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Justiz-Vaillant A, Roopnarine K, Solomon S, Phillips A, Sandy S, Subero A, Seepersad S, Span N, Ramnath P, Ramnarine A, Ramdath B, Rampaul C, Ramdial R, Phagoo D, Ramdhanie T, Moonilal V, Poliah EM, Poonwassie S, Punilal K, Panchoo S, Parris J, Oudit S, Muir T, Nicholas-Joseph J, Pandit BR, Pakeerah S, Sookoo V, Richards P, John T, Gopaul D, Soodeen S, Arozarena-Barbosa O, Williams A, Unakal C, Fundora RA, Thompson R, Akpaka PE. COVID-19 Vaccines Effectiveness and Safety in Trinidad and Tobago: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Microorganisms 2025; 13:135. [PMID: 39858903 PMCID: PMC11767614 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms13010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2024] [Revised: 12/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2025] [Indexed: 01/27/2025] Open
Abstract
This systematic review evaluated the effectiveness and side effects of various COVID-19 vaccines, with a focus on Trinidad and Tobago. The Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines demonstrated the highest efficacy, particularly against COVID-19 variants, while Janssen and Sinopharm were comparatively less effective. mRNA vaccines, such as Pfizer-BioNTech and Oxford-AstraZeneca, were associated with more frequent and severe side effects, including soreness, fever, and cardiovascular issues. The review also identified significant gaps in the current scientific literature regarding COVID-19 vaccination issues in Trinidad and Tobago. These gaps highlight the need for comprehensive research to address vaccination challenges, including public health communication, equitable access, and local perceptions of vaccine safety. This analysis provides a foundation for developing targeted strategies to improve vaccine effectiveness in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Justiz-Vaillant
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 330912, Trinidad and Tobago; (K.R.); (S.S.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (P.R.); (A.R.); (B.R.); (C.R.); (R.R.); (D.P.); (T.R.); (V.M.); (E.-M.P.); (S.P.); (K.P.); (S.P.); (J.P.); (S.O.); (T.M.); (J.N.-J.); (B.R.P.); (S.P.); (V.S.); (P.R.); (T.J.); (S.S.); (A.W.); (C.U.); (R.T.); (P.E.A.)
| | - Kimberly Roopnarine
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 330912, Trinidad and Tobago; (K.R.); (S.S.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (P.R.); (A.R.); (B.R.); (C.R.); (R.R.); (D.P.); (T.R.); (V.M.); (E.-M.P.); (S.P.); (K.P.); (S.P.); (J.P.); (S.O.); (T.M.); (J.N.-J.); (B.R.P.); (S.P.); (V.S.); (P.R.); (T.J.); (S.S.); (A.W.); (C.U.); (R.T.); (P.E.A.)
| | - Shaundell Solomon
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 330912, Trinidad and Tobago; (K.R.); (S.S.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (P.R.); (A.R.); (B.R.); (C.R.); (R.R.); (D.P.); (T.R.); (V.M.); (E.-M.P.); (S.P.); (K.P.); (S.P.); (J.P.); (S.O.); (T.M.); (J.N.-J.); (B.R.P.); (S.P.); (V.S.); (P.R.); (T.J.); (S.S.); (A.W.); (C.U.); (R.T.); (P.E.A.)
| | - Alyssa Phillips
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 330912, Trinidad and Tobago; (K.R.); (S.S.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (P.R.); (A.R.); (B.R.); (C.R.); (R.R.); (D.P.); (T.R.); (V.M.); (E.-M.P.); (S.P.); (K.P.); (S.P.); (J.P.); (S.O.); (T.M.); (J.N.-J.); (B.R.P.); (S.P.); (V.S.); (P.R.); (T.J.); (S.S.); (A.W.); (C.U.); (R.T.); (P.E.A.)
| | - Solange Sandy
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 330912, Trinidad and Tobago; (K.R.); (S.S.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (P.R.); (A.R.); (B.R.); (C.R.); (R.R.); (D.P.); (T.R.); (V.M.); (E.-M.P.); (S.P.); (K.P.); (S.P.); (J.P.); (S.O.); (T.M.); (J.N.-J.); (B.R.P.); (S.P.); (V.S.); (P.R.); (T.J.); (S.S.); (A.W.); (C.U.); (R.T.); (P.E.A.)
