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1
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Castrica M, Menchetti L, Agradi S, Curone G, Vigo D, Pastorelli G, Pallaoro M, Di Giancamillo A, Modina SC, Riva F, Serra V, Andoni E, Brecchia G, Balzaretti CM, Miraglia D. Meat quality and sensory traits in rabbits fed with two different percentages of bovine colostrum. Meat Sci 2024; 213:109512. [PMID: 38636339 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2024.109512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The nutritional, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties of bovine colostrum (BC) have encouraged its use in animal nutrition as a functional food in recent years. Nonetheless, the potential implications of BC supplementation on meat quality remain to be thoroughly assessed. To address this, thirty-nine New Zealand White rabbits (n = 13/group) were fed different dietary regimens until slaughter.: commercial standard diet for the control group (C) and C with 2.5% and 5% w/w of BC for BC-2.5 and BC-5 groups, respectively. Rabbits were slaughtered at 91 days of age and meat quality, and sensory characteristics were evaluated at days 2 (48 h after slaughter), 5, and 10 of refrigerated storage at 4 °C. The addition of colostrum in the diet resulted in a reduction of the total viable count, albeit only at the highest concentration and at the final detection, whereas for Lactobacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp., there was little or no effect. The colour coordinates showed no differences between the groups, but they varied over time according to diet. Some differences between groups emerged in the definition of sensory attributes but did not affect the overall liking and overall scores of individual descriptors. These results indicate that the use of colostrum in rabbit feeding does not significantly impart meat quality and sensory attributes, but the potential of this valuable by-product for the food industry needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Castrica
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
| | - Laura Menchetti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Stella Agradi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Giulio Curone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Daniele Vigo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Grazia Pastorelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Margherita Pallaoro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Alessia Di Giancamillo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Clotilde Modina
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Federica Riva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Valentina Serra
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Egon Andoni
- Veterinary Faculty of Tirana, Department of Public Health, Agricultural University of Tirana, Rr Pajsi Vodica, Koder-Kamez, 1029 Tirana, Albania
| | - Gabriele Brecchia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Claudia Maria Balzaretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Dino Miraglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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2
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Aidos L, Pallaoro M, Mirra G, Serra V, Castrica M, Agradi S, Curone G, Vigo D, Riva F, Balzaretti CM, De Bellis R, Pastorelli G, Brecchia G, Modina SC, Di Giancamillo A. Intestine Health and Barrier Function in Fattening Rabbits Fed Bovine Colostrum. Vet Sci 2023; 10:657. [PMID: 37999480 PMCID: PMC10675739 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10110657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The permeability of the immature intestine is higher in newborns than in adults; a damaged gut barrier in young animals increases the susceptibility to digestive and infectious diseases later in life. It is therefore of major importance to avoid impairment of the intestinal barrier, specifically in a delicate phase of development, such as weaning. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of bovine colostrum supplementation on the intestinal barrier, such as the intestinal morphology and proliferation level and tight junctions expression (zonulin) and enteric nervous system (ENS) inflammation status (through the expression of PGP9.5 and GFAP) in fattening rabbits. Rabbits of 35 days of age were randomly divided into three groups (n = 13) based on the dietary administration: commercial feed (control group, CTR) and commercial feed supplemented with 2.5% and 5% bovine colostrum (BC1 and BC2 groups, respectively). Rabbits receiving the BC1 diet showed a tendency to have better duodenum morphology and higher proliferation rates (p < 0.001) than the control group. An evaluation of the zonulin expression showed that it was higher in the BC2 group, suggesting increased permeability, which was partially confirmed by the expression of GFAP. Our results suggest that adding 2.5% BC into the diet could be a good compromise between intestinal morphology and permeability, since rabbits fed the highest inclusion level of BC showed signs of higher intestinal permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Aidos
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (V.S.); (S.A.); (G.C.); (D.V.); (F.R.); (C.M.B.); (G.P.); (G.B.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Margherita Pallaoro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (V.S.); (S.A.); (G.C.); (D.V.); (F.R.); (C.M.B.); (G.P.); (G.B.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Giorgio Mirra
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (V.S.); (S.A.); (G.C.); (D.V.); (F.R.); (C.M.B.); (G.P.); (G.B.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Valentina Serra
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (V.S.); (S.A.); (G.C.); (D.V.); (F.R.); (C.M.B.); (G.P.); (G.B.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Marta Castrica
