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Alkyl Glycerol Ethers as Adaptogens. Mar Drugs 2022; 21:md21010004. [PMID: 36662177 PMCID: PMC9862039 DOI: 10.3390/md21010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Τhis mini-review summarizes the hematopoietic and immunostimulating properties of alkyl glycerol ethers (AGs) reported earlier in the literature available to us. The role of AGs in the nervous system and aging of the body are also briefly described. We made an attempt to consider the data in terms of adaptation. The hematopoietic, immunostimulating and antioxidant properties of AGs in a variety of experimental situations, including stress, as well as the protective action of AGs against some adaptation diseases, allow us to consider them as substances that prevent some negative effects of stress and promote adaptation. The new approach to AGs as adaptogens seems promising and opens good opportunities for their new application.
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Xi QY, Jiang Y, Zhao S, Zeng B, Wang F, Wang LN, Jiang QY, Zhang YL. Effect of ginseng polysaccharides on the immunity and growth of piglets by dietary supplementation during late pregnancy and lactating sows. Anim Sci J 2016; 88:863-872. [PMID: 27758021 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There are many reports that dietary supplementation with plant polysaccharides in pigs might promote their growth, but little is known about the maternal effect of ginseng polysaccharides (GPS) on piglets' growth by dietary supplementation to pregnant and lactating sows. In the current study, the effects of dietary supplementation with GPS on the immunity of sows and growth of their piglets were investigated. Results showed no significant difference among the four groups in the total number of piglets, live piglets, weak piglets and birth weight of piglets, indicating the GPS-treatment has no adverse effect on reproduction. Furthermore, the weaning weight of the GPS-treated groups was higher than that of control group (P < 0.05); among them, the addition of 200 mg/kg dose has the best effect. Interestingly, GPS increased the total immunoglobulin G concentration in milk and serum of sows (P < 0.05). The concentrations of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon-γ in milk and serum of sows were also increased in the experimental groups relative to the control (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, maternal supplementation of GPS significantly increased IL-2 and TNF-α concentration in the piglets' serum of the experimental groups relative to control (P < 0.05). GPS (200 mg/kg) significantly increased the glutathione peroxidase activity in milk and serum (P < 0.05), while the concentrations of malondialdehyde were significantly reduced (P < 0.05). The present results indicated that GPS supplementation during late pregnancy and lactation improved immunity-related bio-molecular levels in sow serum and milk, which may be further beneficial to piglet health and growth through biological transmission effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Yun Xi
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, SCAU-Alltech Research Joint Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, SCAU-Alltech Research Joint Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, SCAU-Alltech Research Joint Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, SCAU-Alltech Research Joint Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, SCAU-Alltech Research Joint Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Na Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, SCAU-Alltech Research Joint Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Yan Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, SCAU-Alltech Research Joint Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Liang Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, SCAU-Alltech Research Joint Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Xie C, Guo X, Long C, Fan Z, Xiao D, Ruan Z, Deng ZY, Wu X, Yin Y. Supplementation of the sow diet with chitosan oligosaccharide during late gestation and lactation affects hepatic gluconeogenesis of suckling piglets. Anim Reprod Sci 2015; 159:109-17. [PMID: 26070910 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) has a blood glucose lowering effect in diabetic rats and is widely used as a dietary supplement. However, the effect of COS on the offspring of supplemented mothers is unknown. This experiment investigates the effect of supplementing sows during gestation and lactation on the levels of plasma glucose on suckling piglets. From day 85 of gestation to day 14 of lactation, 40 pregnant sows were divided into two treatment groups and fed either a control diet or a control diet containing 30mgCOS/kg. One 14 day old piglet per pen was selected to collect plasma and tissue (8pens/diet). Performance, hepatic gluconeogenesis genes and proteins expression, amino acids contents in sow milk, hepatic glycogen and free fatty acid were determined. Results showed that supplementation of the maternal diet with COS improved daily gain and weaning weight (P<0.05), and the concentration of amino acids in sow milk (P<0.05). Meanwhile, maternal supplementation with COS increased (P<0.05) mRNA expression levels and activities of PEPCK-C, PEPCK-M and G6Pase in the liver of piglets compared with piglets from control fed sows. Correspondingly, the level of plasma glucose was higher (P<0.001) and hepatic glycogen was lower (P<0.05) in piglets from COS fed sows when compared with that in the control group. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of the diet with COS during late gestation and lactation reduced piglet hypoglycemia by stimulating hepatic gluconeogenesis and improved the growth rate of suckling piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Xie
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10008, China
| | - Xiaoyun Guo
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology and College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Cimin Long
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zhiyong Fan
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Dingfu Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zheng Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology and College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Ze-yuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology and College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology and College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China.
| | - Yulong Yin
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology and College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China; School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 41008, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10008, China.
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Tummaruk P, Sumransap P, Jiebna N. Fat and whey supplementation influence milk composition, backfat loss, and reproductive performance in lactating sows. Trop Anim Health Prod 2014; 46:753-8. [PMID: 24574086 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-014-0559-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of microencapsulated fat (FAT) and whey protein (WHEY) supplementation on the milk composition, backfat loss, and reproductive performance in lactating sows. A total of 144 sows were divided according to their backfat thickness at farrowing into three groups, i.e., low (12.0-16.5 mm, n = 33), moderate (17.0-21.5 mm, n = 78), and high (22.0-24.5 mm, n = 33). The lactation diet was divided into three types, i.e., a control diet (CONTROL, n = 50), a diet supplemented with FAT (n = 48), and a diet supplemented with WHEY (n = 50). Pooled milk samples were collected at the second and third week of lactation. On average, the sows lost backfat 23.5 % during lactation. The backfat loss during lactation was 24.5, 22.7, and 22.8 % in sows fed with CONTROL, FAT, and WHEY diets, respectively (P > 0.05). Supplementation of FAT increased the percentage of fat in the sow's milk compared to the CONTROL (9.1 and 8.4 %, P = 0.022). For sows with low backfat, FAT and WHEY supplementation increased the average daily gain of piglets compared to the CONTROL (244, 236, and 205 g/days, respectively, P < 0.05). For sows with high backfat, the sows receiving the CONTROL diet had a higher total piglet mortality than those that received FAT or WHEY (28.1, 14.1, and 13.0 %, respectively, P < 0.05). It could be concluded that supplementation of FAT in the diet of sow during lactation significantly enhanced the fat content in the sow's milk, improved the piglet's daily weight gain, and reduced piglet mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padet Tummaruk
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand,
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