| | - Alyssa Subero
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 330912, Trinidad and Tobago; (K.R.); (S.S.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (P.R.); (A.R.); (B.R.); (C.R.); (R.R.); (D.P.); (T.R.); (V.M.); (E.-M.P.); (S.P.); (K.P.); (S.P.); (J.P.); (S.O.); (T.M.); (J.N.-J.); (B.R.P.); (S.P.); (V.S.); (P.R.); (T.J.); (S.S.); (A.W.); (C.U.); (R.T.); (P.E.A.)
| | - Sarah Seepersad
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 330912, Trinidad and Tobago; (K.R.); (S.S.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (P.R.); (A.R.); (B.R.); (C.R.); (R.R.); (D.P.); (T.R.); (V.M.); (E.-M.P.); (S.P.); (K.P.); (S.P.); (J.P.); (S.O.); (T.M.); (J.N.-J.); (B.R.P.); (S.P.); (V.S.); (P.R.); (T.J.); (S.S.); (A.W.); (C.U.); (R.T.); (P.E.A.)
| | - Nicholas Span
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 330912, Trinidad and Tobago; (K.R.); (S.S.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (P.R.); (A.R.); (B.R.); (C.R.); (R.R.); (D.P.); (T.R.); (V.M.); (E.-M.P.); (S.P.); (K.P.); (S.P.); (J.P.); (S.O.); (T.M.); (J.N.-J.); (B.R.P.); (S.P.); (V.S.); (P.R.); (T.J.); (S.S.); (A.W.); (C.U.); (R.T.); (P.E.A.)
| | - Phalmanie Ramnath
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 330912, Trinidad and Tobago; (K.R.); (S.S.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (P.R.); (A.R.); (B.R.); (C.R.); (R.R.); (D.P.); (T.R.); (V.M.); (E.-M.P.); (S.P.); (K.P.); (S.P.); (J.P.); (S.O.); (T.M.); (J.N.-J.); (B.R.P.); (S.P.); (V.S.); (P.R.); (T.J.); (S.S.); (A.W.); (C.U.); (R.T.); (P.E.A.)
| | - Akaasha Ramnarine
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 330912, Trinidad and Tobago; (K.R.); (S.S.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (P.R.); (A.R.); (B.R.); (C.R.); (R.R.); (D.P.); (T.R.); (V.M.); (E.-M.P.); (S.P.); (K.P.); (S.P.); (J.P.); (S.O.); (T.M.); (J.N.-J.); (B.R.P.); (S.P.); (V.S.); (P.R.); (T.J.); (S.S.); (A.W.); (C.U.); (R.T.); (P.E.A.)
| | - Bimala Ramdath
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 330912, Trinidad and Tobago; (K.R.); (S.S.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (P.R.); (A.R.); (B.R.); (C.R.); (R.R.); (D.P.); (T.R.); (V.M.); (E.-M.P.); (S.P.); (K.P.); (S.P.); (J.P.); (S.O.); (T.M.); (J.N.-J.); (B.R.P.); (S.P.); (V.S.); (P.R.); (T.J.); (S.S.); (A.W.); (C.U.); (R.T.); (P.E.A.)
| | - Chelsea Rampaul
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 330912, Trinidad and Tobago; (K.R.); (S.S.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (P.R.); (A.R.); (B.R.); (C.R.); (R.R.); (D.P.); (T.R.); (V.M.); (E.-M.P.); (S.P.); (K.P.); (S.P.); (J.P.); (S.O.); (T.M.); (J.N.-J.); (B.R.P.); (S.P.); (V.S.); (P.R.); (T.J.); (S.S.); (A.W.); (C.U.); (R.T.); (P.E.A.)
| | - Renissa Ramdial
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 330912, Trinidad and Tobago; (K.R.); (S.S.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (P.R.); (A.R.); (B.R.); (C.R.); (R.R.); (D.P.); (T.R.); (V.M.); (E.-M.P.); (S.P.); (K.P.); (S.P.); (J.P.); (S.O.); (T.M.); (J.N.-J.); (B.R.P.); (S.P.); (V.S.); (P.R.); (T.J.); (S.S.); (A.W.); (C.U.); (R.T.); (P.E.A.)
| | - Dana Phagoo
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 330912, Trinidad and Tobago; (K.R.); (S.S.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (P.R.); (A.R.); (B.R.); (C.R.); (R.R.); (D.P.); (T.R.); (V.M.); (E.-M.P.); (S.P.); (K.P.); (S.P.); (J.P.); (S.O.); (T.M.); (J.N.-J.); (B.R.P.); (S.P.); (V.S.); (P.R.); (T.J.); (S.S.); (A.W.); (C.U.); (R.T.); (P.E.A.)
