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Jiang M, Shao H, Li Q. Analysis of Anatomy and Age-related Changes in Infraorbital Cheek Using Computed Tomography. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2024:10.1007/s00266-024-04093-z. [PMID: 38710814 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-024-04093-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is no consensus regarding age-related facial anatomical changes. In this study, aging-related changes in soft and hard cheek tissues were quantitatively analyzed using computed tomography. METHODS We performed a retrospective study of 90 Asian females who underwent facial computed tomography. Three-dimensional model of soft tissue in apple zone was reconstructed, and age-related changes in fat volume and pyriform aperture area were quantified using Mimics software. RESULTS The apple zone is an aesthetic unit of the infraorbital cheek, with soft tissue located between the lateral wall of the pyriform aperture and the zygomatic major muscle. The superficial fat volume significantly decreased with age (P < 0.05). In contrast, a significant decrease in total fat volume was only observed between the young and old groups (P < 0.05). In linear regression modeling, age was a significant predictor of pyriform aperture area (R2 = 0.194, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that superficial fat atrophy and bone remodeling in the cheek with age, and both of which combine to contribute to an aging facial appearance. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Jiang
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingchun Li
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China.
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Ahn HJ, Byun SH, Baek SH, Park SY, Yi SM, Park IY, On SW, Kim JC, Yang BE. A Comparative Analysis of Artificial Intelligence and Manual Methods for Three-Dimensional Anatomical Landmark Identification in Dentofacial Treatment Planning. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:318. [PMID: 38671740 PMCID: PMC11048285 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11040318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
With the growing demand for orthognathic surgery and other facial treatments, the accurate identification of anatomical landmarks has become crucial. Recent advancements have shifted towards using three-dimensional radiologic analysis instead of traditional two-dimensional methods, as it allows for more precise treatment planning, primarily relying on direct identification by clinicians. However, manual tracing can be time-consuming, mainly when dealing with a large number of patients. This study compared the accuracy and reliability of identifying anatomical landmarks using artificial intelligence (AI) and manual identification. Thirty patients over 19 years old who underwent pre-orthodontic and orthognathic surgery treatment and had pre-orthodontic three-dimensional radiologic scans were selected. Thirteen anatomical indicators were identified using both AI and manual methods. The landmarks were identified by AI and four experienced clinicians, and multiple ANOVA was performed to analyze the results. The study results revealed minimal significant differences between AI and manual tracing, with a maximum deviation of less than 2.83 mm. This indicates that utilizing AI to identify anatomical landmarks can be a reliable method in planning orthognathic surgery. Our findings suggest that using AI for anatomical landmark identification can enhance treatment accuracy and reliability, ultimately benefiting clinicians and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Ju Ahn
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.A.); (S.-H.B.); (S.-H.B.); (S.-Y.P.); (S.-M.Y.); (J.-C.K.)
- Department of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Dentistry, Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (I.-Y.P.); (S.-W.O.)
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Dental Artificial Intelligence and Robotics R&D Center, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hwan Byun
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.A.); (S.-H.B.); (S.-H.B.); (S.-Y.P.); (S.-M.Y.); (J.-C.K.)
- Department of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Dentistry, Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (I.-Y.P.); (S.-W.O.)
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Dental Artificial Intelligence and Robotics R&D Center, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae-Hoon Baek
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.A.); (S.-H.B.); (S.-H.B.); (S.-Y.P.); (S.-M.Y.); (J.-C.K.)
- Department of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Dentistry, Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (I.-Y.P.); (S.-W.O.)
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Dental Artificial Intelligence and Robotics R&D Center, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yoon Park
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.A.); (S.-H.B.); (S.-H.B.); (S.-Y.P.); (S.-M.Y.); (J.-C.K.)
- Department of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Dentistry, Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (I.-Y.P.); (S.-W.O.)
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Dental Artificial Intelligence and Robotics R&D Center, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Min Yi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.A.); (S.-H.B.); (S.-H.B.); (S.-Y.P.); (S.-M.Y.); (J.-C.K.)
- Department of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Dentistry, Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (I.-Y.P.); (S.-W.O.)
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Dental Artificial Intelligence and Robotics R&D Center, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Young Park
- Department of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Dentistry, Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (I.-Y.P.); (S.-W.O.)
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Dental Artificial Intelligence and Robotics R&D Center, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea
- Department of Orthodontics, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Woon On
- Department of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Dentistry, Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (I.-Y.P.); (S.-W.O.)
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hawseong 18450, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Cheol Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.A.); (S.-H.B.); (S.-H.B.); (S.-Y.P.); (S.-M.Y.); (J.-C.K.)
- Mir Dental Hospital, Daegu 41940, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Eun Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.A.); (S.-H.B.); (S.-H.B.); (S.-Y.P.); (S.-M.Y.); (J.-C.K.)
