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Lee EM, Kim JH, Jo U, Cho YJ. Uterine lymphangioleiomyomatosis in a premenopausal woman with tuberous sclerosis: A case report. Case Rep Womens Health 2024; 43:e00650. [PMID: 39314985 PMCID: PMC11417591 DOI: 10.1016/j.crwh.2024.e00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Revised: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis is a rare disease characterized by abnormal smooth muscle cell growth. It primarily occurs in the lungs but can also rarely occur in other organs, in which case it is classified as extrapulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis. It often accompanies tuberous sclerosis complex. This report concerns a case of uterine lymphangioleiomyomatosis with spontaneous uterine rupture in a young woman with tuberous sclerosis complex. A 27-year-old nulligravida patient presented to the emergency room with vaginal bleeding. She had a history of clinical diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis complex and pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Initially, abdominopelvic computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging suggested a hemorrhagic necrosis and rupture of degenerated uterine myoma. She underwent emergency exploratory laparotomy. The right side of her normal-sized uterus were ruptured without any specific mass. Active bleeding and hematoma from the ruptured uterus and partially ruptured right ovary were noted. The procedure included total hysterectomy and right salpingo-oophorectomy. Pathological analysis confirmed lymphangioleiomyomatosis in the uterine serosa and myometrium. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis mainly occurs in women of reproductive age and worsens with estrogen. Early diagnosis and careful follow-up are necessary due to the risk of worsening gynecological symptoms or even uterine rupture during pregnancy. This case enhances our understanding of extrapulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis and highlights the importance of comprehensive evaluation in complex clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Min Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hee Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Uiree Jo
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jung Cho
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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2
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Levin G, Capella MP, Meyer R, Brezinov Y, Gotlieb WH. Gynecologic perivascular epithelioid cell tumors (PEComas): a review of recent evidence. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2024; 309:2381-2386. [PMID: 38664269 PMCID: PMC11147862 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-024-07510-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Gynecologic perivascular epithelioid cell (PEC) tumors, or 'PEComas,' represent a rare and intriguing subset of tumors within the female reproductive tract. This systematic literature review aims to provide an updated understanding of gynecologic PEComas based on available literature and data. Although PEComa is rare, there are varied tumor-site presentations across gynecologic organs, with uterine PEComas being the most prevalent. There is scarce high-quality literature regarding gynecologic PEComa, and studies on malignant PEComa underscore the challenges in diagnosis. Among the diverse mutations, mTOR alterations are the most prominent. Survival analysis reveals a high rate of local recurrence and metastatic disease, which commonly affects the lungs. Treatment strategies are limited, however mTOR inhibitors have pivotal role when indicated and chemotherapy may also be used. with some cases demonstrating promising responses. The paucity of data underscores the need for multicentric studies, an international registry for PEComas, and standardized reporting in case series to enhance clinical and pathological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Levin
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Mariana Pilon Capella
- Department of Oncology, Brazilian Institute for Cancer Control, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Raanan Meyer
- Division of Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedar Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yoav Brezinov
- Experimental Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Walter H Gotlieb
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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3
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Hu D, Miao M, Zhou H, Gu X, Wang X, Teichmann AT, Wang Q, Yang Y. A Case Report of Malignant Perivascular Epithelioid Cell Tumors of the Uterus and Literature Review. Int J Womens Health 2024; 16:619-628. [PMID: 38645980 PMCID: PMC11027917 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s453226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Perivascular epithelioid cell tumors (PEComas) are rare mesenchymal tumors originating from perivascular epithelioid cells. In gynecological system, the uterus is one of the most common sites affected by PEComas. Most PEComas are benign, and patients usually have a good prognosis. However, malignant uterus PEComa is rare, and better comprehensive epidemiological investigations are needed. To date, there are a few reported cases of uterus PEComa. We herein report a rare case of malignant PEComa occurred in the uterine corpus and cervix, possibly accompanied by pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis (PLAM). In addition, 55 cases of malignant uterus PEComa were picked out and collected in the data base of PubMed and Medline. On the one hand, the age of onset, population distribution, clinical manifestations, metastatic sites and routes of metastasis were analysed. On the other hand, a summary of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatments of uterus PEComa was given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daifeng Hu
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Gynaecology and Breast Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengyue Miao
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Gynaecology and Breast Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Gynaecology and Breast Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xia Gu
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Gynaecology and Breast Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People’s Republic of China
- Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, 646000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuedan Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Alexander Tobias Teichmann
