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Possible covalent xanthine oxidase inhibitor TS10: inhibition mechanism, metabolites identification and PDPK assessment. Bioorg Chem 2022; 128:106064. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Watanabe T, Ishikawa M, Abe K, Ishikawa T, Imakiire S, Masaki K, Hosokawa K, Fukuuchi T, Kaneko K, Ohtsubo T, Hirano M, Hirano K, Tsutsui H. Increased Lung Uric Acid Deteriorates Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e022712. [PMID: 34845934 PMCID: PMC9075373 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.022712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Recent studies have demonstrated that uric acid (UA) enhances arginase activity, resulting in decreased NO in endothelial cells. However, the role of lung UA in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) remains uncertain. We hypothesized that increased lung UA level contributes to the progression of PAH. Methods and Results In cultured human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells, voltage‐driven urate transporter 1 (URATv1) gene expression was detected, and treatment with UA increased arginase activity. In perfused lung preparations of VEGF receptor blocker (SU5416)/hypoxia/normoxia‐induced PAH model rats, addition of UA induced a greater pressure response than that seen in the control and decreased lung cGMP level. UA‐induced pressor responses were abolished by benzbromarone, a UA transporter inhibitor, or L‐norvaline, an arginase inhibitor. In PAH model rats, induction of hyperuricemia by administering 2% oxonic acid significantly increased lung UA level and induced greater elevation of right ventricular systolic pressure with exacerbation of occlusive neointimal lesions in small pulmonary arteries, compared with nonhyperuricemic PAH rats. Administration of benzbromarone to hyperuricemic PAH rats significantly reduced lung UA levels without changing XOR (xanthine oxidoreductase) activity, and attenuated right ventricular systolic pressure increase and occlusive lesion development. Topiroxostat, a XOR inhibitor, significantly reduced lung XOR activity in PAH rats, with no effects on increase in right ventricular systolic pressure, arterial elastance, and occlusive lesions. XOR‐knockout had no effects on right ventricular systolic pressure increase and arteriolar muscularization in hypoxia‐exposed mice. Conclusions Increased lung UA per se deteriorated PAH, whereas XOR had little impact. The mechanism of increased lung UA may be a novel therapeutic target for PAH complicated with hyperuricemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Watanabe
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineKyushu University Graduate School of Medical SciencesFukuokaJapan
- Division of Cardiovascular MedicineResearch Institute of AngiocardiologyGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Mariko Ishikawa
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineKyushu University Graduate School of Medical SciencesFukuokaJapan
- Division of Cardiovascular MedicineResearch Institute of AngiocardiologyGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care MedicineKyushu University Graduate School of Medical SciencesFukuokaJapan
| | - Kohtaro Abe
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineKyushu University Graduate School of Medical SciencesFukuokaJapan
| | - Tomohito Ishikawa
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineKyushu University Graduate School of Medical SciencesFukuokaJapan
- Division of Cardiovascular MedicineResearch Institute of AngiocardiologyGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Satomi Imakiire
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineKyushu University Graduate School of Medical SciencesFukuokaJapan
- Division of Cardiovascular MedicineResearch Institute of AngiocardiologyGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Kohei Masaki
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineKyushu University Graduate School of Medical SciencesFukuokaJapan
- Division of Cardiovascular MedicineResearch Institute of AngiocardiologyGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Kazuya Hosokawa
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineKyushu University Graduate School of Medical SciencesFukuokaJapan
| | | | - Kiyoko Kaneko
- Faculty of Pharma‐ScienceTeikyo UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Toshio Ohtsubo
- Department of Internal MedicineJapanese Red Cross Fukuoka HospitalFukuokaJapan
| | - Mayumi Hirano
- Division of Molecular CardiologyResearch Institute of AngiocardiologyGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Department of Cardiovascular PhysiologyFaculty of MedicineKagawa UniversityMiki‐cho, Kita‐gunKagawaJapan
| | - Katsuya Hirano
- Department of Cardiovascular PhysiologyFaculty of MedicineKagawa UniversityMiki‐cho, Kita‐gunKagawaJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsutsui
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineKyushu University Graduate School of Medical SciencesFukuokaJapan
- Division of Cardiovascular MedicineResearch Institute of AngiocardiologyGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
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Arakawa H, Amezawa N, Kawakatsu Y, Tamai I. Renal Reabsorptive Transport of Uric Acid Precursor Xanthine by URAT1 and GLUT9. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 43:1792-1798. [PMID: 33132325 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b20-00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Xanthine and hypoxanthine are intermediate metabolites of uric acid and a source of reactive oxidative species (ROS) by xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), suggesting that facilitating their elimination is beneficial. Since they are reabsorbed in renal proximal tubules, we investigated their reabsorption mechanism by focusing on the renal uric acid transporters URAT1 and GLUT9, and examined the effect of clinically used URAT1 inhibitor on their renal clearance when their plasma concentration is increased by XOR inhibitor. Uptake study for [3H]xanthine and [3H]hypoxanthine was performed using URAT1- and GLUT9-expressing Xenopus oocytes. Transcellular transport study for [3H]xanthine was carried out using Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK)II cells co-expressing URAT1 and GLUT9. In in vivo pharmacokinetic study, renal clearance of xanthine was estimated based on plasma concentration and urinary recovery. Uptake by URAT1- and GLUT9-expressing oocytes demonstrated that xanthine is a substrate of URAT1 and GLUT9, while hypoxanthine is not. Transcellular transport of xanthine in MDCKII cells co-expressing URAT1 and GLUT9 was significantly higher than those in mock cells and cells expressing URAT1 or GLUT9 alone. Furthermore, dotinurad, a URAT1 inhibitor, increased renal clearance of xanthine in rats treated with topiroxostat to inhibit XOR. It was suggested that xanthine is reabsorbed in the same manner as uric acid through URAT1 and GLUT9, while hypoxanthine is not. Accordingly, it is expected that treatment with XOR and URAT1 inhibitors will effectively decrease purine pools in the body and prevent cell injury due to ROS generated during XOR-mediated reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Arakawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Natsumi Amezawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Yu Kawakatsu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Ikumi Tamai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
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Aboriginal Bacterial Flora in the Uricase-Deficient Rat Gut is Not the Main Factor Affecting Serum Uric Acid. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5587642. [PMID: 34113389 PMCID: PMC8154307 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5587642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between intestinal bacteria and hyperuricemia is a hot research topic. To better understand this relationship, uricase-deficient Sprague–Dawley rats (Kunming-DY rats) were used. The wild-type rats and Kunming-DY rats were used as controls. Kunming-DY rats were treated with ampicillin (90 mg/kg) and ciprofloxacin (150 mg/kg) for 5 days. Bacterial 16S rDNA in the fresh stool was sequenced, and the abundance was calculated. The rats' serum uric acid (SUA) level was assayed, and the rats' intake and output in 24 h were recorded. The bacterial diversity in three groups' fresh stool was analyzed. The gut bacterial diversity and abundance changed in the Kunming-DY rats. More than 99% of bacteria were inhibited or killed by the combination of antibiotics. In contrast to each of the antibiotics alone, the combination of antibiotics lowered the Kunming-DY rats' SUA level; it also caused mild diarrhea, which increased uric acid excretion through stool. These results suggested that the aboriginal gut bacteria in uricase-deficient rats play a minor role in determining the SUA levels. It is too early to conclude that aboriginal gut bacteria are a tempting target for lowering SUA levels.
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Dong Y, Zhao T, Ai W, Zalloum WA, Kang D, Wu T, Liu X, Zhan P. Novel urate transporter 1 (URAT1) inhibitors: a review of recent patent literature (2016-2019). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2019; 29:871-879. [PMID: 31593642 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2019.1676727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Human urate transporter 1 (URAT1), which is an influx transporter protein, is located at the apical surface of renal tubular cells and presumed to be the major transporter responsible for the reabsorption of urate from blood. About 90% of patients develop hyperuricemia due to insufficient urate excretion; thus, it is important to develop URAT1 inhibitors that could enhance renal urate excretion by blocking the reabsorption of urate anion. Areas covered: In this review, the authors addressed the patent applications (2016-2019) about URAT1 inhibitors and some medicinal chemistry strategies employed in these patents. Expert opinion: Substituent decorating, bioisosterism, and scaffold hopping are three common medicinal chemistry strategies used in the discovery of URAT1 inhibitors. Meanwhile, the introduction of sulfonyl group into small molecules has become one of the important strategies for structural optimization of URAT1 inhibitors. Furthermore, developing drug candidates targeting both URAT1 and xanthine oxidase (XOD) has attracted lots of interest and attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Dong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong , PR China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong , PR China
| | - Wei Ai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong , PR China
| | - Waleed A Zalloum
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Science, American University of Madaba , Amman , Jordan
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong , PR China
| | - Ting Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong , PR China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong , PR China
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Taniguchi T, Ashizawa N, Matsumoto K, Saito R, Motoki K, Sakai M, Chikamatsu N, Hagihara C, Hashiba M, Iwanaga T. Pharmacological Evaluation of Dotinurad, a Selective Urate Reabsorption Inhibitor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 371:162-170. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.259341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Arakawa H, Amezawa N, Katsuyama T, Nakanishi T, Tamai I. Uric acid analogue as a possible xenobiotic marker of uric acid transporter Urat1 in rats. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2019; 34:155-158. [PMID: 30826184 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitor of uric acid reabsorptive transporter URAT1 in kidney is drawing attention as a drug target for hyperuricemia. However, it is difficult to evaluate efficacy of URAT1 inhibitors in vivo using laboratory animals due to species difference in uric acid metabolism. In the present study, the usefulness of exogenously administering uric acid analogues resistant to uricase was investigated for in vivo evaluation of transport activity of rUrat1 in rats. Uptake of examined four uric acid analogues by rUrat1-expressing Xenopus oocytes was significantly higher than that by water-injected oocytes. In metabolism studies, disappearance of these compounds was negligible, while uric acid was significantly decreased. When oxypurinol was administered to rats, fractional excretion (FE) was 0.4, suggesting reabsorption of oxypurinol. Moreover, FE of oxypurinol was tended to be increased, but not statistically different, by co-administration of a uricosuric agent FYU-981, while plasma concentration of oxypurinol was not affected. These results suggested that oxypurinol is a potential uric acid analogue, although it was not suitable as a probe of uric acid in in vivo study. Our findings may contribute to discovery and development of novel uricosuric agent targeting URAT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Arakawa
