal trunk causes an encapsulation of the scapula and pelvis. The recent study suggested that the carapacial ridge (CR) is a new model of epithelial–mesenchymal transition which is essential for the arrangement of the ribs. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the regulatory mechanism of carapacial ridge development to analyze the formation of the turtle shell. However, the current understanding of the regulatory network underlying turtle carapacial ridge development is poor due to the lack of both systematic gene screening at different carapacial ridge development stages and gene function verification studies. In this study, we obtained genome-wide gene transcription and gene translation profiles using RNA sequencing and ribosome nascent-chain complex mRNA sequencing from carapacial ridge tissues of Chinese soft-shell turtle at different development stages. A correlation analysis of the transcriptome and translatome revealed that there were 129, 670, and 135 codifferentially expressed genes, including homodirection and opposite-direction differentially expressed genes, among three comparison groups, respectively. The pathway enrichment analysis of codifferentially expressed genes from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes showed dynamic changes in signaling pathways involved in carapacial ridge development. Especially, the results revealed that the Wnt signaling pathway and MAPK signaling pathway may play important roles in turtle carapacial ridge development. In addition, Wnt and Fgf were expressed during the carapacial ridge development. Furthermore, we discovered that Wnt5a regulated carapacial ridge development through the Wnt5a/JNK pathway. Therefore, our studies uncover that the morphogenesis of the turtle carapace might function through the co-operation between conserved WNT and FGF signaling pathways. Consequently, our findings revealed the dynamic signaling pathways acting on the carapacial ridge development of Chinese soft-shell turtle and provided new insights into uncover the molecular mechanism underlying turtle shell morphogenesis.
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Yang J, Song W, Li C, Fang C, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Zhang M, Qian G. Comparative study of collagen distribution in the dermis of the embryonic carapace of soft- and hard-shelled cryptodiran turtles. J Morphol 2021; 282:543-552. [PMID: 33491791 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Turtles are characterized by their typical carapace, which is primarily composed of corneous beta proteins in the horny part and collagen in the dermal part. The formation of the extracellular matrix in the dermis of the carapace in a hard-shelled and a soft-shelled turtle has been compared. The study examines carapace development, with an emphasis on collagen accumulation, in the soft-shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis and hard-shelled turtle Trachemys scripta elegans, using comparative morphological and embryological analyses. The histological results showed that collagen deposition in the turtle carapace increased as the embryos developed. However, significant differences were observed between the two turtle species at the developmental stages examined. The microstructure of the dermis of the carapace of P. sinensis showed light and dark banding of collagen bundles, with a higher overall collagen content, whereas the carapacial matrix of T. scripta was characterized by loosely packed and thinner collagenous fiber bundles with a lower percentage of type I collagen. Overall, the formation and distribution of collagen fibrils at specific developmental stages are different between the soft-and hard-shelled turtles. These results indicate that the pliable epidermis of the soft-shelled turtle is supported by a strong dermis that is regularly distributed with collagen and that it allows improved maneuvering, whereas a strong but inflexible epidermis as observed in case of hard-shelled turtles limits movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, China
| | - Wei Song
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, China
| | - Caiyan Li
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, China
| | - Chanlin Fang
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, China
| | | | - Guoying Qian
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, China
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Lyson TR, Bever GS. Origin and Evolution of the Turtle Body Plan. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, AND SYSTEMATICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110218-024746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The origin of turtles and their uniquely shelled body plan is one of the longest standing problems in vertebrate biology. The unfulfilled need for a hypothesis that both explains the derived nature of turtle anatomy and resolves their unclear phylogenetic position among reptiles largely reflects the absence of a transitional fossil record. Recent discoveries have dramatically improved this situation, providing an integrated, time-calibrated model of the morphological, developmental, and ecological transformations responsible for the modern turtle body plan. This evolutionary trajectory was initiated in the Permian (>260 million years ago) when a turtle ancestor with a diapsid skull evolved a novel mechanism for lung ventilation. This key innovation permitted the torso to become apomorphically stiff, most likely as an adaption for digging and a fossorial ecology. The construction of the modern turtle body plan then proceeded over the next 100 million years following a largely stepwise model of osteological innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R. Lyson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Denver Museum of Nature & Science, Denver, Colorado 80205, USA
| | - Gabriel S. Bever
- Department of Earth Sciences, Denver Museum of Nature & Science, Denver, Colorado 80205, USA
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Dash S, Trainor PA. The development, patterning and evolution of neural crest cell differentiation into cartilage and bone. Bone 2020; 137:115409. [PMID: 32417535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells are a vertebrate-specific migratory, multipotent cell population that give rise to a diverse array of cells and tissues during development. Cranial neural crest cells, in particular, generate cartilage, bone, tendons and connective tissue in the head and face as well as neurons, glia and melanocytes. In this review, we focus on the chondrogenic and osteogenic potential of cranial neural crest cells and discuss the roles of Sox9, Runx2 and Msx1/2 transcription factors and WNT, FGF and TGFβ signaling pathways in regulating neural crest cell differentiation into cartilage and bone. We also describe cranioskeletal defects and disorders arising from gain or loss-of-function of genes that are required for patterning and differentiation of cranial neural crest cells. Finally, we discuss the evolution of skeletogenic potential in neural crest cells and their function as a conduit for intraspecies and interspecies variation, and the evolution of craniofacial novelties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Dash