| | - Thalia Ramdhanie
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 330912, Trinidad and Tobago; (K.R.); (S.S.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (P.R.); (A.R.); (B.R.); (C.R.); (R.R.); (D.P.); (T.R.); (V.M.); (E.-M.P.); (S.P.); (K.P.); (S.P.); (J.P.); (S.O.); (T.M.); (J.N.-J.); (B.R.P.); (S.P.); (V.S.); (P.R.); (T.J.); (S.S.); (A.W.); (C.U.); (R.T.); (P.E.A.)
| | - Vinaya Moonilal
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 330912, Trinidad and Tobago; (K.R.); (S.S.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (P.R.); (A.R.); (B.R.); (C.R.); (R.R.); (D.P.); (T.R.); (V.M.); (E.-M.P.); (S.P.); (K.P.); (S.P.); (J.P.); (S.O.); (T.M.); (J.N.-J.); (B.R.P.); (S.P.); (V.S.); (P.R.); (T.J.); (S.S.); (A.W.); (C.U.); (R.T.); (P.E.A.)
| | - Emily-Marie Poliah
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 330912, Trinidad and Tobago; (K.R.); (S.S.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (P.R.); (A.R.); (B.R.); (C.R.); (R.R.); (D.P.); (T.R.); (V.M.); (E.-M.P.); (S.P.); (K.P.); (S.P.); (J.P.); (S.O.); (T.M.); (J.N.-J.); (B.R.P.); (S.P.); (V.S.); (P.R.); (T.J.); (S.S.); (A.W.); (C.U.); (R.T.); (P.E.A.)
| | - Steffan Poonwassie
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 330912, Trinidad and Tobago; (K.R.); (S.S.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (P.R.); (A.R.); (B.R.); (C.R.); (R.R.); (D.P.); (T.R.); (V.M.); (E.-M.P.); (S.P.); (K.P.); (S.P.); (J.P.); (S.O.); (T.M.); (J.N.-J.); (B.R.P.); (S.P.); (V.S.); (P.R.); (T.J.); (S.S.); (A.W.); (C.U.); (R.T.); (P.E.A.)
| | - Karishta Punilal
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 330912, Trinidad and Tobago; (K.R.); (S.S.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (P.R.); (A.R.); (B.R.); (C.R.); (R.R.); (D.P.); (T.R.); (V.M.); (E.-M.P.); (S.P.); (K.P.); (S.P.); (J.P.); (S.O.); (T.M.); (J.N.-J.); (B.R.P.); (S.P.); (V.S.); (P.R.); (T.J.); (S.S.); (A.W.); (C.U.); (R.T.); (P.E.A.)
| | - Sarah Panchoo
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 330912, Trinidad and Tobago; (K.R.); (S.S.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (P.R.); (A.R.); (B.R.); (C.R.); (R.R.); (D.P.); (T.R.); (V.M.); (E.-M.P.); (S.P.); (K.P.); (S.P.); (J.P.); (S.O.); (T.M.); (J.N.-J.); (B.R.P.); (S.P.); (V.S.); (P.R.); (T.J.); (S.S.); (A.W.); (C.U.); (R.T.); (P.E.A.)
| | - Justice Parris
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 330912, Trinidad and Tobago; (K.R.); (S.S.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (P.R.); (A.R.); (B.R.); (C.R.); (R.R.); (D.P.); (T.R.); (V.M.); (E.-M.P.); (S.P.); (K.P.); (S.P.); (J.P.); (S.O.); (T.M.); (J.N.-J.); (B.R.P.); (S.P.); (V.S.); (P.R.); (T.J.); (S.S.); (A.W.); (C.U.); (R.T.); (P.E.A.)
| | - Steven Oudit
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 330912, Trinidad and Tobago; (K.R.); (S.S.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (P.R.); (A.R.); (B.R.); (C.R.); (R.R.); (D.P.); (T.R.); (V.M.); (E.-M.P.); (S.P.); (K.P.); (S.P.); (J.P.); (S.O.); (T.M.); (J.N.-J.); (B.R.P.); (S.P.); (V.S.); (P.R.); (T.J.); (S.S.); (A.W.); (C.U.); (R.T.); (P.E.A.)