- Department of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Dentistry, Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (I.-Y.P.); (S.-W.O.)
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Dental Artificial Intelligence and Robotics R&D Center, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea
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Švábová P, Matláková M, Beňuš R, Chovancová M, Masnicová S. The relationship between biological parameters and facial soft tissue thickness measured by ultrasound and its forensic implications. MEDICINE, SCIENCE, AND THE LAW 2024; 64:23-31. [PMID: 37338520 DOI: 10.1177/00258024231182360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Facial soft tissue thickness (FSTT) data are currently widely used in forensic and medical science. In the forensic sciences, they form the basis for craniofacial reconstruction and identification methods. Since there are few FSTT data in the Slovak population, this study aims to enrich the data in well-defined age categories, taking into account differences between sexes and body mass index (BMI). The sample consisted of 127 participants aged 17 to 86 years from Slovakia. In addition to biological sex and age information, stature and body weight were recorded to calculate BMI. Subsequently, 17 facial anthropometric landmarks were used to measure FSTT using a noninvasive General Electric LOGIQe R7 ultrasound device. The mean values of FSTT were greater in the mouth region in males and in the zygomatic and eye regions in females. Differences between males and females, regardless of sex and BMI, were significant only at two landmarks. When BMI and age were taken into account, there were differences in 12 of 17 landmarks. Linear regression results showed the strongest correlation of most landmarks with BMI, followed by age and sex. When the FSTT was estimated in association with sex/age/BMI, landmarks in the zygomatic, mandibular, and frontal regions were the best regressors. The results of the present study demonstrate that B-mode ultrasound measurements of FSTT can be used in facial reconstruction as a function of BMI, age, and sex of the subject. Furthermore, the present regression equations can help practitioners in the forensic/medical field to calculate individual tissue thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Švábová
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Mária Matláková
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Radoslav Beňuš
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Mária Chovancová
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Soňa Masnicová
- Department of Criminalistics and Forensic Sciences, Academy of Police College, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Elawadly A, Smith L, Borghi A, Abdelaziz KI, Silva AHD, Dunaway DJ, Jeelani NUO, Ong J, James G. Correction of trigonocephaly after endoscopic strip craniectomy with postoperative helmet orthosis therapy: a 3D stereophotogrammetric study. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2022; 30:68-77. [PMID: 35364591 DOI: 10.3171/2022.2.peds21546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endoscopic strip craniectomy with postoperative helmet orthosis therapy (ESCH) has emerged as a less invasive alternative to fronto-orbital remodeling for correction of trigonocephaly. However, there is no standardized objective method for monitoring morphological changes following ESCH. Such a method should be reproducible and avoid the use of ionizing radiation and general anesthesia for diagnostic imaging. The authors analyzed a number of metrics measured using 3D stereophotogrammetry (3DSPG) following ESCH, an imaging alternative that is free of ionizing radiation and can be performed on awake children. METHODS 3DSPG images obtained at two time points (perisurgical and 1-year follow-up [FU]) of children with metopic synostosis who had undergone ESCH were analyzed and compared to 3DSPG images of age-matched control children without craniofacial anomalies. In total, 9 parameters were measured, the frontal angle and anteroposterior volume in addition to 7 novel parameters: anteroposterior area ratio, anteroposterior width ratios 1 and 2, and right and left anteroposterior diagonal ratios 30 and 60. RESULTS Six eligible patients were identified in the operated group, and 15 children were in the control group. All 9 parameters differed significantly between perisurgical and age-matched controls, as well as from perisurgical to FU scans. Comparison of FU scans of metopic synostosis patients who underwent surgery to scans of age-matched controls without metopic synostosis revealed that all parameters were statistically identical, with the exception of the right anteroposterior diagonal ratio 30, which was not fully corrected in the treated patients. The left anterior part of the head showed the most change in surface area maps. CONCLUSIONS In this pilot study, ESCH showed satisfactory results at 1 year, with improvements in all measured parameters compared to perisurgical results and normalization of 8 of 9 parameters compared to an age-matched control group. The results indicate that these parameters may be useful for craniofacial units for monitoring changes in head shape after ESCH for trigonocephaly and that 3DSPG, which avoids the use of anesthesia and ionizing radiation, is a satisfactory monitoring method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elawadly
- 1Craniofacial Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London
- 2Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
- 3Neurosurgery Department, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
- 4Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Smith
- 1Craniofacial Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London
- 2Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Borghi
- 2Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Adikarige Haritha Dulanka Silva
- 1Craniofacial Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London
- 4Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - David J Dunaway
- 1Craniofacial Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London
- 2Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Noor Ul Owase Jeelani
- 1Craniofacial Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London
- 2Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
- 4Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Juling Ong
- 1Craniofacial Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London
- 2Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Greg James
- 1Craniofacial Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London
- 2Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
- 4Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Novel Anatomical Guidelines on Botulinum Neurotoxin Injection for Wrinkles in the Nose Region. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14050342. [PMID: 35622589 PMCID: PMC9144745 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin injection surrounding the nose area is frequently used in aesthetic settings. However, there is a shortage of thorough anatomical understanding that makes it difficult to treat wrinkles in the nose area. In this study, the anatomical aspects concerning the injection of botulinum neurotoxin into the nasalis, procerus, and levator labii superioris alaeque muscles are assessed. In addition, the present knowledge on localizing the botulinum neurotoxin injection point from a newer anatomy study is assessed. It was observed that, for the line-associated muscles in the nose region, the injection point may be more precisely defined. The optimal injection sites are the nasalis, procerus, and levator labii superioris alaeque muscles, and the injection technique is advised. We advise the best possible injection sites in association with anatomical standards for commonly injected muscles to increase efficiency in the nose region by removing the wrinkles. Similarly, these suggestions support a more precise procedure.
