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Koneru M, Mei JY, Lakhani DA, Salim HA, Shahriari M, Dmytriw AA, Guenego A, Heit JJ, Albers GW, Wolman D, Faizy TD, Pulli B, Vagal V, Sriwastwa A, Aziz Y, Xu R, Lu H, Urrutia VC, Marsh EB, Leigh R, Bahouth M, Llinas RH, Nael K, Hillis A, Yedavalli VS. Prolonged Venous Transit on Perfusion Imaging Is Associated with Longer Lengths of Stay in Acute Large Vessel Occlusions. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2025; 46:887-891. [PMID: 39592183 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a8611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 10/24/2024] [Indexed: 11/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Prolonged venous transit (PVT+) is a marker of venous outflow; it is defined as the presence or absence of time-to-maximum ≥10 seconds timing in either the superior sagittal sinus or torcula. This novel perfusion imaging-based metric has been associated with higher odds of mortality and lower odds of functional recovery. This study aims to assess the relationship between PVT on admission perfusion imaging and length of hospital stay in large vessel occlusion strokes successfully reperfused with mechanical thrombectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with acute ischemic stroke with large vessel occlusions in the anterior circulation successfully treated with thrombectomy between January 2017 and September 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. The primary outcome was length of stay in the hospital due to the acute stroke event. Univariable and forward stepwise multivariable linear regressions were performed for the primary outcome. RESULTS Of 109 patients meeting inclusion, median age was 71 (interquartile range [IQR] 62-80) years. Median hospital length of stay was significantly greater in PVT+ patients (9 [IQR 6-18] days) compared with PVT- patients (6 [IQR 4-12] days, P = .03). In multivariable regression, PVT+ was significantly associated with length of stay, and PVT+ was associated with approximately 2 additional days of hospital stay compared with PVT- (P = .03). CONCLUSIONS In successfully reperfused large vessel occlusion strokes, PVT+ was associated with an additional 2 days of hospital stay on average compared with PVT- patients, when adjusting for other clinical covariables. This simple, novel imaging metric is robust in correlating with a range of short- and long-term clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Koneru
- From the Department of Radiology (M.K.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA; Department of Radiology (J.Y.M., H.A.S., M.S., H.L., V.S.Y), Department of Neurosurgery (R.X.), and Department of Neurology (V.C.U., E.B.M., R.L., M.B., R.H.L, A.E.H), Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (D.A.L.), West Virginia University Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (A.A.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.G.), Universite Libre De Bruxelles Hospital, Erasme, Belgium; Department of Radiology (J.J.H., B.P.), Department of Neurology (G.W.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (D.W.), Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Radiology (T.D.F.), University Medical Center Munster, Munster, Germany; Department of Radiology (V.V.), Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (A.S.), Department of Neurology (Y.A.), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (K.N.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Janet Y Mei
- From the Department of Radiology (M.K.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA; Department of Radiology (J.Y.M., H.A.S., M.S., H.L., V.S.Y), Department of Neurosurgery (R.X.), and Department of Neurology (V.C.U., E.B.M., R.L., M.B., R.H.L, A.E.H), Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (D.A.L.), West Virginia University Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (A.A.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.G.), Universite Libre De Bruxelles Hospital, Erasme, Belgium; Department of Radiology (J.J.H., B.P.), Department of Neurology (G.W.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (D.W.), Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Radiology (T.D.F.), University Medical Center Munster, Munster, Germany; Department of Radiology (V.V.), Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (A.S.), Department of Neurology (Y.A.), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (K.N.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dhairya A Lakhani
- From the Department of Radiology (M.K.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA; Department of Radiology (J.Y.M., H.A.S., M.S., H.L., V.S.Y), Department of Neurosurgery (R.X.), and Department of Neurology (V.C.U., E.B.M., R.L., M.B., R.H.L, A.E.H), Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (D.A.L.), West Virginia University Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (A.A.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.G.), Universite Libre De Bruxelles Hospital, Erasme, Belgium; Department of Radiology (J.J.H., B.P.), Department of Neurology (G.W.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (D.W.), Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Radiology (T.D.F.), University Medical Center Munster, Munster, Germany; Department of Radiology (V.V.), Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (A.S.), Department of Neurology (Y.A.), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (K.N.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hamza A Salim