| | - Trudy Muir
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 330912, Trinidad and Tobago; (K.R.); (S.S.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (P.R.); (A.R.); (B.R.); (C.R.); (R.R.); (D.P.); (T.R.); (V.M.); (E.-M.P.); (S.P.); (K.P.); (S.P.); (J.P.); (S.O.); (T.M.); (J.N.-J.); (B.R.P.); (S.P.); (V.S.); (P.R.); (T.J.); (S.S.); (A.W.); (C.U.); (R.T.); (P.E.A.)
| | - Johnson Nicholas-Joseph
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 330912, Trinidad and Tobago; (K.R.); (S.S.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (P.R.); (A.R.); (B.R.); (C.R.); (R.R.); (D.P.); (T.R.); (V.M.); (E.-M.P.); (S.P.); (K.P.); (S.P.); (J.P.); (S.O.); (T.M.); (J.N.-J.); (B.R.P.); (S.P.); (V.S.); (P.R.); (T.J.); (S.S.); (A.W.); (C.U.); (R.T.); (P.E.A.)
| | - Bijey Raj Pandit
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 330912, Trinidad and Tobago; (K.R.); (S.S.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (P.R.); (A.R.); (B.R.); (C.R.); (R.R.); (D.P.); (T.R.); (V.M.); (E.-M.P.); (S.P.); (K.P.); (S.P.); (J.P.); (S.O.); (T.M.); (J.N.-J.); (B.R.P.); (S.P.); (V.S.); (P.R.); (T.J.); (S.S.); (A.W.); (C.U.); (R.T.); (P.E.A.)
| | - Sanjeev Pakeerah
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 330912, Trinidad and Tobago; (K.R.); (S.S.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (P.R.); (A.R.); (B.R.); (C.R.); (R.R.); (D.P.); (T.R.); (V.M.); (E.-M.P.); (S.P.); (K.P.); (S.P.); (J.P.); (S.O.); (T.M.); (J.N.-J.); (B.R.P.); (S.P.); (V.S.); (P.R.); (T.J.); (S.S.); (A.W.); (C.U.); (R.T.); (P.E.A.)
| | - Vesham Sookoo
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 330912, Trinidad and Tobago; (K.R.); (S.S.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (P.R.); (A.R.); (B.R.); (C.R.); (R.R.); (D.P.); (T.R.); (V.M.); (E.-M.P.); (S.P.); (K.P.); (S.P.); (J.P.); (S.O.); (T.M.); (J.N.-J.); (B.R.P.); (S.P.); (V.S.); (P.R.); (T.J.); (S.S.); (A.W.); (C.U.); (R.T.); (P.E.A.)
| | - Patrice Richards
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 330912, Trinidad and Tobago; (K.R.); (S.S.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (P.R.); (A.R.); (B.R.); (C.R.); (R.R.); (D.P.); (T.R.); (V.M.); (E.-M.P.); (S.P.); (K.P.); (S.P.); (J.P.); (S.O.); (T.M.); (J.N.-J.); (B.R.P.); (S.P.); (V.S.); (P.R.); (T.J.); (S.S.); (A.W.); (C.U.); (R.T.); (P.E.A.)
| | - Tishia John
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 330912, Trinidad and Tobago; (K.R.); (S.S.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (P.R.); (A.R.); (B.R.); (C.R.); (R.R.); (D.P.); (T.R.); (V.M.); (E.-M.P.); (S.P.); (K.P.); (S.P.); (J.P.); (S.O.); (T.M.); (J.N.-J.); (B.R.P.); (S.P.); (V.S.); (P.R.); (T.J.); (S.S.); (A.W.); (C.U.); (R.T.); (P.E.A.)
| | - Darren Gopaul
- Department of Surgery, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA;
| | - Sachin Soodeen
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 330912, Trinidad and Tobago; (K.R.); (S.S.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (P.R.); (A.R.); (B.R.); (C.R.); (R.R.); (D.P.); (T.R.); (V.M.); (E.-M.P.); (S.P.); (K.P.); (S.P.); (J.P.); (S.O.); (T.M.); (J.N.-J.); (B.R.P.); (S.P.); (V.S.); (P.R.); (T.J.); (S.S.); (A.W.); (C.U.); (R.T.); (P.E.A.)
| | - Odette Arozarena-Barbosa
- Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, North Central Regional Health Authority, Champs Fleurs 330912, Trinidad and Tobago (R.A.F.)
