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Dosi MCM, Riggs CM, May J, Lee A, Cillan-Garcia E, Pagan J, McGorum BC. Thoroughbred Racehorses in Hong Kong Require Vitamin D Supplementation to Mitigate the Risk of Low Vitamin D Status. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2145. [PMID: 37443942 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a paucity of data relating to the vitamin D status of racehorses. We hypothesised that the management of racehorses in Hong Kong (HK) predisposes to low vitamin D status unless they receive dietary supplementation. Serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 (25OHD2), 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) and total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (total 25OHD) for 79 non-grazing HK racehorses were compared with those for 22 racehorses training in the United Kingdom (UK) that grazed for ≥1 h/d, and for which published data exists. A nested group of 41 HK horses was sampled twice to determine the effect of the duration in HK on vitamin D status. The HK horses had significantly lower serum concentrations of total 25OHD and 25OHD2 than the UK horses; 25OHD2 was undetectable in 15/79 HK sera and serum concentrations of 25OHD2 declined with the duration in HK. The main determinants of vitamin D status were assessed using linear regression; the retained variables were the 25OHD3 concentration and the duration in HK. The inverse relationship between the serum concentrations of 25OHD2 and 25OHD3, previously identified in humans, was observed for the first time in horses. In conclusion, HK racehorses have low serum 25OHD2 and total 25OHD concentrations and rely on D3 supplementation to maintain adequate vitamin D status. Further study is required to determine the optimal form of dietary vitamin D supplementation for Thoroughbred racehorses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda C M Dosi
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Chris M Riggs
- The Hong Kong Jockey Club Equine Welfare Research Foundation, Sha Tin Racecourse, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jessica May
- The Hong Kong Jockey Club Equine Welfare Research Foundation, Sha Tin Racecourse, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Adele Lee
- The Hong Kong Jockey Club Equine Welfare Research Foundation, Sha Tin Racecourse, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Eugenio Cillan-Garcia
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Joe Pagan
- Kentucky Equine Research, Versailles, KY 40383, USA
| | - Bruce C McGorum
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK
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2
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Azarpeykan S, Gee EK, Thompson KG, Dittmer KE. Undetectable vitamin D 3 in equine skin irradiated with ultraviolet light. J Equine Sci 2022; 33:45-49. [PMID: 36196139 PMCID: PMC9522623 DOI: 10.1294/jes.33.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D requirements for most animals are expected to be fulfilled through daily
exposure of the skin to solar ultraviolet B radiation. The synthesis of vitamin
D3 in skin depends on different factors including melanin pigmentation, the
amount of UVB radiation reaching the skin, type of clothing/hair coat, latitude and
altitude, season, and time of day. Alternatively vitamin D2 may be obtained
from UVB irradiated pasture species. Recent studies have shown that in unsupplemented
grazing horses 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 is the predominant form of vitamin D in
plasma, and that 25OHD3 is undetectable suggesting horses may rely on diet to
obtain vitamin D. In order to mimic the natural environment of skin to sunlight exposure,
five equine and two ovine devitalized skin samples were irradiated with 5 J/cm2
of UVB light followed by measurement of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) and vitamin
D3 concentrations using reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography
(HPLC). HPLC revealed the presence of 7-DHC in the skin of both horses and sheep. Vitamin
D3 was undetectable in both ovine and equine skin prior to irradiation, but
after irradiation with UVB light, ovine skin showed an increase in vitamin D3
concentration (mean 0.16 ± 0.07 µg/g), whereas vitamin D3 was undetectable in
equine skin. These results provide additional evidence that horses make negligible
quantities of vitamin D3 in their skin after exposure to UVB light and may
therefore rely on their diet as a primary source of vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Azarpeykan
- School of Veterinary Science, Tennent Drive, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Erica K Gee
- School of Veterinary Science, Tennent Drive, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Keith G Thompson
- School of Veterinary Science, Tennent Drive, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Keren E Dittmer
- School of Veterinary Science, Tennent Drive, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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Dosi MCMC, McGorum BC, Kirton RD, Cillán‐García E, Mellanby RJ, Keen JA, Hurst EA, Morgan RA. The effect of season, management and endocrinopathies on vitamin D status in horses. Equine Vet J 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.13873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miranda C. M. C. Dosi
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh, Roslin Midlothian UK
| | - Bruce C. McGorum
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh, Roslin Midlothian UK
| | | | - Eugenio Cillán‐García
