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Delic S, Miletic Drakulic S, Stepovic M, Milosavljevic J, Kovacevic Dimitrijevic M, Jovanovic K, Marinkovic I, Tepavcevic M, Janicijevic N, Mitrovic A, Igrutinovic D, Vulovic M. The Connection Between Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Iron Metabolism and Microglia in Multiple Sclerosis: A Narrative Review. NEUROSCI 2025; 6:23. [PMID: 40137866 PMCID: PMC11944927 DOI: 10.3390/neurosci6010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2025] [Revised: 02/16/2025] [Accepted: 02/24/2025] [Indexed: 03/29/2025] Open
Abstract
In recent years, in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, emphasis has been placed on mitochondrial processes that influence the onset of the disease. Oxidative stress would be one of the consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction, and its impact on brain tissue is well described. Microglia, as a brain macrophage, have an important function in removing unwanted metabolites, as well as iron, which is an amplifier of oxidative stress. There are novelties in terms of the connection between these processes, which have redirected research more towards the process of neurodegeneration itself, so that the emphasis is no longer on neuroinflammation, which would initiate the pathological process itself and still exist in the vicinity of lesions with reduced intensity. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge from the literature regarding oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and iron metabolism and how microglia are involved in these processes in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonida Delic
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences Kragujevac, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (M.S.); (J.M.); (M.K.D.); (K.J.); (I.M.); (M.T.); (M.V.)
| | - Svetlana Miletic Drakulic
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences Kragujevac, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Milos Stepovic
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences Kragujevac, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (M.S.); (J.M.); (M.K.D.); (K.J.); (I.M.); (M.T.); (M.V.)
| | - Jovana Milosavljevic
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences Kragujevac, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (M.S.); (J.M.); (M.K.D.); (K.J.); (I.M.); (M.T.); (M.V.)
| | - Marija Kovacevic Dimitrijevic
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences Kragujevac, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (M.S.); (J.M.); (M.K.D.); (K.J.); (I.M.); (M.T.); (M.V.)
| | - Kristijan Jovanovic
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences Kragujevac, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (M.S.); (J.M.); (M.K.D.); (K.J.); (I.M.); (M.T.); (M.V.)
| | - Ivona Marinkovic
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences Kragujevac, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (M.S.); (J.M.); (M.K.D.); (K.J.); (I.M.); (M.T.); (M.V.)
| | - Melanija Tepavcevic
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences Kragujevac, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (M.S.); (J.M.); (M.K.D.); (K.J.); (I.M.); (M.T.); (M.V.)
| | - Nikoleta Janicijevic
- Department of Hygiene and Ecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences Kragujevac, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Aleksandra Mitrovic
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences Kragujevac, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Danica Igrutinovic
- Department of Biochemistry, University Clinical Centre Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Maja Vulovic
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences Kragujevac, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (M.S.); (J.M.); (M.K.D.); (K.J.); (I.M.); (M.T.); (M.V.)
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Siger M, Wydra J, Wildner P, Podyma M, Puzio T, Matera K, Stasiołek M, Świderek-Matysiak M. Differences in Brain Atrophy Pattern between People with Multiple Sclerosis and Systemic Diseases with Central Nervous System Involvement Based on Two-Dimensional Linear Measures. J Clin Med 2024; 13:333. [PMID: 38256467 PMCID: PMC10816254 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13020333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Conventional brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in systemic diseases with central nervous system involvement (SDCNS) may imitate MRI findings of multiple sclerosis (MS). In order to better describe the MRI characteristics of these conditions, in our study we assessed brain volume parameters in MS (n = 58) and SDCNS (n = 41) patients using two-dimensional linear measurements (2DLMs): bicaudate ratio (BCR), corpus callosum index (CCI) and width of third ventricle (W3V). In SDCNS patients, all 2DLMs were affected by age (CCI p = 0.005, BCR p < 0.001, W3V p < 0.001, respectively), whereas in MS patients only BCR and W3V were (p = 0.001 and p = 0.015, respectively). Contrary to SDCNS, in the MS cohort BCR and W3V were associated with T1 lesion volume (T1LV) (p = 0.020, p = 0.009, respectively) and T2 lesion volume (T2LV) (p = 0.015, p = 0.009, respectively). CCI was associated with T1LV in the MS cohort only (p = 0.015). Moreover, BCR was significantly higher in the SDCNS group (p = 0.01) and CCI was significantly lower in MS patients (p = 0.01). The best predictive model to distinguish MS and SDCNS encompassed gender, BCR and T2LV as the explanatory variables (sensitivity 0.91; specificity 0.68; AUC 0.86). Implementation of 2DLMs in the brain MRI analysis of MS and SDCNS patients allowed for the identification of diverse patterns of local brain atrophy in these clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Siger
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lodz, Kopcinskiego Street 22, 90-414 Lodz, Poland; (M.S.); (P.W.); (M.Ś.-M.)
| | - Jacek Wydra
- Pixel Technology LLC, Piekna 1, 93-558 Lodz, Poland; (J.W.); (M.P.); (T.P.); (K.M.)
| | - Paula Wildner
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lodz, Kopcinskiego Street 22, 90-414 Lodz, Poland; (M.S.); (P.W.); (M.Ś.-M.)
| | - Marek Podyma
- Pixel Technology LLC, Piekna 1, 93-558 Lodz, Poland; (J.W.); (M.P.); (T.P.); (K.M.)
| | - Tomasz Puzio
- Pixel Technology LLC, Piekna 1, 93-558 Lodz, Poland; (J.W.); (M.P.); (T.P.); (K.M.)
| | - Katarzyna Matera
- Pixel Technology LLC, Piekna 1, 93-558 Lodz, Poland; (J.W.); (M.P.); (T.P.); (K.M.)
| | - Mariusz Stasiołek
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lodz, Kopcinskiego Street 22, 90-414 Lodz, Poland; (M.S.); (P.W.); (M.Ś.-M.)
| | - Mariola Świderek-Matysiak
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lodz, Kopcinskiego Street 22, 90-414 Lodz, Poland; (M.S.); (P.W.); (M.Ś.-M.)
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Chandra A, Verma S, Raghuvanshi A, Kuber Bodhey N. PCcS-RAU-Net: Automated parcellated Corpus callosum segmentation from brain MRI images using modified residual attention U-Net. Biocybern Biomed Eng 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbe.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
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