| | - Arlene Williams
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 330912, Trinidad and Tobago; (K.R.); (S.S.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (P.R.); (A.R.); (B.R.); (C.R.); (R.R.); (D.P.); (T.R.); (V.M.); (E.-M.P.); (S.P.); (K.P.); (S.P.); (J.P.); (S.O.); (T.M.); (J.N.-J.); (B.R.P.); (S.P.); (V.S.); (P.R.); (T.J.); (S.S.); (A.W.); (C.U.); (R.T.); (P.E.A.)
| | - Chandrashehkar Unakal
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 330912, Trinidad and Tobago; (K.R.); (S.S.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (P.R.); (A.R.); (B.R.); (C.R.); (R.R.); (D.P.); (T.R.); (V.M.); (E.-M.P.); (S.P.); (K.P.); (S.P.); (J.P.); (S.O.); (T.M.); (J.N.-J.); (B.R.P.); (S.P.); (V.S.); (P.R.); (T.J.); (S.S.); (A.W.); (C.U.); (R.T.); (P.E.A.)
| | - Rodolfo Arozarena Fundora
- Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, North Central Regional Health Authority, Champs Fleurs 330912, Trinidad and Tobago (R.A.F.)
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine 330912, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Reinand Thompson
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 330912, Trinidad and Tobago; (K.R.); (S.S.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (P.R.); (A.R.); (B.R.); (C.R.); (R.R.); (D.P.); (T.R.); (V.M.); (E.-M.P.); (S.P.); (K.P.); (S.P.); (J.P.); (S.O.); (T.M.); (J.N.-J.); (B.R.P.); (S.P.); (V.S.); (P.R.); (T.J.); (S.S.); (A.W.); (C.U.); (R.T.); (P.E.A.)
| | - Patrick Eberechi Akpaka
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 330912, Trinidad and Tobago; (K.R.); (S.S.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (P.R.); (A.R.); (B.R.); (C.R.); (R.R.); (D.P.); (T.R.); (V.M.); (E.-M.P.); (S.P.); (K.P.); (S.P.); (J.P.); (S.O.); (T.M.); (J.N.-J.); (B.R.P.); (S.P.); (V.S.); (P.R.); (T.J.); (S.S.); (A.W.); (C.U.); (R.T.); (P.E.A.)
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Muacevic A, Adler JR. A Bibliometric Analysis of COVID-19 Scientific Literature From the English-Speaking Caribbean. Cureus 2022; 14:e30958. [PMID: 36465192 PMCID: PMC9713722 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a global crisis and has affected the Caribbean islands, leading to significant health and socioeconomic consequences in this region. Efforts to mitigate the burden of this disease have led to an accelerated amount of research in the English-speaking Caribbean (ESC). This bibliometric analysis aimed to evaluate the COVID-19-related scientific literature from the ESC nations. A total of 175 articles were included and analyzed from an initial PubMed search (n = 638) for COVID-19-related scientific literature from the ESC nations published between January 1, 2020, and June 30, 2022. Microsoft Excel 2016 (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington) and the VOSviewer (version 1.6.18) were used to characterize countries, authorship, journals, affiliations, and keywords of the COVID-19-related articles. Trinidad and Tobago (38%), Jamaica (22%), Barbados (20%), and Grenada (15%) contributed to the greatest number of publications. The University of the West Indies (UWI) campuses in Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica and Barbados, and St. George's University in Grenada were the most prolific institutions. Srikanth Umakanthan from the UWI was the most prolific author. Cureus, SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine, and Frontiers in Public Health were the first three most productive journals; 59% of the 175 articles had either the first or last author affiliated with an institution in the ESC, and 19% of the articles were country-focused: Trinidad and Tobago (16/175), Jamaica (9/175), Barbados (5/175), and Antigua and Barbuda (2/175). Among the top themes of research, 27% were outbreak response and rearrangements, epidemiological studies (23%), clinical management (23%), and medical education (13%). Over the last two years, an interest stimulated by the pandemic has expanded the research in ESC countries. However, gaps in the knowledge exist, especially in the epidemiology of COVID-19 complications in the sub-populations of chronic non-communicable diseases, post-COVID syndrome, and the long-COVID syndrome in the region. Hence, there is enormous scope for more research across the region.