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh, Roslin Midlothian UK
| | - Richard J. Mellanby
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh, Roslin Midlothian UK
- The Roslin Institute University of Edinburgh Roslin Midlothian UK
| | - John A. Keen
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh, Roslin Midlothian UK
| | - Emma A. Hurst
- The Roslin Institute University of Edinburgh Roslin Midlothian UK
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Ruth A. Morgan
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh, Roslin Midlothian UK
- Queen’s Medical Research Institute The University of Edinburgh, Little France Crescent Edinburgh UK
- Scotland’s Rural College Edinburgh UK
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Hurst EA, Homer NZ, Mellanby RJ. Vitamin D Metabolism and Profiling in Veterinary Species. Metabolites 2020; 10:E371. [PMID: 32942601 PMCID: PMC7569877 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10090371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for vitamin D analysis in veterinary species is increasing with the growing knowledge of the extra-skeletal role vitamin D plays in health and disease. The circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin-D (25(OH)D) metabolite is used to assess vitamin D status, and the benefits of analysing other metabolites in the complex vitamin D pathway are being discovered in humans. Profiling of the vitamin D pathway by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) facilitates simultaneous analysis of multiple metabolites in a single sample and over wide dynamic ranges, and this method is now considered the gold-standard for quantifying vitamin D metabolites. However, very few studies report using LC-MS/MS for the analysis of vitamin D metabolites in veterinary species. Given the complexity of the vitamin D pathway and the similarities in the roles of vitamin D in health and disease between humans and companion animals, there is a clear need to establish a comprehensive, reliable method for veterinary analysis that is comparable to that used in human clinical practice. In this review, we highlight the differences in vitamin D metabolism between veterinary species and the benefits of measuring vitamin D metabolites beyond 25(OH)D. Finally, we discuss the analytical challenges in profiling vitamin D in veterinary species with a focus on LC-MS/MS methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma A. Hurst
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh, Scotland EH25 9RG, UK;
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 4TJ, UK;
| | - Natalie Z. Homer
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 4TJ, UK;
| | - Richard J. Mellanby
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh, Scotland EH25 9RG, UK;
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Contreras-Aguilar MD, Lamy E, Escribano D, Cerón JJ, Tecles F, Quiles AJ, Hevia ML. Changes in Salivary Analytes of Horses Due to Circadian Rhythm and Season: A Pilot Study. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091486. [PMID: 32846911 PMCID: PMC7552333 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The use of salivary biomarkers is gaining interest in the veterinary field, since saliva is usually easy to obtain and its collection from animals causes less stress than blood sampling. However, our knowledge of the possible factors related to daily and seasonal variations in salivary biomarkers is still in its infancy. In our study, the possible circadian or circannual variations in a panel of salivary biomarkers in horse saliva were evaluated. The results showed that daily and/or seasonal variations can be observed in cortisol, salivary alpha-amylase, total esterase, butyrylcholinesterase, adenosine deaminase, and creatine kinase. Therefore, these factors should be considered for the interpretation of these analytes when measured in horse saliva. Abstract This study aims to evaluate the circadian and circannual variations in a panel of analytes in horse saliva that have been previously described as biomarkers related to stress and disease, in order to interpret them correctly when they are measured in this species. This panel of analytes integrated cortisol, salivary alpha-amylase (sAA), lipase (Lip), total esterase (TEA), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), adenosine deaminase (ADA), γ-glutamyl transferase (gGT), creatine kinase (CK), urea, total bilirubin, total protein (TP), and phosphorus. These analytes were measured in saliva obtained from a population of five clinically healthy mares from 06:30 to 20:30, every 2 h over two consecutive days in two different photoperiod seasons, winter and spring. The temperature and relative humidity did not change between the two consecutive days sampled in each sampled season, and no thermal discomfort was observed. Changes throughout the course of the day were observed for cortisol, sAA, TEA, BChE, ADA, and CK. However, a circadian pattern was only observed for cortisol, TEA, BChE, ADA, and CK. Moreover, the values obtained for sAA, Lip, and BChE were significantly different between seasons, with different daily rhythms for cortisol, TEA, BChE, and ADA depending on the season. In conclusion, this pilot study indicates that the time of the day and the season influence salivary analytes in horses, showing a rhythmic pattern for cortisol, TEA, BChE, ADA, and CK. These factors should thus be taken into consideration for the interpretation of analytes in horse saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- María D. Contreras-Aguilar
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.D.C.-A.); (D.E.); (J.J.C.); (F.T.)