- From the Department of Radiology (M.K.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA; Department of Radiology (J.Y.M., H.A.S., M.S., H.L., V.S.Y), Department of Neurosurgery (R.X.), and Department of Neurology (V.C.U., E.B.M., R.L., M.B., R.H.L, A.E.H), Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (D.A.L.), West Virginia University Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (A.A.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.G.), Universite Libre De Bruxelles Hospital, Erasme, Belgium; Department of Radiology (J.J.H., B.P.), Department of Neurology (G.W.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (D.W.), Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Radiology (T.D.F.), University Medical Center Munster, Munster, Germany; Department of Radiology (V.V.), Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (A.S.), Department of Neurology (Y.A.), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (K.N.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mona Shahriari
- From the Department of Radiology (M.K.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA; Department of Radiology (J.Y.M., H.A.S., M.S., H.L., V.S.Y), Department of Neurosurgery (R.X.), and Department of Neurology (V.C.U., E.B.M., R.L., M.B., R.H.L, A.E.H), Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (D.A.L.), West Virginia University Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (A.A.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.G.), Universite Libre De Bruxelles Hospital, Erasme, Belgium; Department of Radiology (J.J.H., B.P.), Department of Neurology (G.W.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (D.W.), Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Radiology (T.D.F.), University Medical Center Munster, Munster, Germany; Department of Radiology (V.V.), Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (A.S.), Department of Neurology (Y.A.), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (K.N.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adam A Dmytriw
- From the Department of Radiology (M.K.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA; Department of Radiology (J.Y.M., H.A.S., M.S., H.L., V.S.Y), Department of Neurosurgery (R.X.), and Department of Neurology (V.C.U., E.B.M., R.L., M.B., R.H.L, A.E.H), Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (D.A.L.), West Virginia University Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (A.A.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.G.), Universite Libre De Bruxelles Hospital, Erasme, Belgium; Department of Radiology (J.J.H., B.P.), Department of Neurology (G.W.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (D.W.), Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Radiology (T.D.F.), University Medical Center Munster, Munster, Germany; Department of Radiology (V.V.), Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (A.S.), Department of Neurology (Y.A.), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (K.N.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adrien Guenego
- From the Department of Radiology (M.K.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA; Department of Radiology (J.Y.M., H.A.S., M.S., H.L., V.S.Y), Department of Neurosurgery (R.X.), and Department of Neurology (V.C.U., E.B.M., R.L., M.B., R.H.L, A.E.H), Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (D.A.L.), West Virginia University Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (A.A.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.G.), Universite Libre De Bruxelles Hospital, Erasme, Belgium; Department of Radiology (J.J.H., B.P.), Department of Neurology (G.W.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (D.W.), Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Radiology (T.D.F.), University Medical Center Munster, Munster, Germany; Department of Radiology (V.V.), Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (A.S.), Department of Neurology (Y.A.), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (K.N.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy J Heit
- From the Department of Radiology (M.K.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA; Department of Radiology (J.Y.M., H.A.S., M.S., H.L., V.S.Y), Department of Neurosurgery (R.X.), and Department of Neurology (V.C.U., E.B.M., R.L., M.B., R.H.L, A.E.H), Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (D.A.L.), West Virginia University Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (A.A.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.G.), Universite Libre De Bruxelles Hospital, Erasme, Belgium; Department of Radiology (J.J.H., B.P.), Department of Neurology (G.W.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (D.W.), Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Radiology (T.D.F.), University Medical Center Munster, Munster, Germany; Department of Radiology (V.V.), Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (A.S.), Department of Neurology (Y.A.), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (K.N.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gregory W Albers
- From the Department of Radiology (M.K.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA; Department of Radiology (J.Y.M., H.A.S., M.S., H.L., V.S.Y), Department of Neurosurgery (R.X.), and Department of Neurology (V.C.U., E.B.M., R.L., M.B., R.H.L, A.E.H), Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (D.A.L.), West Virginia University Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (A.A.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.G.), Universite Libre De Bruxelles Hospital, Erasme, Belgium; Department of Radiology (J.J.H., B.P.), Department of Neurology (G.W.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (D.W.), Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Radiology (T.D.F.), University Medical Center Munster, Munster, Germany; Department of Radiology (V.V.), Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (A.S.), Department of Neurology (Y.A.), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (K.N.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dylan Wolman