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Mencia M, Moonsie R, Hernandez Cruz P. Hip Fracture Surgery in Trinidad and Tobago During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Analysis of Two Patients Treated in the Parallel Healthcare System. Cureus 2022; 14:e30503. [PMID: 36415368 PMCID: PMC9675049 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid spread of the deadly coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has fundamentally affected healthcare delivery globally. As governments struggled to preserve life, several approaches to healthcare delivery have emerged. Central to limiting viral transmission is the separation of patients based on their COVID-19 status. Studies have shown that a geographically separate dual-site service is preferable, contingent upon the local infrastructure and circumstances. Despite the restrictions on free movement, most studies indicate that low-energy hip fractures in elderly patients have remained relatively constant throughout the pandemic. Arguably these patients represent the most vulnerable subgroup in society and are susceptible to developing severe COVID-19 respiratory disease. In keeping with global recommendations, the government of Trinidad and Tobago devised a parallel healthcare system to limit the spread of disease. All regional health authorities under the Ministry of Health were at liberty to implement the system in a manner best suited for their particular infrastructure leading to highly variable practices among institutions. This report describes the clinical course of two hip fracture patients treated within the parallel healthcare system at different regional health authorities. Analysis of these cases provides an understanding of the potential risks to patients entering the parallel healthcare system and an insight into preventative measures to improve clinical outcomes.
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Cawich SO, Narayansingh G, Ramdass MJ, Mencia M, Thomas DA, Barrow S, Naraynsingh V. Responses to disrupted operative care during the coronavirus pandemic at a Caribbean hospital. World J Meta-Anal 2022; 10:74-80. [DOI: 10.13105/wjma.v10.i3.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus pandemic was thrust upon all nations in the year 2020 and required swift public health responses. Resource-poor health care facilities, such as those in the Caribbean, were poorly prepared but had to respond to the threat. In this experience report we examined the response by the surgical specialty to evaluate the lessons learned and to identify positive changes that may continue post-pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamir O Cawich
- Department of Surgery, Port of Spain General Hospital, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Gordon Narayansingh
- Department of Surgery, Port of Spain General Hospital, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Michael J Ramdass
- Department of Surgery, Port of Spain General Hospital, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Marlon Mencia
- Department of Clinical Surgical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Joseph, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Dexter A Thomas
- Department of Surgery, Port of Spain General Hospital, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Shaheeba Barrow
- Department of Surgery, Port of Spain General Hospital, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Vijay Naraynsingh
- Department of Surgery, Port of Spain General Hospital, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
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Muhammad M, Ayton S, Hejmadi S, Minhas JS, Morgan N, Peek AC. Single vs Dual-site service reconfiguration during Covid-19 pandemic - A tertiary care centre experience in hip fractures and a Scoping review. J Clin Orthop Trauma 2022; 29:101890. [PMID: 35540794 PMCID: PMC9072772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcot.2022.101890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims and objectives The Covid-19 pandemic has had an unprecedented effect on surgical practice and healthcare delivery globally. We compared the impact of the care pathways which segregate Covid-19 Positive and Negative patients into two geographically separate sites, on hip fracture patients in our high-volume trauma center in 3 distinct eras - the pre-pandemic period, against the first Covid-19 wave with dual-site service design, as well as the subsequent surge with single-site service delivery. In addition, we sought to invoke similar experiences of centres worldwide through a scoping literature review on the current evidence on "Dual site" reconfigurations in response to Covid-19 pandemic. Methods We prospectively reviewed our hip fracture patients throughout the two peaks of the pandemic, with different service designs for each, and compared the outcomes with a historic service provision. Further, a comprehensive literature search was conducted using several databases for articles discussing Dual-site service redesign. Results In our in-house study, there was no statistically significant difference in mortality of hip fracture patients between the 3 periods, as well as their discharge destinations. With dual-site reconfiguration, patients took longer to reach theatre. However, there was much more nosocomial transmission with single-site service, and patients stayed in the hospital longer. 24 articles pertaining to the topic were selected for the scoping review. Most studies favour dual-site service reorganization, and reported beneficial outcomes from the detached care pathways. Conclusion It is safe to continue urgent as well as non-emergency surgery during the Covid-19 pandemic in a separate, geographically isolated site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Muhammad
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, University Hospitals of Leicester, Infirmary Square, Leicester, LE1 5WW, UK
| | - Sarah Ayton
- Department of Elderly Medicine, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Shruthi Hejmadi