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朱 玉, 许 晴, 赵 一, 张 磊, 付 子, 温 奥, 高 梓, 张 昀, 傅 湘, 王 勇. [Deep learning-assisted construction of three-demensional facial midsagittal plane]. BEIJING DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF PEKING UNIVERSITY. HEALTH SCIENCES 2022; 54:134-139. [PMID: 35165480 PMCID: PMC8860652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish a deep learning algorithm that can accurately determine three-dimensional facial anatomical landmarks, multi-view stacked hourglass convolutional neural networks (MSH-CNN) and to construct three-dimensional facial midsagittal plane automatically based on MSH-CNN and weighted Procrustes analysis algorithm. METHODS One hundred subjects with no obvious facial deformity were collected in our oral clinic. Three-dimensional facial data were scanned by three-dimensional facial scanner. Experts annotated twenty-one facial landmarks and midsagittal plane of each data. Eighty three-dimensional facial data were used as training set, to train the MSH-CNN in this study. The overview of MSH-CNN network architecture contained multi-view rendering and training the MSH-CNN network. The three-dimensional facial data were rendered from ninety-six views that were fed to MSH-CNN and the output was one heatmap per landmark. The result of the twenty-one landmarks was accurately placed on the three-dimensional facial data after a three-dimensional view ray voting process. The remaining twenty three-dimensional facial data were used as test set. The trained MSH-CNN automatically determined twenty-one three-dimensional facial anatomical landmarks of each case of data, and calculated the distance between each MSH-CNN landmark and the expert landmark, which was defined as position error. The midsagittal plane of the twenty subjects' could be automatically constructed, using the MSH-CNN and Procrustes analysis algorithm. To evaluate the effect of midsagittal plane by automatic method, the angle between the midsagittal plane constructed by the automatic method and the expert annotated plane was calculated, which was defined as angle error. RESULTS For twenty subjects with no obvious facial deformity, the average angle error of the midsagittal plane constructed by MSH-CNN and weighted Procrustes analysis algorithm was 0.73°±0.50°, in which the average position error of the twenty-one facial landmarks automatically determined by MSH-CNN was (1.13±0.24) mm, the maximum position error of the orbital area was (1.31±0.54) mm, and the minimum position error of the nasal area was (0.79±0.36) mm. CONCLUSION This research combines deep learning algorithms and Procrustes analysis algorithms to realize the fully automated construction of the three-dimensional midsagittal plane, which initially achieves the construction effect of clinical experts. The obtained results constituted the basis for the independent intellectual property software development.