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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Scaal M. Development of the amniote ventrolateral body wall. Dev Dyn 2020; 250:39-59. [PMID: 32406962 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, the trunk consists of the musculoskeletal structures of the back and the ventrolateral body wall, which together enclose the internal organs of the circulatory, digestive, respiratory and urogenital systems. This review gives an overview on the development of the thoracic and abdominal wall during amniote embryogenesis. Specifically, I briefly summarize relevant historical concepts and the present knowledge on the early embryonic development of ribs, sternum, intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles with respect to anatomical bauplan, origin and specification of precursor cells, initial steps of pattern formation, and cellular and molecular regulation of morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Scaal
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy II, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Ishikawa N, Hirayama Y, Miake Y, Kitamura K, Kasahara N, Abe S, Yamamoto H. Comparison of the Morphological Structures of the Human Calvarium and Turtle Shell. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2019. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.28.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Ishikawa
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Dental College
| | - Yuzo Hirayama
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Dental College
| | - Yasuo Miake
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Dental College
| | - Kei Kitamura
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Dental College
| | - Norio Kasahara
- Department of Forensic Odontology and Anthropology, Tokyo Dental College
| | | | - Hitoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Dental College
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Cordero GA, Quinteros K, Janzen FJ. Delayed trait development and the convergent evolution of shell kinesis in turtles. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.1585. [PMID: 30282655 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding developmental processes is foundational to clarifying the mechanisms by which convergent evolution occurs. Here, we show how a key convergently evolving trait is slowly 'acquired' in growing turtles. Many functionally relevant traits emerge late in turtle ontogeny, owing to design constraints imposed by the shell. We investigated this trend by examining derived patterns of shell formation associated with the multiple (at least 8) origins of shell kinesis in small-bodied turtles. Using box turtles as a model, we demonstrate that the flexible hinge joint required for shell kinesis differentiates gradually and via extensive repatterning of shell tissue. Disproportionate changes in shell shape and size substantiate that this transformation is a delayed ontogenetic response (3-5 years post-hatching) to structural alterations that arise in embryogenesis. These findings exemplify that the translation of genotype to phenotype may reach far beyond embryonic life stages. Thus, the temporal scope for developmental origins of adaptive morphological change might be broader than generally understood. We propose that delayed trait differentiation via tissue repatterning might facilitate phenotypic diversification and innovation that otherwise would not arise due to developmental constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo A Cordero
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 2200 Osborn Drive, 251 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kevin Quinteros
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 2200 Osborn Drive, 251 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Fredric J Janzen
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 2200 Osborn Drive, 251 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA, USA
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Negrini J, Ginel PJ, Novales M, Guerra R, Mozos E. Clinical and histological findings of cutaneous wound healing in the red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans) housed in unheated outdoor enclosures. Vet Dermatol 2016; 27:413-e106. [PMID: 27324567 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous wounds are common in chelonians. The clinical and histological features of wound healing in these species are not well described and this prevents evaluation of new therapies. OBJECTIVES To describe clinical and histopathological features of cutaneous wound healing in the red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans). ANIMALS Twenty four healthy adult females housed in outdoor facilities with free access to water and exposed to daily variations in temperature. METHODS Full thickness 6 mm skin biopsy punch wounds were created in the rear limbs. The turtles were assigned to Group 1 (n = 12 for clinical evaluation) and Group 2 (n = 12 for microscopic study). Group 1 was photographed on Day 1 and weekly, until 28 days post wounding. Wound retraction was expressed as the percentage of perimeter reduction. For Group 2, three skin wounds were sampled at 2, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 60 and 135 days post wounding for histological study. The avidin-biotin-peroxidase (ABC) staining method was used to evaluate five commercial antibodies. RESULTS Wound contraction was limited; crust persisted at least 28 days. Re-epithelialization was complete by Day 14 in many animals; active inflammation persisted until 28 days; connective tissue re-constitution and remodelling was achieved from 42 to 135 days. Antibodies AE1/AE3, Factor VIII, MAC 387, CD3 and NCL-MSA showed cross reactivity with the cell counterpart in turtle tissues. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Second intention wound healing progressed slowly and with an indolent behaviour. Microscopically there was marked overlapping of the inflammatory and proliferative phases over a long time period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Negrini
- Department of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14014, Cordoba, Spain.,Medicina Veterinaria, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, S/n, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Pedro J Ginel
- Department of Animal Medicine & Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14014, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Manuel Novales
- Department of Animal Medicine & Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14014, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Guerra
- Zoological Garden of Córdoba, Avenida de Linneo, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Elena Mozos
- Department of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14014, Cordoba, Spain.