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Jatinder S. Minhas
- Department of Elderly Medicine, Leicester University Hospitals, Leicester, UK
| | - Nicolette Morgan
- Department of Elderly Medicine, Leicester University Hospitals, Leicester, UK
| | - Anna C. Peek
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Pocar M, Totaro P, Rinaldi M, Pelenghi S. Coronavirus disease 2019 and cardiac surgery: lessons learnt from a round-trip to hell. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2022; 23:84-86. [PMID: 34958312 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0000000000001219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pocar
- Cardiovascular and Thoracic Department, 'Città della Salute e della Scienza', University of Turin, Turin.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan
| | - Pasquale Totaro
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Policlinico San Matteo Scientific Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mauro Rinaldi
- Cardiovascular and Thoracic Department, 'Città della Salute e della Scienza', University of Turin, Turin
| | - Stefano Pelenghi
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Policlinico San Matteo Scientific Institute, Pavia, Italy
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Bonalumi G, Giambuzzi I, Buratto B, Barili F, Garatti A, Pilozzi Casado A, Di Mauro M, Parolari A. The day after tomorrow: cardiac surgery and coronavirus disease-2019. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2022; 23:75-83. [PMID: 34958311 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0000000000001223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The impact of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic forced the governments worldwide to deal with an unprecedented health crisis. The aim of this review is to summarize what happened to cardiac surgery worldwide during the first wave of this pandemic. A literature search was performed to extrapolate key concepts regarding guidelines and reorganization of cardiac surgery wards during COVID-19. Supporting literature was also included to discuss the hot topics related to COVID-19 and cardiac surgery. Hence, both official documents from national scientific societies and single- or multiple-center experiences during the pandemics are reviewed and discussed. In Italy, the first western country hit by the pandemic, two different models were proposed to cope with the need for ICU/ward beds and to reallocate cardiac surgical services: Hub-and-Spoke system ('Hubs', dedicated to perform urgent and nondeferrable surgery, and 'Spokes', turned into COVID centers) and/or a progressive reduction in surgical activity. Worldwide, several guidelines/consensus statements were published, suggesting how to deal with the outbreak. Two different approaches for stratifying surgical indications were proposed: dynamic, based on the number of hospitalized COVID-19 patients; static, based only on the severity of the cardiovascular disease. Moreover, the importance of personal protective equipment was stressed. Several measures should have been adopted to deal with an unprecedented need for healthcare resources allocation to care for COVID-19 patients, putting the healthcare systems under serious stress. Cardiac surgery has, as have most surgical activities, been asked to reduce its own activity, giving priority to emergency and nondeferrable cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Bonalumi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS
| | - Ilaria Giambuzzi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS
- DISCCO, University of Milan
| | - Beatrice Buratto
- SC Universitary Cardiac Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico S. Donato, University of Milan, Milan
| | - Fabio Barili
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, S. Croce Hospital, Cuneo
| | - Andrea Garatti
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Michele Di Mauro
- Cardio-Thoracic Surgery Unit, Heart and Vascular Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Parolari
- Unit of Cardiac Surgery and Translational Research, IRCCS Policlinico S. Donato, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Sembiring YE, Puruhito P, Soebroto H, Prasmono A, Hakim AR, Sediono Pribadi OR, Suta Winarno DJ, Limanto DH, Akbar E, Ledyastatin RA, Agustio Putra Hutabarat MCB. Performing cardiac surgery during COVID-19 pandemic in Surabaya, Indonesia: A single-center retrospective observational study. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2021; 30:669-678. [PMID: 34918573 PMCID: PMC9260196 DOI: 10.1177/02184923211066158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare workers are still the front liners in health care services, and have major roles during the COVID-19 pandemic. In a resource-limited country like Indonesia, it is necessary to provide safe screening and management both for patients and healthcare workers to minimize the transmission. We report our experience in the cardiac surgery department on how to provide safe management during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS A retrospective observational study was performed in a single-tertiary-center cardiac surgery department in Surabaya and included all patients who underwent cardiac surgery during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. We also collected the patients from a 1-year period before the pandemic as the comparison data. Analysis of the patient characteristics, operative data, and postoperative outcome, was performed. This study also provides our experience in changes of admission in the cardiac surgery preoperative system that can be utilized for others. RESULTS A total of 179 patients were admitted to and had cardiac surgery. Of these, 3.80% (n = 7) were COVID-19 confirmed by a real-time polymerase chain reaction. Five patients were delayed to have cardiac surgery with no mortality or morbidity reported in these patients. During the period after changes of admission procedural in cardiac surgery patients, there were no healthcare workers infected by COVID-19 by patient transmission in our center (0%). CONCLUSION Our study reported a systematic screening and that possible delay in cardiac surgery appears to be feasible and safe, both for patients and for healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Efrata Sembiring