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Affiliation(s)
- 玉佳 朱
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院口腔医学数字化研究中心,国家口腔医学中心,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室,口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,国家卫生健康委员会口 腔医学计算机应用工程技术研究中心,国家药品监督管理局口腔生物材料重点实验室,北京 100081Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NHC Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing 100081, China
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院口腔修复科,北京 100081Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 晴 许
- 北京邮电大学计算机学院(国家示范性软件学院),北京 100876School of Computer Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications(National Pilot Software Engineering School), Beijing 100876, China
| | - 一姣 赵
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院口腔医学数字化研究中心,国家口腔医学中心,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室,口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,国家卫生健康委员会口 腔医学计算机应用工程技术研究中心,国家药品监督管理局口腔生物材料重点实验室,北京 100081Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NHC Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing 100081, China
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院口腔修复科,北京 100081Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 磊 张
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院口腔医学数字化研究中心,国家口腔医学中心,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室,口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,国家卫生健康委员会口 腔医学计算机应用工程技术研究中心,国家药品监督管理局口腔生物材料重点实验室,北京 100081Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NHC Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing 100081, China
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院口腔修复科,北京 100081Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 子旺 付
- 北京邮电大学计算机学院(国家示范性软件学院),北京 100876School of Computer Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications(National Pilot Software Engineering School), Beijing 100876, China
| | - 奥楠 温
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院口腔医学数字化研究中心,国家口腔医学中心,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室,口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,国家卫生健康委员会口 腔医学计算机应用工程技术研究中心,国家药品监督管理局口腔生物材料重点实验室,北京 100081Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NHC Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing 100081, China
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院口腔修复科,北京 100081Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 梓翔 高
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院口腔医学数字化研究中心,国家口腔医学中心,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室,口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,国家卫生健康委员会口 腔医学计算机应用工程技术研究中心,国家药品监督管理局口腔生物材料重点实验室,北京 100081Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NHC Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing 100081, China
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院口腔修复科,北京 100081Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 昀 张
- 兰州市口腔医院特诊科,兰州 730000Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Lanzhou Stomatological Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - 湘玲 傅
- 北京邮电大学计算机学院(国家示范性软件学院),北京 100876School of Computer Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications(National Pilot Software Engineering School), Beijing 100876, China
| | - 勇 王
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院口腔医学数字化研究中心,国家口腔医学中心,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室,口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,国家卫生健康委员会口 腔医学计算机应用工程技术研究中心,国家药品监督管理局口腔生物材料重点实验室,北京 100081Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NHC Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing 100081, China
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院口腔修复科,北京 100081Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
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朱 玉, 许 晴, 赵 一, 张 磊, 付 子, 温 奥, 高 梓, 张 昀, 傅 湘, 王 勇. [Deep learning-assisted construction of three-demensional facial midsagittal plane]. BEIJING DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF PEKING UNIVERSITY. HEALTH SCIENCES 2022; 54:134-139. [PMID: 35165480 PMCID: PMC8860652 DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167x.2022.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish a deep learning algorithm that can accurately determine three-dimensional facial anatomical landmarks, multi-view stacked hourglass convolutional neural networks (MSH-CNN) and to construct three-dimensional facial midsagittal plane automatically based on MSH-CNN and weighted Procrustes analysis algorithm. METHODS One hundred subjects with no obvious facial deformity were collected in our oral clinic. Three-dimensional facial data were scanned by three-dimensional facial scanner. Experts annotated twenty-one facial landmarks and midsagittal plane of each data. Eighty three-dimensional facial data were used as training set, to train the MSH-CNN in this study. The overview of MSH-CNN network architecture contained multi-view rendering and training the MSH-CNN network. The three-dimensional facial data were rendered from ninety-six views that were fed to MSH-CNN and the output was one heatmap per landmark. The result of the twenty-one landmarks was accurately placed on the three-dimensional facial data after a three-dimensional view ray voting process. The remaining twenty three-dimensional facial data were used as test set. The trained MSH-CNN automatically determined twenty-one three-dimensional facial anatomical landmarks of each case of data, and calculated the distance between each MSH-CNN landmark and the expert landmark, which was defined as position error. The midsagittal plane of the twenty subjects' could be automatically constructed, using the MSH-CNN and Procrustes analysis algorithm. To evaluate the effect of midsagittal plane by automatic method, the angle between the midsagittal plane constructed by the automatic method and the expert annotated plane was calculated, which was defined as angle error. RESULTS For twenty subjects with no obvious facial deformity, the average angle error of the midsagittal plane constructed by MSH-CNN and weighted Procrustes analysis algorithm was 0.73°±0.50°, in which the average position error of the twenty-one facial landmarks automatically determined by MSH-CNN was (1.13±0.24) mm, the maximum position error of the orbital area was (1.31±0.54) mm, and the minimum position error of the nasal area was (0.79±0.36) mm. CONCLUSION This research combines deep learning algorithms and Procrustes analysis algorithms to realize the fully automated construction of the three-dimensional midsagittal plane, which initially achieves the construction effect of clinical experts. The obtained results constituted the basis for the independent intellectual property software development.