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Gynaecology and Breast Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Wang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Gynaecology and Breast Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Youzhe Yang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Gynaecology and Breast Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People’s Republic of China
- Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, 646000, People’s Republic of China
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4
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Cui Q, Li C, Huang T, Huang J, Chen M. Systematic analysis of perivascular epithelioid cell neoplasms in the female reproductive tract: a comprehensive review. Future Oncol 2024; 20:283-295. [PMID: 38426361 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2023-0778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Perivascular epithelioid cell neoplasms (PEComas) are rare mesenchymal lesions, with gynecological PEComas accounting for just over a quarter of cases. Limited reports exist on gynecological PEComa, primarily treated with surgery; adjuvant therapy is considered in high-risk cases. This systematic review aims to summarize the origin and clinical, pathological and molecular characteristics of uterine PEComa, focusing on treatment options for gynecological PEComa. A comprehensive PubMed review of gynecological PEComa reports was conducted. A detailed examination of the literature ensured a thorough understanding. Gynecological PEComa diagnosis relies on histology and immunology. Despite therapy controversies, surgery remains the mainstay. Adjuvant therapy efficacy in high-risk cases is uncertain. mTOR inhibitors are the first line; alternative treatments, including angiogenesis and aromatase inhibitors, should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiulin Cui
- Department of Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tongyi Huang
- Department of Clinical Medical Ultrasonics, Division of Interventional Ultrasound, Institute of Diagnostic & Interventional Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaming Huang
- Department of Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Schreurs AMF, Overtoom EM, de Boer MA, van der Houwen LEE, Lier MCI, van den Akker T, Cornette J, Vogelvang TE, Beenakkers ICM, Rosman AN, Maas JWM, Heineman DJ, Finken MJJ, de Vries JJJ, Burger NB, Schaap TP, Bloemenkamp KWM, Mijatovic V. Spontaneous haemoperitoneum in pregnancy: Nationwide surveillance and Delphi audit system. BJOG 2023; 130:1620-1628. [PMID: 37280664 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.17556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the incidence, diagnostic management strategies and clinical outcomes of women with spontaneous haemoperitoneum in pregnancy (SHiP) and reassess the definition of SHiP. DESIGN A population-based cohort study using the Netherlands Obstetric Surveillance System (NethOSS). SETTING Nationwide, the Netherlands. POPULATION All pregnant women between April 2016 and April 2018. METHODS This is a case study of SHiP using the monthly registry reports of NethOSS. Complete anonymised case files were obtained. A newly introduced online Delphi audit system (DAS) was used to evaluate each case, to make recommendations on improving the management of SHiP and to propose a new definition of SHiP. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Incidence and outcomes, lessons learned about clinical management and the critical appraisal of the current definition of SHiP. RESULTS In total, 24 cases were reported. After a Delphi procedure, 14 cases were classified as SHiP. The nationwide incidence was 4.9 per 100 000 births. Endometriosis and conceiving after artificial reproductive techniques were identified as risk factors. No maternal and three perinatal deaths occurred. Based on the DAS, adequate imaging of free intra-abdominal fluid, and identifying and treating women with signs of hypovolemic shock could improve the early detection and management of SHiP. A revised definition of SHiP was proposed, excluding the need for surgical or radiological intervention. CONCLUSIONS SHiP is a rare and easily misdiagnosed condition that is associated with high perinatal mortality. To improve care, better awareness among healthcare workers is needed. The DAS is a sufficient tool to audit maternal morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke M F Schreurs
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Evelien M Overtoom
- Department of Obstetrics, Division Woman and Baby, Birth Centre Wilhelmina's Children Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marjon A de Boer
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lisette E E van der Houwen
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marit C I Lier
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas van den Akker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Athena Institute, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jerome Cornette
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tatjana E Vogelvang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Diakonessenhuis, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ingrid C M Beenakkers
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Division Vital Functions, Wilhelmina's Children Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jacques W M Maas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and GROW - School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - David J Heineman
- Department of Surgery and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn J J Finken
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan J J de Vries
- Department of Radiology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nicole B Burger
- Department of Gynaecology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Timme P Schaap
- Department of Obstetrics, Division Woman and Baby, Birth Centre Wilhelmina's Children Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kitty W M Bloemenkamp
- Department of Obstetrics, Division Woman and Baby, Birth Centre Wilhelmina's Children Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Velja Mijatovic
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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6
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Fontana E, Savelli L, Alletto A, Seracchioli R. Uterine PEComa initially misdiagnosed as a leiomyoma: Sonographic findings and review of the literature. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND : JCU 2021; 49:492-497. [PMID: 33197067 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.22950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Perivascular epithelioid cell neoplasms (PEComas) are rare mesenchymal tumors with malignant potential that arise from gynecological organs in up to 25% of cases. The lack of data regarding the preoperative US features of uterine PEComas is reflected by the frequent misdiagnosis with leiomyomas. We describe the sonographic appearance of a richly vascularized cervical PEComa mimicking a myoma and report the analysis of six additional cases in the literature with a description of their ultrasound features. Most cases involved a single lesion arising from the uterine cervix with a rapid growth pattern, regular margins, heterogeneous echogenicity, absence of shadowing, and moderate-to-rich vascularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Fontana