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, 194160Faculty of Medicine, 148005Universitas Airlangga/Dr Soetomo Academic General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Puruhito Puruhito
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, 194160Faculty of Medicine, 148005Universitas Airlangga/Dr Soetomo Academic General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Heroe Soebroto
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, 194160Faculty of Medicine, 148005Universitas Airlangga/Dr Soetomo Academic General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Agung Prasmono
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, 194160Faculty of Medicine, 148005Universitas Airlangga/Dr Soetomo Academic General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Arief Rakhman Hakim
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, 194160Faculty of Medicine, 148005Universitas Airlangga/Dr Soetomo Academic General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Oky Revianto Sediono Pribadi
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, 194160Faculty of Medicine, 148005Universitas Airlangga/Dr Soetomo Academic General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Dhihintia Jiwangga Suta Winarno
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, 194160Faculty of Medicine, 148005Universitas Airlangga/Dr Soetomo Academic General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Danang Himawan Limanto
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, 194160Faculty of Medicine, 148005Universitas Airlangga/Dr Soetomo Academic General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Erdyanto Akbar
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, 194160Faculty of Medicine, 148005Universitas Airlangga/Dr Soetomo Academic General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Rafaela Andira Ledyastatin
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, 194160Faculty of Medicine, 148005Universitas Airlangga/Dr Soetomo Academic General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Mohamed M, Haq M, Ahmed I, Harky A. Cardiac surgery services during COVID-19-what did we learn? J Card Surg 2021; 36:3364-3367. [PMID: 34128270 PMCID: PMC8447174 DOI: 10.1111/jocs.15741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malak Mohamed
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Mawiyah Haq
- Faculty of Medicine, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Iqra Ahmed
- Faculty of Medicine, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Amer Harky
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK
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Mencia MM, Goalan R. COVID-19 and its effects upon orthopaedic surgery: The Trinidad and Tobago experience. World J Orthop 2021; 12:94-101. [PMID: 33816137 PMCID: PMC7995340 DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v12.i3.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organisation (WHO) declared coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic on March 11, 2020. COVID-19 is not the first infectious disease to affect Trinidad and Tobago. The country has faced outbreaks of both Chikungunya and Zika virus in 2014 and 2016 respectively. The viral pandemic is predicted to have a significant impact upon all countries, but the healthcare services in a developing country are especially vulnerable. The Government of Trinidad and Tobago swiftly established a parallel healthcare system to isolate and treat suspected and confirmed cases of COVID-19. Strick ‘lockdown’ orders, office closures, social distancing and face mask usage recommendation were implemented following advice from the WHO. This approach has seen Trinidad and Tobago emerge from the second wave of infections, with the most recent Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker report indicating a favourable risk of openness index for the country. The effects of the pandemic on the orthopaedic services in the public and private healthcare systems show significant differences. Constrained by shortages in personal protective equipment and inadequate testing facilities, the public system moved into emergency mode prioritizing the care of urgent and critical cases. Private healthcare driven more by economic considerations, quickly instituted widespread safety measures to ensure that the clinics remained open and elective surgery was not interrupted. Orthopaedic teaching at The University of the West Indies was quickly migrated to an online platform to facilitate both medical students and residents. The Caribbean Association of Orthopedic Surgeons through its frequent virtual meetings provided a forum for continuing education and social interaction amongst colleagues. The pandemic has disrupted our daily routines leading to unparalleled changes to our lives and livelihoods. Many of these changes will remain long after the pandemic is over, permanently transforming the practice of orthopaedics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon Meredith Mencia
- Department of Clinical Surgical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Joseph 0000, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Raakesh Goalan
- Department of Surgery, Sangre Grande Hospital, Sangre Grande 0000, Trinidad and Tobago
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer Harky
- Department of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Life SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
- Department of Cardiothoracic SurgeryLiverpool Heart and Chest HospitalLiverpoolUK
| | - Grace Poole
- St George's School of MedicineUniversity of LondonLondonUK
| | - Ariana Axiaq
- School of MedicineQueen's University BelfastBelfastUK
| | - Bilal H. Kirmani
- Department of Cardiothoracic SurgeryLiverpool Heart and Chest HospitalLiverpoolUK
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