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Affiliation(s)
- 玉佳 朱
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院口腔医学数字化研究中心,国家口腔医学中心,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室,口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,国家卫生健康委员会口 腔医学计算机应用工程技术研究中心,国家药品监督管理局口腔生物材料重点实验室,北京 100081Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NHC Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing 100081, China
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院口腔修复科,北京 100081Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 晴 许
- 北京邮电大学计算机学院(国家示范性软件学院),北京 100876School of Computer Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications(National Pilot Software Engineering School), Beijing 100876, China
| | - 一姣 赵
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院口腔医学数字化研究中心,国家口腔医学中心,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室,口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,国家卫生健康委员会口 腔医学计算机应用工程技术研究中心,国家药品监督管理局口腔生物材料重点实验室,北京 100081Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NHC Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing 100081, China
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院口腔修复科,北京 100081Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 磊 张
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院口腔医学数字化研究中心,国家口腔医学中心,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室,口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,国家卫生健康委员会口 腔医学计算机应用工程技术研究中心,国家药品监督管理局口腔生物材料重点实验室,北京 100081Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NHC Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing 100081, China
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院口腔修复科,北京 100081Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 子旺 付
- 北京邮电大学计算机学院(国家示范性软件学院),北京 100876School of Computer Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications(National Pilot Software Engineering School), Beijing 100876, China
| | - 奥楠 温
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院口腔医学数字化研究中心,国家口腔医学中心,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室,口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,国家卫生健康委员会口 腔医学计算机应用工程技术研究中心,国家药品监督管理局口腔生物材料重点实验室,北京 100081Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NHC Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing 100081, China
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院口腔修复科,北京 100081Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 梓翔 高
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院口腔医学数字化研究中心,国家口腔医学中心,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室,口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,国家卫生健康委员会口 腔医学计算机应用工程技术研究中心,国家药品监督管理局口腔生物材料重点实验室,北京 100081Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NHC Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing 100081, China
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院口腔修复科,北京 100081Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 昀 张
- 兰州市口腔医院特诊科,兰州 730000Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Lanzhou Stomatological Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - 湘玲 傅
- 北京邮电大学计算机学院(国家示范性软件学院),北京 100876School of Computer Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications(National Pilot Software Engineering School), Beijing 100876, China
| | - 勇 王
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院口腔医学数字化研究中心,国家口腔医学中心,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室,口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,国家卫生健康委员会口 腔医学计算机应用工程技术研究中心,国家药品监督管理局口腔生物材料重点实验室,北京 100081Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NHC Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing 100081, China
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院口腔修复科,北京 100081Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
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8
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Kuralt M, Fidler A. A novel computer-aided method for direct measurements and visualization of gingival margin changes. J Clin Periodontol 2021; 49:153-163. [PMID: 34879447 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM To introduce and validate a computer-aided method for direct measurements and visualization of gingival margin (GM) changes. MATERIALS AND METHODS The method consists of five main steps: digital model acquisition, superimposition, computer-aided GM detection, distance calculation between the GM curves, and visualization. The precision of the method was evaluated with repeatability and reproducibility analysis (n = 78 teeth). The method's repeatability was evaluated by repeating the algorithm on the same digital models by two operators. The reproducibility was evaluated by repeating the algorithm on two consecutive digital models obtained with a scan-rescan process at the same time point on the same patient. For demonstration, the proposed method for direct measurements of GM changes was performed on patients who had undergone root coverage procedures and treatment of periodontal disease. RESULTS Excellent repeatability was found for both intra- and inter-operator variability, that is, 0.00 mm, regarding computer-aided GM detection. The reproducibility of computer-aided GM detection evaluated on scan-rescan models was 0.10 mm. CONCLUSIONS The presented method enables the evaluation of GM changes in a simple, precise, and comprehensive manner through non-invasive acquisition and superimposition of digital models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Kuralt
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Fidler
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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9
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Haase B, Badinska AM, Poets CF, Koos B, Springer L. An approach to define newborns´ sniffing position using an angle based on reproducible facial landmarks. Paediatr Anaesth 2021; 31:404-409. [PMID: 33555071 DOI: 10.1111/pan.14154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neutral or sniffing position is advised for mask ventilation in neonates to avoid airway obstruction. As definitions are manifold and often unspecific, we wanted to investigate the reliability and reproducibility of angle measurements based on facial landmarks that may be used in future clinical trials to determine a hypothetical head position with minimal airway obstruction during mask ventilation. METHODS In a prospective single-center observational study, 2D sagittal photographs of 24 near-term and term infants were taken, with five raters marking facial landmarks to assess interobserver agreement of those landmarks and angle δ, defined as the angle between the line parallel to the lying surface and the line crossing Subnasale (Sn) and Porion' (P'). Angle δ was assessed in sniffing (δsniff ) and physiologic (δphys ) head position, the former based on a published, yet poorly defined head position where the tip of the nose aligns to the ceiling with the head in a supine, relaxed mid-position. RESULTS Infants had a mean (SD) gestational age of 37.3 (2.3) weeks. Angle δ could be determined in all 48 images taken in either the sniffing or the physiological head position. Interobserver correlation coefficient was 98.6 for all measurements independent of head position. Angle δsniff was 90.5° (5.7) in the sniffing position. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a new measuring technique using an angle that is reproducible and reliable and may be used in future studies to correlate head position with airway obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Haase
