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Bubley A, Erofeev A, Gorelkin P, Beloglazkina E, Majouga A, Krasnovskaya O. Tacrine-Based Hybrids: Past, Present, and Future. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021717. [PMID: 36675233 PMCID: PMC9863713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder which is characterized by β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation, τ-hyperphosphorylation, and loss of cholinergic neurons. The other important hallmarks of AD are oxidative stress, metal dyshomeostasis, inflammation, and cell cycle dysregulation. Multiple therapeutic targets may be proposed for the development of anti-AD drugs, and the "one drug-multiple targets" strategy is of current interest. Tacrine (THA) was the first clinically approved cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitor, which was withdrawn due to high hepatotoxicity. However, its high potency in ChE inhibition, low molecular weight, and simple structure make THA a promising scaffold for developing multi-target agents. In this review, we summarized THA-based hybrids published from 2006 to 2022, thus providing an overview of strategies that have been used in drug design and approaches that have resulted in significant cognitive improvements and reduced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bubley
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexaner Erofeev
- Department of Materials Science of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy Prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Peter Gorelkin
- Department of Materials Science of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy Prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Elena Beloglazkina
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander Majouga
- Department of Materials Science of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy Prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Olga Krasnovskaya
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Department of Materials Science of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy Prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Alqahtani AA, Aslam H, Shukrullah S, Fatima H, Naz MY, Rahman S, Mahnashi MH, Irfan M. Nanocarriers for Smart Therapeutic Strategies to Treat Drug-Resistant Tumors: A Review. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2022; 20:191-210. [DOI: 10.1089/adt.2022.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hira Aslam
- Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Shukrullah
- Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hareem Fatima
- Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yasin Naz
- Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Saifur Rahman
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mater H. Mahnashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
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Albertini C, Salerno A, Sena Murteira Pinheiro P, Bolognesi ML. From combinations to multitarget‐directed ligands: A continuum in Alzheimer's disease polypharmacology. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:2606-2633. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Albertini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Alessandra Salerno
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Pedro Sena Murteira Pinheiro
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna Bologna Italy
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Maria L. Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna Bologna Italy
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Scheiner M, Dolles D, Gunesch S, Hoffmann M, Nabissi M, Marinelli O, Naldi M, Bartolini M, Petralla S, Poeta E, Monti B, Falkeis C, Vieth M, Hübner H, Gmeiner P, Maitra R, Maurice T, Decker M. Dual-Acting Cholinesterase-Human Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Ligands Show Pronounced Neuroprotection in Vitro and Overadditive and Disease-Modifying Neuroprotective Effects in Vivo. J Med Chem 2019; 62:9078-9102. [PMID: 31609608 PMCID: PMC7640639 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We have designed and synthesized a series of 14 hybrid molecules out of the cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitor tacrine and a benzimidazole-based human cannabinoid receptor subtype 2 (hCB2R) agonist and investigated them in vitro and in vivo. The compounds are potent ChE inhibitors, and for the most promising hybrids, the mechanism of human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE) inhibition as well as their ability to interfere with AChE-induced aggregation of β-amyloid (Aβ), and Aβ self-aggregation was assessed. All hybrids were evaluated for affinity and selectivity for hCB1R and hCB2R. To ensure that the hybrids retained their agonist character, the expression of cAMP-regulated genes was quantified, and potency and efficacy were determined. Additionally, the effects of the hybrids on microglia activation and neuroprotection on HT-22 cells were investigated. The most promising in vitro hybrids showed pronounced neuroprotection in an Alzheimer's mouse model at low dosage (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.), lacking hepatotoxicity even at high dose (3 mg/kg, i.p.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Scheiner
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Dolles
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Gunesch
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Hoffmann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Massimo Nabissi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Oliviero Marinelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Marina Naldi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Manuela Bartolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sabrina Petralla
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Eleonora Poeta
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Monti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Christina Falkeis
- Pathology, Clinical Center Bayreuth, Preuschwitzer Straße 101, 95445 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Michael Vieth
- Pathology, Clinical Center Bayreuth, Preuschwitzer Straße 101, 95445 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rangan Maitra
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Tangui Maurice
- MMDN, University of Montpellier, INSERM, EPHE, UMR-S1198, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Michael Decker
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Schramm S, Gunesch S, Lang F, Saedtler M, Meinel L, Högger P, Decker M. Investigations into neuroprotectivity, stability, and water solubility of 7-O
-cinnamoylsilibinin, its hemisuccinate and dehydro derivatives. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2018; 351:e1800206. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201800206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Schramm
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Sandra Gunesch
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- Klinische Pharmazie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Marco Saedtler
- Pharmazeutische Technologie und Biopharmazie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- Pharmazeutische Technologie und Biopharmazie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Petra Högger
- Klinische Pharmazie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Michael Decker
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