- From the Department of Radiology (M.K.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA; Department of Radiology (J.Y.M., H.A.S., M.S., H.L., V.S.Y), Department of Neurosurgery (R.X.), and Department of Neurology (V.C.U., E.B.M., R.L., M.B., R.H.L, A.E.H), Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (D.A.L.), West Virginia University Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (A.A.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.G.), Universite Libre De Bruxelles Hospital, Erasme, Belgium; Department of Radiology (J.J.H., B.P.), Department of Neurology (G.W.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (D.W.), Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Radiology (T.D.F.), University Medical Center Munster, Munster, Germany; Department of Radiology (V.V.), Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (A.S.), Department of Neurology (Y.A.), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (K.N.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tobias D Faizy
- From the Department of Radiology (M.K.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA; Department of Radiology (J.Y.M., H.A.S., M.S., H.L., V.S.Y), Department of Neurosurgery (R.X.), and Department of Neurology (V.C.U., E.B.M., R.L., M.B., R.H.L, A.E.H), Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (D.A.L.), West Virginia University Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (A.A.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.G.), Universite Libre De Bruxelles Hospital, Erasme, Belgium; Department of Radiology (J.J.H., B.P.), Department of Neurology (G.W.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (D.W.), Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Radiology (T.D.F.), University Medical Center Munster, Munster, Germany; Department of Radiology (V.V.), Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (A.S.), Department of Neurology (Y.A.), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (K.N.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Pulli
- From the Department of Radiology (M.K.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA; Department of Radiology (J.Y.M., H.A.S., M.S., H.L., V.S.Y), Department of Neurosurgery (R.X.), and Department of Neurology (V.C.U., E.B.M., R.L., M.B., R.H.L, A.E.H), Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (D.A.L.), West Virginia University Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (A.A.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.G.), Universite Libre De Bruxelles Hospital, Erasme, Belgium; Department of Radiology (J.J.H., B.P.), Department of Neurology (G.W.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (D.W.), Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Radiology (T.D.F.), University Medical Center Munster, Munster, Germany; Department of Radiology (V.V.), Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (A.S.), Department of Neurology (Y.A.), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (K.N.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vaibhav Vagal
- From the Department of Radiology (M.K.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA; Department of Radiology (J.Y.M., H.A.S., M.S., H.L., V.S.Y), Department of Neurosurgery (R.X.), and Department of Neurology (V.C.U., E.B.M., R.L., M.B., R.H.L, A.E.H), Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (D.A.L.), West Virginia University Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (A.A.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.G.), Universite Libre De Bruxelles Hospital, Erasme, Belgium; Department of Radiology (J.J.H., B.P.), Department of Neurology (G.W.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (D.W.), Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Radiology (T.D.F.), University Medical Center Munster, Munster, Germany; Department of Radiology (V.V.), Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (A.S.), Department of Neurology (Y.A.), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (K.N.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aakanksha Sriwastwa
- From the Department of Radiology (M.K.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA; Department of Radiology (J.Y.M., H.A.S., M.S., H.L., V.S.Y), Department of Neurosurgery (R.X.), and Department of Neurology (V.C.U., E.B.M., R.L., M.B., R.H.L, A.E.H), Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (D.A.L.), West Virginia University Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (A.A.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.G.), Universite Libre De Bruxelles Hospital, Erasme, Belgium; Department of Radiology (J.J.H., B.P.), Department of Neurology (G.W.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (D.W.), Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Radiology (T.D.F.), University Medical Center Munster, Munster, Germany; Department of Radiology (V.V.), Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (A.S.), Department of Neurology (Y.A.), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (K.N.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yasmin Aziz