- Department of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ana-Maria Badinska
- Department of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christian F Poets
- Department of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Koos
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Laila Springer
- Department of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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10
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Schulz M, Liebe-Püschel L, Seelbach K, Paulikat L, Fehlhaber F, Schwarz K, Blecher C, Thomale UW. Quantitative and qualitative comparison of morphometric outcomes after endoscopic and conventional correction of sagittal and metopic craniosynostosis versus control groups. Neurosurg Focus 2021; 50:E2. [PMID: 33794497 DOI: 10.3171/2021.1.focus20988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Surgical correction for sagittal and metopic craniosynostosis (SCS and MCS) aims to alter the abnormal cranial shape to resemble that of the normal population. The achieved correction can be assessed by morphometric parameters. The purpose of the presented study was to compare craniometric parameters of control groups to those same parameters after endoscopic and conventional (open) correction. METHODS The authors identified 4 groups of children undergoing surgical treatment for either SCS or MCS, with either endoscopic (SCS, n = 17; MCS, n = 16) or conventional (SCS, n = 29; MCS, n = 18) correction. In addition, normal control groups of nonaffected children who were 6 (n = 30) and 24 (n = 18) months old were evaluated. For all groups, several craniometric indices calculated from 3D photographs were compared for quantitative analysis. For qualitative comparison, averages of all 3D photographs were generated for all groups and superimposed to visualize relative changes. RESULTS For children with SCS, the cephalic index and coronal circumference index significantly differed preoperatively from those of the 6-month normal controls. The respective postoperative values were similar to those of the 24-month normal controls after both endoscopic and conventional correction. Similarly, for children with MCS, indices for circumference and diagonal dimension that were significantly different preoperatively became nonsignificantly different from those of 24-month normal controls after both endoscopic and conventional correction. The qualitative evaluation of superimposed average 3D head shapes confirmed changes toward normal controls after both treatment modalities for SCS and MCS. However, in SCS, the volume gain, especially in the biparietal area, was more noticeable after endoscopic correction, while in MCS, relative volume gain of the bilateral forehead was more pronounced after conventional correction. The average 3D head shapes matched more homogeneously with the average of normal controls after endoscopic correction for SCS and after conventional correction for MCS. CONCLUSIONS This quantitative analysis confirms that the performed surgical techniques of endoscopic and conventional correction of SCS and MCS alter the head shape toward those of normal controls. However, in a qualitative evaluation, the average head shape after endoscopic technique for SCS and conventional correction for MCS appears to be closer to that of normal controls than after the alternative technique. This study reports on morphometric outcomes after craniosynostosis correction. Only an assessment of the whole multiplicity of outcome parameters based on multicenter data acquisition will allow conclusions of superiority of one surgical technique.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karl Seelbach
- 1Pediatric Neurosurgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - Laura Paulikat
- 1Pediatric Neurosurgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - Felix Fehlhaber
- 2Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology (IPK); and
| | - Karin Schwarz
- 1Pediatric Neurosurgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin
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11
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Three-Dimensional Planes of Reference for Orbital Fractures. J Craniofac Surg 2021; 32:1464-1466. [PMID: 33405446 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000007380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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12
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Katina S, Kelly BD, Rojas MA, Sukno FM, McDermott A, Hennessy RJ, Lane A, Whelan PF, Bowman AW, Waddington JL. Refining the resolution of craniofacial dysmorphology in bipolar disorder as an index of brain dysmorphogenesis. Psychiatry Res 2020; 291:113243. [PMID: 32593068 PMCID: PMC7487763 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As understanding of the genetics of bipolar disorder increases, controversy endures regarding whether the origins of this illness include early maldevelopment. Clarification would be facilitated by a 'hard' biological index of fetal developmental abnormality, among which craniofacial dysmorphology bears the closest embryological relationship to brain dysmorphogenesis. Therefore, 3D laser surface imaging was used to capture the facial surface of 21 patients with bipolar disorder and 45 control subjects; 21 patients with schizophrenia were also studied. Surface images were subjected to geometric morphometric analysis in non-affine space for more incisive resolution of subtle, localised dysmorphologies that might distinguish patients from controls. Complex and more biologically informative, non-linear changes distinguished bipolar patients from control subjects. On a background of minor dysmorphology of the upper face, maxilla, midface and periorbital regions, bipolar disorder was characterised primarily by the following dysmorphologies: (a) retrusion and shortening of the premaxilla, nose, philtrum, lips and mouth (the frontonasal prominences), with (b) some protrusion and widening of the mandible-chin. The topography of facial dysmorphology in bipolar disorder indicates disruption to early development in the frontonasal process and, on embryological grounds, cerebral dysmorphogenesis in the forebrain, most likely between the 10th and 15th week of fetal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Katina
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK,Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic,Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Brendan D. Kelly
- St. John of God Hospital, Stillorgan, Co., Dublin, Ireland,Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mario A. Rojas
- Centre for Image Processing & Analysis, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland,Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Federico M. Sukno