- Department of Membrane Transport and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Natsumi Amezawa
- Department of Membrane Transport and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tomomichi Katsuyama
- Department of Membrane Transport and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takeo Nakanishi
- Department of Membrane Transport and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ikumi Tamai
- Department of Membrane Transport and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION There has been a resurgence in gout therapeutics in the last decade, not only for the management of gout flares, but also for the treatment of hyperuricemia. This editorial summarizes new, emerging therapies for people with gout. Areas covered: We review several new therapies for gout, including those that are focused on lowering serum urate (levotofisopam, ulodesine, verinurad, merbarone, KUX-1151, UR-1102, FYU-981, SEL-212), or treating gout flares (canakinumab, bucillamine) or both (arhalofenate, diacerein). Expert opinion: Among therapies with both urate lowering and anti-inflammatory action, arhalofenate seems promising, but more data are needed. Examining therapies aimed at treating gout flares [anti-inflammatory action], bucillamine has some potential, but more data and Phase III studies are needed, to better understand its efficacy and safety. Among the urate-lowering therapies (ULTs), verinurad seems to be the most promising, while levotofisopam and ulodesine require more data. A uricase-replacement therapy with improved immune reaction (SLE-212) is in a Phase II trial. A number of ULTs including KUX-1151, UR-1102 and FYU-981 are in early development and more will be known once initial data and studies are published.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Stamp
- a Department of Medicine , University of Otago , Christchurch , New Zealand
| | - Tony R Merriman
- b Department of Biochemistry , University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Jasvinder A Singh
- c Medicine Service , VA Medical Center , Birmingham , AL , USA.,d Department of Medicine at the School of Medicine , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL.,e Division of Epidemiology at the School of Public Health , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , USA
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Benn CL, Dua P, Gurrell R, Loudon P, Pike A, Storer RI, Vangjeli C. Physiology of Hyperuricemia and Urate-Lowering Treatments. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:160. [PMID: 29904633 PMCID: PMC5990632 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gout is the most common form of inflammatory arthritis and is a multifactorial disease typically characterized by hyperuricemia and monosodium urate crystal deposition predominantly in, but not limited to, the joints and the urinary tract. The prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia has increased in developed countries over the past two decades and research into the area has become progressively more active. We review the current field of knowledge with emphasis on active areas of hyperuricemia research including the underlying physiology, genetics and epidemiology, with a focus on studies which suggest association of hyperuricemia with common comorbidities including cardiovascular disease, renal insufficiency, metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Finally, we discuss current therapies and emerging drug discovery efforts aimed at delivering an optimized clinical treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pinky Dua
- Pfizer Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Andrew Pike
- DMPK, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - R Ian Storer
- IMED Biotech Unit, Medicinal Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Li Q, Kang X, Shi C, Li Y, Majumder K, Ning Z, Ren J. Moderation of hyperuricemia in rats via consuming walnut protein hydrolysate diet and identification of new antihyperuricemic peptides. Food Funct 2018; 9:107-116. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01174a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Walnut-derived antihyperuricemic peptides were purified and identified based on decreasing serum uric acid level and inhibiting xanthine oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyong Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Xiaoyan Kang
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Chuanchao Shi
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Yujuan Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Kaustav Majumder
- Food Science & Technology Department
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln
- USA
| | - Zhengxiang Ning
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Jiaoyan Ren
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
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Li Y, Zhou Y, Han W, Shi M, Zhao H, Liu Y, Zhang F, Zhang J. Novel lipidic and bienzymatic nanosomes for efficient delivery and enhanced bioactivity of catalase. Int J Pharm 2017; 532:157-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Enhancement of pharmacological effects of uricosuric agents by concomitant treatment with pyrazinamide in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2016; 390:253-260. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-016-1324-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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