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Cordero GA, Quinteros K. Skeletal remodelling suggests the turtle's shell is not an evolutionary straitjacket. Biol Lett 2016; 11:20150022. [PMID: 25878046 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2015.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent efforts to decipher the enigma of the turtle's shell revealed that distantly related turtle species deploy diverse processes during shell development. Even so, extant species share in common a shoulder blade (scapula) that is encapsulated within the shell. Thus, evolutionary change in the correlated development of the shell and scapula probably underpins the evolution of highly derived shell morphologies. To address this expectation, we conducted one of the most phylogenetically comprehensive surveys of turtle development, focusing on scapula growth and differentiation in embryos, hatchlings and adults of 13 species. We report, to our knowledge, the first description of secondary differentiation owing to skeletal remodelling of the tetrapod scapula in turtles with the most structurally derived shell phenotypes. Remodelling and secondary differentiation late in embryogenesis of box turtles (Emys and Terrapene) yielded a novel skeletal segment (i.e. the suprascapula) of high functional value to their complex shell-closing system. Remarkably, our analyses suggest that, in soft-shelled turtles (Trionychidae) with extremely flattened shells, a similar transformation is linked to truncated scapula growth. Skeletal remodelling, as a form of developmental plasticity, might enable the seemingly constrained turtle body plan to diversify, suggesting the shell is not an evolutionary straitjacket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Antonio Cordero
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 251 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Kevin Quinteros
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 251 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Rice R, Riccio P, Gilbert SF, Cebra-Thomas J. Emerging from the rib: resolving the turtle controversies. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2015; 324:208-20. [PMID: 25675951 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Two of the major controversies in the present study of turtle shell development involve the mechanism by which the carapacial ridge initiates shell formation and the mechanism by which each rib forms the costal bones adjacent to it. This paper claims that both sides of each debate might be correct-but within the species examined. Mechanism is more properly "mechanisms," and there is more than one single way to initiate carapace formation and to form the costal bones. In the initiation of the shell, the rib precursors may be kept dorsal by either "axial displacement" (in the hard-shell turtles) or "axial arrest" (in the soft-shell turtle Pelodiscus), or by a combination of these. The former process would deflect the rib into the dorsal dermis and allow it to continue its growth there, while the latter process would truncate rib growth. In both instances, though, the result is to keep the ribs from extending into the ventral body wall. Our recent work has shown that the properties of the carapacial ridge, a key evolutionary innovation of turtles, differ greatly between these two groups. Similarly, the mechanism of costal bone formation may differ between soft-shell and hard-shell turtles, in that the hard-shell species may have both periosteal flattening as well as dermal bone induction, while the soft-shelled turtles may have only the first of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritva Rice
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Snider TN, Mishina Y. Cranial neural crest cell contribution to craniofacial formation, pathology, and future directions in tissue engineering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 102:324-32. [PMID: 25227212 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the state and future directions of development and pathology in the craniofacial complex in the context of Cranial Neural Crest Cells (CNCC). CNCC are a multipotent cell population that is largely responsible for forming the vertebrate head. We focus on findings that have increased the knowledge of gene regulatory networks and molecular mechanisms governing CNCC migration and the participation of these cells in tissue formation. Pathology due to aberrant migration or cell death of CNCC, termed neurocristopathies, is discussed in addition to craniosynostoses. Finally, we discuss tissue engineering applications that take advantage of recent advancements in genome editing and the multipotent nature of CNCC. These applications have relevance to treating diseases due directly to the failure of CNCC, and also in restoring tissues lost due to a variety of reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Nicholas Snider
- Department for Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Michigan
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Nagashima H, Sugahara F, Takechi M, Sato N, Kuratani S. On the homology of the shoulder girdle in turtles. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2014; 324:244-54. [PMID: 25052382 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The shoulder girdle in turtles is encapsulated in the shell and has a triradiate morphology. Due to its unique configuration among amniotes, many theories have been proposed about the skeletal identities of the projections for the past two centuries. Although the dorsal ramus represents the scapular blade, the ventral two rami remain uncertain. In particular, the ventrorostral process has been compared to a clavicle, an acromion, and a procoracoid based on its morphology, its connectivity to the rest of the skeleton and to muscles, as well as with its ossification center, cell lineage, and gene expression. In making these comparisons, the shoulder girdle skeleton of anurans has often been used as a reference. This review traces the history of the debate on the homology of the shoulder girdle in turtles. And based on the integrative aspects of developmental biology, comparative morphology, and paleontology, we suggest acromion and procoracoid identities for the two ventral processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nagashima
- Division of Gross Anatomy and Morphogenesis, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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