- Centre for Image Processing & Analysis, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland,Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aoibhinn McDermott
- Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Robin J. Hennessy
- Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Abbie Lane
- St. John of God Hospital, Stillorgan, Co., Dublin, Ireland,School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul F. Whelan
- Centre for Image Processing & Analysis, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Adrian W. Bowman
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John L. Waddington
- Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research & Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric Disorders, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Corresponding author at: Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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13
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Vittert L, Bowman AW, Katina S. A Hierarchical Curve-Based Approach to the Analysis of Manifold Data. Ann Appl Stat 2019; 13:2539-2563. [PMID: 33479569 DOI: 10.1214/19-aoas1267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
One of the data structures generated by medical imaging technology is high resolution point clouds representing anatomical surfaces. Stereophotogrammetry and laser scanning are two widely available sources of this kind of data. A standardised surface representation is required to provide a meaningful correspondence across different images as a basis for statistical analysis. Point locations with anatomical definitions, referred to as landmarks, have been the traditional approach. Landmarks can also be taken as the starting point for more general surface representations, often using templates which are warped on to an observed surface by matching landmark positions and subsequent local adjustment of the surface. The aim of the present paper is to provide a new approach which places anatomical curves at the heart of the surface representation and its analysis. Curves provide intermediate structures which capture the principal features of the manifold (surface) of interest through its ridges and valleys. As landmarks are often available these are used as anchoring points, but surface curvature information is the principal guide in estimating the curve locations. The surface patches between these curves are relatively flat and can be represented in a standardised manner by appropriate surface transects to give a complete surface model. This new approach does not require the use of a template, reference sample or any external information to guide the method and, when compared with a surface based approach, the estimation of curves is shown to have improved performance. In addition, examples involving applications to mussel shells and human faces show that the analysis of curve information can deliver more targeted and effective insight than the use of full surface information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liberty Vittert
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, 15 University Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8QW, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian W Bowman
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, 15 University Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8QW, United Kingdom
| | - Stanislav Katina
- Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Bardua C, Felice RN, Watanabe A, Fabre AC, Goswami A. A Practical Guide to Sliding and Surface Semilandmarks in Morphometric Analyses. Integr Org Biol 2019; 1:obz016. [PMID: 33791531 PMCID: PMC7780474 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obz016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in imaging technologies, such as computed tomography (CT) and surface scanning, have facilitated the rapid generation of large datasets of high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) specimen reconstructions in recent years. The wealth of phenotypic information available from these datasets has the potential to inform our understanding of morphological variation and evolution. However, the ever-increasing ease of compiling 3D datasets has created an urgent need for sophisticated methods of capturing high-density shape data that reflect the biological complexity in form. Landmarks often do not take full advantage of the rich shape information available from high-resolution 3D specimen reconstructions, as they are typically restricted to sutures or processes that can be reliably identified across specimens and exclude most of the surface morphology. The development of sliding and surface semilandmark techniques has greatly enhanced the quantification of shape, but their application to diverse datasets can be challenging, especially when dealing with the variable absence of some regions within a structure. Using comprehensive 3D datasets of crania that span the entire clades of birds, squamates and caecilians, we demonstrate methods for capturing morphology across incredibly diverse shapes. We detail many of the difficulties associated with applying semilandmarks to comparable regions across highly disparate structures, and provide solutions to some of these challenges, while considering the consequences of decisions one makes in applying these approaches. Finally, we analyze the benefits of high-density sliding semilandmark approaches over landmark-only studies for capturing shape across diverse organisms and discuss the promise of these approaches for the study of organismal form.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bardua
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, Kensington, London, SW7 5BD, UK.,Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, Gower St, Bloomsbury, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - R N Felice
- Centre for Integrative Anatomy, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower St, Bloomsbury, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - A Watanabe
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, Kensington, London, SW7 5BD, UK.,Department of Anatomy, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Blvd, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA.,Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - A-C Fabre
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, Kensington, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - A Goswami
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, Kensington, London, SW7 5BD, UK.,Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, Gower St, Bloomsbury, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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Abstract