| | - Elsa Lamy
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, University of Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, Apartado 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Damián Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.D.C.-A.); (D.E.); (J.J.C.); (F.T.)
- Department of Animal Production, Veterinary School, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.J.Q.); (M.L.H.)
| | - Jose J. Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.D.C.-A.); (D.E.); (J.J.C.); (F.T.)
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.D.C.-A.); (D.E.); (J.J.C.); (F.T.)
| | - Alberto J. Quiles
- Department of Animal Production, Veterinary School, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.J.Q.); (M.L.H.)
| | - María L. Hevia
- Department of Animal Production, Veterinary School, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.J.Q.); (M.L.H.)
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Freeman KP, Baral RM, Dhand NK, Nielsen SS, Jensen AL. Recommendations for designing and conducting veterinary clinical pathology biologic variation studies. Vet Clin Pathol 2017; 46:211-220. [PMID: 28370056 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Navneet K. Dhand
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Søren Saxmose Nielsen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Asger L. Jensen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg C Denmark
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Wilkens M, Marholt L, Eigendorf N, Muscher-Banse A, Feige K, Schröder B, Breves G, Cehak A. Trans- and paracellular calcium transport along the small and large intestine in horses. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 204:157-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Mendoza FJ, Toribio RE, Perez-Ecija A. Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in equids: Overview and new insights. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. J. Mendoza
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery; University of Cordoba; Spain
| | - R. E. Toribio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; The Ohio State University; Columbus USA
| | - A. Perez-Ecija
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery; University of Cordoba; Spain
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9
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Azarpeykan S, Dittmer KE, Marshall JC, Perera KC, Gee EK, Acke E, Thompson KG. Evaluation and Comparison of Vitamin D Responsive Gene Expression in Ovine, Canine and Equine Kidney. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162598. [PMID: 27632366 PMCID: PMC5025205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the relative abundance and relationship of vitamin D responsive and calcium transporting transcripts (TRPV5, TRPV6, calD9k, calD28k, PMCA, NCX1, CYP27B1, CYP24A1, and VDR) in ovine, canine and, equine kidney using quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), and then perform a comparison between the three species. Renal tissue samples were harvested post-mortem from 10 horses, 10 sheep, and five dogs. Primers were designed for each gene. For each sample total RNA was extracted, cDNA synthesised, and RT-qPCR was performed. RT-qPCR data were normalised and statistical comparison was performed. Due to their consistent correlation with each other in each species, TRPV6, calD9k/calD28k, and PMCA appeared to be the main pathways involved in active transepithelial calcium transport in the kidney of sheep, dogs and horses. The results indicate that all of the studied genes were expressed in the renal tissue of studied species, although the expression levels and correlation of transcripts with each other were different from species to species. All vitamin D responsive and calcium transporting transcripts were highly correlated with VDR in equine kidney, but not in sheep and dogs. The CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 mRNAs showed a different renal expression pattern and correlation in horses compared with sheep and dogs. Given the high urinary calcium concentration and low serum 1,25(OH)2D concentration in horses, it could be expected that CYP27B1 expression would be lower than CYP24A1 in the horse, and this did not appear to be the case. The findings suggest that despite low serum vitamin D concentrations, vitamin D still plays a significant role in calcium metabolism in horses, especially given the strong correlations between VDR and vitamin D responsive transcripts in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Azarpeykan
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Science (IVABS), Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| | - Keren E. Dittmer
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Science (IVABS), Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan C. Marshall
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences (IFS), Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Kalyani C. Perera
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Science (IVABS), Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Erica K. Gee
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Science (IVABS), Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Els Acke
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Science (IVABS), Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Keith G. Thompson
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Science (IVABS), Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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