- From the Department of Radiology (M.K.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA; Department of Radiology (J.Y.M., H.A.S., M.S., H.L., V.S.Y), Department of Neurosurgery (R.X.), and Department of Neurology (V.C.U., E.B.M., R.L., M.B., R.H.L, A.E.H), Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (D.A.L.), West Virginia University Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (A.A.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.G.), Universite Libre De Bruxelles Hospital, Erasme, Belgium; Department of Radiology (J.J.H., B.P.), Department of Neurology (G.W.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (D.W.), Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Radiology (T.D.F.), University Medical Center Munster, Munster, Germany; Department of Radiology (V.V.), Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (A.S.), Department of Neurology (Y.A.), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (K.N.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Risheng Xu
- From the Department of Radiology (M.K.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA; Department of Radiology (J.Y.M., H.A.S., M.S., H.L., V.S.Y), Department of Neurosurgery (R.X.), and Department of Neurology (V.C.U., E.B.M., R.L., M.B., R.H.L, A.E.H), Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (D.A.L.), West Virginia University Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (A.A.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.G.), Universite Libre De Bruxelles Hospital, Erasme, Belgium; Department of Radiology (J.J.H., B.P.), Department of Neurology (G.W.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (D.W.), Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Radiology (T.D.F.), University Medical Center Munster, Munster, Germany; Department of Radiology (V.V.), Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (A.S.), Department of Neurology (Y.A.), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (K.N.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hanzhang Lu
- From the Department of Radiology (M.K.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA; Department of Radiology (J.Y.M., H.A.S., M.S., H.L., V.S.Y), Department of Neurosurgery (R.X.), and Department of Neurology (V.C.U., E.B.M., R.L., M.B., R.H.L, A.E.H), Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (D.A.L.), West Virginia University Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (A.A.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.G.), Universite Libre De Bruxelles Hospital, Erasme, Belgium; Department of Radiology (J.J.H., B.P.), Department of Neurology (G.W.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (D.W.), Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Radiology (T.D.F.), University Medical Center Munster, Munster, Germany; Department of Radiology (V.V.), Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (A.S.), Department of Neurology (Y.A.), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (K.N.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Victor C Urrutia
- From the Department of Radiology (M.K.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA; Department of Radiology (J.Y.M., H.A.S., M.S., H.L., V.S.Y), Department of Neurosurgery (R.X.), and Department of Neurology (V.C.U., E.B.M., R.L., M.B., R.H.L, A.E.H), Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (D.A.L.), West Virginia University Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (A.A.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.G.), Universite Libre De Bruxelles Hospital, Erasme, Belgium; Department of Radiology (J.J.H., B.P.), Department of Neurology (G.W.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (D.W.), Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Radiology (T.D.F.), University Medical Center Munster, Munster, Germany; Department of Radiology (V.V.), Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (A.S.), Department of Neurology (Y.A.), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (K.N.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elisabeth B Marsh
- From the Department of Radiology (M.K.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA; Department of Radiology (J.Y.M., H.A.S., M.S., H.L., V.S.Y), Department of Neurosurgery (R.X.), and Department of Neurology (V.C.U., E.B.M., R.L., M.B., R.H.L, A.E.H), Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (D.A.L.), West Virginia University Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (A.A.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.G.), Universite Libre De Bruxelles Hospital, Erasme, Belgium; Department of Radiology (J.J.H., B.P.), Department of Neurology (G.W.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (D.W.), Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Radiology (T.D.F.), University Medical Center Munster, Munster, Germany; Department of Radiology (V.V.), Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (A.S.), Department of Neurology (Y.A.), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (K.N.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Richard Leigh
- From the Department of Radiology (M.K.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA; Department of Radiology (J.Y.M., H.A.S., M.S., H.L., V.S.Y), Department of Neurosurgery (R.X.), and Department of Neurology (V.C.U., E.B.M., R.L., M.B., R.H.L, A.E.H), Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (D.A.L.), West Virginia University Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (A.A.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.G.), Universite Libre De Bruxelles Hospital, Erasme, Belgium; Department of Radiology (J.J.H., B.P.), Department of Neurology (G.W.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (D.W.), Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Radiology (T.D.F.), University Medical Center Munster, Munster, Germany; Department of Radiology (V.V.), Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (A.S.), Department of Neurology (Y.A.), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (K.N.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mona Bahouth