Measuring facial traits by quantitative means is a prerequisite to investigate epidemiological, clinical, and forensic questions. This measurement process has received intense attention in recent years. We divided this process into the registration of the face, landmarking, morphometric quantification, and dimension reduction. Face registration is the process of standardizing pose and landmarking annotates positions in the face with anatomic description or mathematically defined properties (pseudolandmarks). Morphometric quantification computes pre-specified transformations such as distances. Landmarking: We review face registration methods which are required by some landmarking methods. Although similar, face registration and landmarking are distinct problems. The registration phase can be seen as a pre-processing step and can be combined independently with a landmarking solution. Existing approaches for landmarking differ in their data requirements, modeling approach, and training complexity. In this review, we focus on 3D surface data as captured by commercial surface scanners but also cover methods for 2D facial pictures, when methodology overlaps. We discuss the broad categories of active shape models, template based approaches, recent deep-learning algorithms, and variations thereof such as hybrid algorithms. The type of algorithm chosen depends on the availability of pre-trained models for the data at hand, availability of an appropriate landmark set, accuracy characteristics, and training complexity. Quantification: Landmarking of anatomical landmarks is usually augmented by pseudo-landmarks, i.e., indirectly defined landmarks that densely cover the scan surface. Such a rich data set is not amenable to direct analysis but is reduced in dimensionality for downstream analysis. We review classic dimension reduction techniques used for facial data and face specific measures, such as geometric measurements and manifold learning. Finally, we review symmetry registration and discuss reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Böhringer
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Markus A de Jong
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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16
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Tsay CJ, Sawh-Martinez R, Bruckman K, Veeramani A, Steinbacher D. Do Vertical Soft Tissue and Actual Bony Landmarks Correlate in Le Fort I Orthognathic Surgery? J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2018; 77:828-833. [PMID: 30576675 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vertical changes in Le Fort I orthognathic surgery are critical to the overall esthetic result. Three-dimensional planning enables vertical measurements from the rendered computed tomographic (CT) scan, but intraoperative points are ascribed partially from soft tissues landmarks. This study compared intraoperative soft tissue vertical measurements with pre- and postoperative CT-based values and attempted to validate intraoperative soft tissue landmarks for vertical positioning. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this retrospective single-cohort study, the authors examined orthognathic procedures performed by a single surgeon at their institution. Patients were excluded if measurements or pre- and postoperative CT scans were lacking. Demographic information and soft tissue perioperative data were tabulated. Clinical vertical measurements included the left medial canthus to the central incisor, the left medial canthus to the left canine, and the right medial canthus to the right canine. Bone measurements were calculated using pre- and postoperative cone-beam CT scans for the same clinical landmarks. Statistical analysis, including paired Student t test, was performed using SPSS. RESULTS Forty-two patients were identified (mean age, 23 yr; 57% female). The change in pre- and postoperative measurements was analyzed. There was no significant difference in the absolute value pre- and postoperatively between the 2 modalities (P < .2, .1, .1), but there was a significant difference between bony and soft tissue measurements (P < .01). Subset analysis showed differences in postoperative values between Class II and III cases. CONCLUSIONS These results show a nonlinear but predictable relation between intraoperative soft tissue (medial canthi and maxillary dentition) and CT-measured bony vertical measurements. Understanding this relation enables effective use of intraoperative measurements to reproducibly achieve the desired bony vertical position and allows adjustments to be made to optimize esthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia J Tsay
- Resident Physician, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Rajendra Sawh-Martinez
- Craniomaxillofacial Surgery Fellow and Instructor, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Karl Bruckman
- Craniomaxillofacial Surgery Fellow and Instructor, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Anamika Veeramani
- Researcher, Yale Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Derek Steinbacher
- Director of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery; Plastic Surgery; Chief of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
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Waddington JL, Katina S, O'Tuathaigh CMP, Bowman AW. Translational Genetic Modelling of 3D Craniofacial Dysmorphology: Elaborating the Facial Phenotype of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Through the "Prism" of Schizophrenia. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep 2017; 4:322-330. [PMID: 29201594 PMCID: PMC5694503 DOI: 10.1007/s40473-017-0136-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review In the context of human developmental conditions, we review the conceptualisation of schizophrenia as a neurodevelopmental disorder, the status of craniofacial dysmorphology as a clinically accessible index of brain dysmorphogenesis, the ability of genetically modified mouse models of craniofacial dysmorphology to inform on the underlying dysmorphogenic process and how geometric morphometric techniques in mutant mice can extend quantitative analysis. Recent Findings Mutant mice with disruption of neuregulin-1, a gene associated meta-analytically with risk for schizophrenia, constitute proof-of-concept studies of murine facial dysmorphology in a manner analogous to clinical studies in schizophrenia. Geometric morphometric techniques informed on the topography of facial dysmorphology and identified asymmetry therein. Summary Targeted disruption in mice of genes involved in individual components of developmental processes and analysis of resultant facial dysmorphology using geometric morphometrics can inform on mechanisms of dysmorphogenesis at levels of incisiveness not possible in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Waddington
- Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research & Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric-Disorders and Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Stanislav Katina
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ UK.,Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Adrian W Bowman
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ UK
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3D quantitative analysis of early decomposition changes of the human face. Int J Legal Med 2017; 132:649-653. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-017-1647-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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