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Gynecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology Unit, S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Savelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Gynecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology Unit, S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Alletto
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Gynecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology Unit, S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Renato Seracchioli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Gynecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology Unit, S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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7
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Bennett JA, Oliva E. Perivascular epithelioid cell tumors (PEComa) of the gynecologic tract. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2020; 60:168-179. [PMID: 33099813 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PEComas of the female genital tract are rare mesenchymal neoplasms that are most common in the uterus, but also may occur in other gynecologic locations. As they morphologically and immunohistochemically resemble smooth muscle tumors, distinction between the two entities is often challenging, and may be aided by molecular analysis. Thus far, two distinct molecular groups-classic PEComas with TSC mutations and TFE3-translocation associated PEComas with TFE3 fusions have been described. Recognition of the first group is imperative as these patients may benefit from targeted therapy with mTOR inhibitors, if malignant. This review will focus on recognition of the morphologic and immunophenotypic features of PEComas, as well as the role of molecular testing in their diagnosis and treatment, analysis of the different algorithms to predict behavior, and differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Bennett
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Esther Oliva
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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8
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Gadducci A, Zannoni GF. Perivascular epithelioid cell tumors (PEComa) of the female genital tract: A challenging question for gynaecologic oncologist and pathologist. Gynecol Oncol Rep 2020; 33:100603. [PMID: 32685651 PMCID: PMC7356199 DOI: 10.1016/j.gore.2020.100603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Perivascular epithelioid cell tumors (PEComa)s are mesenchymal neoplasms composed of perivascular epithelioid cells, which express both melanocytic and myogenic markers. These neoplastic cells are thought to arise from undifferentiated cells of the neural crest, or from myoblastic cells harbouring a molecular alteration leading to expression of melanocytic markers, or from pericytic cells. The majority of cases are benign, but a small subset behaves in a malignant fashion. Unfortunately, given their rarity, reliable criteria for predicting malignancy have yet to be established. PEComas of the female genital tract account for nearly 25% of PEComas of all body sites, and the most common site of occurrence is the uterine corpus; less common sites include the cervix, adnexa, vagina/vulva or broad or round ligament exceptionally. The present review aims to elucidate the clinical, pathological and molecular features of gynecological PEComas. Moreover, prognostic and therapeutic implications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angiolo Gadducci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Gian Franco Zannoni
- Division of Anatomic Pathology and Histology - Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
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9
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Babayev E, Fay KE, Horowitz JM, Goldstein JA, Alexander AL, Strohl AE, Miller ES. Perivascular epithelioid cell tumors (PEComa) in pregnancy with uterine rupture and ongoing abdominal gestation: A case report. Case Rep Womens Health 2020; 25:e00172. [PMID: 31956517 PMCID: PMC6962696 DOI: 10.1016/j.crwh.2020.e00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Perivascular epithelioid cell tumors (PEComa) represent a rare family of tumors characterized by distinct histology and immunohistochemistry characteristics. Approximately one-quarter of reported cases are gynecologic in origin and associated pregnancies are rare. We report a case of PEComa in pregnancy with initial undiagnosed presentation at 18 weeks of gestation and subsequent presentation and diagnosis at 30 weeks of gestation. Abdominal pain led to the use of magnetic resonance imaging, which raised concerns about placentation abnormality and abdominal pregnancy. Exploratory laparotomy was notable for a 10 cm by 15 cm posterior uterine defect through which the placenta and amniotic sac containing the fetus were extruded. Placenta-like tissue was noted to be invading through the anterior wall of the uterus, which led to concern regarding placenta percreta. A total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingectomy were then performed, given the complete loss of normal uterine architecture. Pathology returned with findings of placenta accreta and PEComa. Indolent uterine rupture in the setting of PEComa led to an ongoing viable abdominal pregnancy. Uterine PEComa can masquerade as a placenta and lead to obstetrical complications. Perivascular epithelioid cell tumors (PEComa) can masquerade as a placenta. Perivascular epithelioid cell tumors can lead to uterine rupture during pregnancy. Uterine perivascular epithelioid cell tumors can be associated with tuberous sclerosis complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnur Babayev
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Kathryn E Fay
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Jeanne M Horowitz
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Jeffery A Goldstein
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Amy L Alexander
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Anna E Strohl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Emily S Miller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States of America
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