- From the Department of Radiology (M.K.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA; Department of Radiology (J.Y.M., H.A.S., M.S., H.L., V.S.Y), Department of Neurosurgery (R.X.), and Department of Neurology (V.C.U., E.B.M., R.L., M.B., R.H.L, A.E.H), Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (D.A.L.), West Virginia University Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (A.A.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.G.), Universite Libre De Bruxelles Hospital, Erasme, Belgium; Department of Radiology (J.J.H., B.P.), Department of Neurology (G.W.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (D.W.), Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Radiology (T.D.F.), University Medical Center Munster, Munster, Germany; Department of Radiology (V.V.), Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (A.S.), Department of Neurology (Y.A.), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (K.N.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rafael H Llinas
- From the Department of Radiology (M.K.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA; Department of Radiology (J.Y.M., H.A.S., M.S., H.L., V.S.Y), Department of Neurosurgery (R.X.), and Department of Neurology (V.C.U., E.B.M., R.L., M.B., R.H.L, A.E.H), Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (D.A.L.), West Virginia University Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (A.A.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.G.), Universite Libre De Bruxelles Hospital, Erasme, Belgium; Department of Radiology (J.J.H., B.P.), Department of Neurology (G.W.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (D.W.), Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Radiology (T.D.F.), University Medical Center Munster, Munster, Germany; Department of Radiology (V.V.), Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (A.S.), Department of Neurology (Y.A.), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (K.N.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kambiz Nael
- From the Department of Radiology (M.K.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA; Department of Radiology (J.Y.M., H.A.S., M.S., H.L., V.S.Y), Department of Neurosurgery (R.X.), and Department of Neurology (V.C.U., E.B.M., R.L., M.B., R.H.L, A.E.H), Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (D.A.L.), West Virginia University Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (A.A.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.G.), Universite Libre De Bruxelles Hospital, Erasme, Belgium; Department of Radiology (J.J.H., B.P.), Department of Neurology (G.W.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (D.W.), Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Radiology (T.D.F.), University Medical Center Munster, Munster, Germany; Department of Radiology (V.V.), Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (A.S.), Department of Neurology (Y.A.), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (K.N.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - ArgyeE Hillis
- From the Department of Radiology (M.K.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA; Department of Radiology (J.Y.M., H.A.S., M.S., H.L., V.S.Y), Department of Neurosurgery (R.X.), and Department of Neurology (V.C.U., E.B.M., R.L., M.B., R.H.L, A.E.H), Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (D.A.L.), West Virginia University Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (A.A.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.G.), Universite Libre De Bruxelles Hospital, Erasme, Belgium; Department of Radiology (J.J.H., B.P.), Department of Neurology (G.W.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (D.W.), Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Radiology (T.D.F.), University Medical Center Munster, Munster, Germany; Department of Radiology (V.V.), Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (A.S.), Department of Neurology (Y.A.), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (K.N.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vivek S Yedavalli
- From the Department of Radiology (M.K.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA; Department of Radiology (J.Y.M., H.A.S., M.S., H.L., V.S.Y), Department of Neurosurgery (R.X.), and Department of Neurology (V.C.U., E.B.M., R.L., M.B., R.H.L, A.E.H), Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (D.A.L.), West Virginia University Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (A.A.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.G.), Universite Libre De Bruxelles Hospital, Erasme, Belgium; Department of Radiology (J.J.H., B.P.), Department of Neurology (G.W.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (D.W.), Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Radiology (T.D.F.), University Medical Center Munster, Munster, Germany; Department of Radiology (V.V.), Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (A.S.), Department of Neurology (Y.A.), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (K.N.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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