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Schramm S, Huang G, Gunesch S, Lang F, Roa J, Högger P, Sabaté R, Maher P, Decker M. Regioselective synthesis of 7-O-esters of the flavonolignan silibinin and SARs lead to compounds with overadditive neuroprotective effects. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 146:93-107. [PMID: 29407994 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of neuroprotective hybrid compounds was synthesized by conjugation of the flavonolignan silibinin with natural phenolic acids, such as ferulic, cinnamic and syringic acid. Selective 7-O-esterfication without protection groups was achieved by applying the respective acyl chlorides. Sixteen compounds were obtained and SARs were established by evaluating antioxidative properties in the physicochemical FRAP assay, as well as in a cell-based neuroprotection assay using murine hippocampal HT-22 cells. Despite weak activities in the FRAP assay, esters of the α,β-unsaturated acids showed pronounced overadditive effects at low concentrations greatly exceeding the effects of equimolar mixtures of silibinin and the respective acids in the neuroprotection assay. Cinnamic and ferulic acid esters (5a and 6a) also showed overadditive effects regarding inhibition of microglial activation, PC12 cell differentiation, in vitro ischemia as well as anti-aggregating abilities against Aβ42 peptide and τ protein. Remarkably, the esters of ferulic acid with silybin A and silybin B (11a and 11b) showed a moderate but significant difference in both neuroprotection and in their anti-aggregating capacities. The results demonstrate that non-toxic natural antioxidants can be regioselectively connected as esters with medium-term stability exhibiting very pronounced overadditive effects in a portfolio of biological assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Schramm
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Guozheng Huang
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Gunesch
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- Klinische Pharmazie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Judit Roa
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical-Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Petra Högger
- Klinische Pharmazie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Raimon Sabaté
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical-Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pamela Maher
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael Decker
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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Aljuffali IA, Lin CF, Chen CH, Fang JY. The codrug approach for facilitating drug delivery and bioactivity. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 13:1311-25. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1187598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A. Aljuffali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chwan-Fwu Lin
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Han Chen
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jia-You Fang
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Huang G, Schramm S, Heilmann J, Biedermann D, Křen V, Decker M. Unconventional application of the Mitsunobu reaction: Selective flavonolignan dehydration yielding hydnocarpins. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:662-9. [PMID: 27340458 PMCID: PMC4901995 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Various Mitsunobu conditions were investigated for a series of flavonolignans (silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A, and silychristin A) to achieve either selective esterification in position C-23 or dehydration in a one-pot reaction yielding the biologically important enantiomers of hydnocarpin D, hydnocarpin and isohydnocarpin, respectively. This represents the only one-pot semi-synthetic method to access these flavonolignans in high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozheng Huang
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Simon Schramm
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Heilmann
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - David Biedermann
- Centre of Biotransformation and Biocatalysis, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague 4, CZ-14220, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Centre of Biotransformation and Biocatalysis, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague 4, CZ-14220, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Decker
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Haque S, Nawrot DA, Alakurtti S, Ghemtio L, Yli-Kauhaluoma J, Tammela P. Screening and characterisation of antimicrobial properties of semisynthetic betulin derivatives. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102696. [PMID: 25032708 PMCID: PMC4102551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Betulin (lup-20(29)-ene-3β, 28-diol) is a naturally occurring triterpene, which is found in substantial amounts from the outer bark of birch trees. A library of 51 structurally diverse semisynthetic betulin derivatives was screened against five bacterial strains, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and a fungal strain Candida albicans, using broth microdilution assays. Primary antimicrobial screening at 50 µM concentration led to the identification of five compounds showing antimicrobial properties (inhibition of growth by >70% against one or more microbial strains). According to the dose-response results, 28-O-(N-acetylanthraniloyl)betulin (compound 5) was the most active, showing MIC90 of 6.25 µM against two Gram-positive bacteria, E. faecalis and S. aureus. However, the activity of this compound was affected by albumin binding, which was demonstrated by the loss of activity in a host-pathogen co-culture assay as well as in the antibacterial assay in the presence of increased concentration of albumin. Furthermore, the effects on mammalian cells were evaluated by cytotoxicity assessment on hepatocyte cell culture after 24 h exposure to the compounds. Betulinic aldehyde (18), betulin-28-oxime (31) and hetero cycloadduct with acetoxy groups at carbon atoms 3 and 28 and ethyl substituent at the triazolo ring (43) displayed cytotoxicity towards hepatocytes, with IC50 values of 47, 25 and 16 µM, respectively. The IC50 value for 28-O-(N-acetylanthraniloyl)betulin (5) was 56 µM. The current study presents an insight into using betulin scaffold for developing derivatives with antibacterial potential, and furthermore the necessity of in-depth analysis of found actives through selectivity profiling and follow-up studies including in silico ADMET predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafiul Haque
- Centre for Drug Research (CDR), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dorota A. Nawrot
- Centre for Drug Research (CDR), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sami Alakurtti
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland
| | - Leo Ghemtio
- Centre for Drug Research (CDR), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Yli-Kauhaluoma
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Tammela
- Centre for Drug Research (CDR), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Xiao J, Tundis R. Natural products for Alzheimer's disease therapy: basic and application. J Pharm Pharmacol 2013; 65:1679-80. [PMID: 24236979 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Xiao
- Research Center of Bio-separation Engineering Technology, Anhui Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China
- Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rosa Tundis
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
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