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione—BCA, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy;
| | - Stella Agradi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (V.S.); (S.A.); (G.C.); (D.V.); (F.R.); (C.M.B.); (G.P.); (G.B.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Giulio Curone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (V.S.); (S.A.); (G.C.); (D.V.); (F.R.); (C.M.B.); (G.P.); (G.B.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Daniele Vigo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (V.S.); (S.A.); (G.C.); (D.V.); (F.R.); (C.M.B.); (G.P.); (G.B.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Federica Riva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (V.S.); (S.A.); (G.C.); (D.V.); (F.R.); (C.M.B.); (G.P.); (G.B.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Claudia Maria Balzaretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (V.S.); (S.A.); (G.C.); (D.V.); (F.R.); (C.M.B.); (G.P.); (G.B.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Roberta De Bellis
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Via A. Saffi 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy;
| | - Grazia Pastorelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (V.S.); (S.A.); (G.C.); (D.V.); (F.R.); (C.M.B.); (G.P.); (G.B.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Gabriele Brecchia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (V.S.); (S.A.); (G.C.); (D.V.); (F.R.); (C.M.B.); (G.P.); (G.B.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Silvia Clotilde Modina
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (V.S.); (S.A.); (G.C.); (D.V.); (F.R.); (C.M.B.); (G.P.); (G.B.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Alessia Di Giancamillo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy
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3
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Sockett D, Breuer RM, Smith LW, Keuler NS, Earleywine T. Investigation of brix refractometry for estimating bovine colostrum immunoglobulin G concentration. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1240227. [PMID: 37818390 PMCID: PMC10560986 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1240227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Many dairy operations uses a Brix refractometer to assess the quality of first-milking colostrum. This study investigated whether a digital Brix refractometer could be used in a model to predict colostrum IgG concentration and whether more than one %Brix threshold could be used for different colostrum IgG concentrations. Colostrum from 182 animals was tested using a digital Brix refractometer and by single radial immunodiffusion. Statistical analysis, using simple linear regression to relate %Brix results with corresponding colostral IgG concentration, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis were used to identify %Brix cutoffs that had no false positive results. Colostral IgG concentrations from digital Brix refractometry had a R2 value of 0.818 and a S-value of 21.7 g/L. The large S-value shows that a digital Brix refractometer should not be used in a model to predict colostrum IgG concentration. However, %Brix scores of 19.0, 22.0, 25.0 and 30.0 percent can be used to estimate minimum colostral IgG concentrations of 25, 50, 75 and 100 g/L. These four cutoffs can be used to strategically feed smaller volumes of colostrum to newborn calves. Smaller volumes may reduce unwanted side effects and shorten the time interval in which calves refuse to nurse, while still delivering an adequate mass of IgG to have successful transfer of passive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Sockett
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ryan M. Breuer
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Lindsey W. Smith
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Nicholas S. Keuler
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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Agradi S, Cremonesi P, Menchetti L, Balzaretti C, Severgnini M, Riva F, Castiglioni B, Draghi S, Di Giancamillo A, Castrica M, Vigo D, Modina SC, Serra V, Quattrone A, Angelucci E, Pastorelli G, Curone G, Brecchia G. Bovine Colostrum Supplementation Modulates the Intestinal Microbial Community in Rabbits. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13060976. [PMID: 36978517 PMCID: PMC10044174 DOI: 10.3390/ani13060976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BC is a nutraceutical that can modulate intestinal microbiota. This study investigates the effects of BC diet supplementation on luminal and mucosa-associated microbiota in the jejunum, caecum, and colon of rabbits. Twenty-one New Zealand White female rabbits were divided into three experimental groups (n = 7) receiving a commercial feed (CTRL group) and the same diet supplemented with 2.5% and 5% BC (2.5% BC and 5% BC groups, respectively), from 35 (weaning) to 90 days of age (slaughtering). At slaughter, the digestive tract was removed from each animal, then both content and mucosa-associated microbiota of jejunum, caecum, and colon were collected and analysed by Next Generation 16SrRNA Gene Sequencing. Significant differences were found in the microbial composition of the three groups (i.e., beta-diversity: p < 0.01), especially in the caecum and colon of the 2.5% BC group. The relative abundance analysis showed that the families most affected by the BC administration were Clostridia UCG-014, Barnesiellaceae, and Eggerthellaceae. A trend was also found for Lachnospiraceae, Akkermansiaceae, and Bacteroidaceae. A functional prediction has revealed several altered pathways in BC groups, with particular reference to amino acids and lactose metabolism. Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio decreased in caecum luminal samples of the 2.5% BC group. These findings suggest that BC supplementation could positively affect the intestinal microbiota. However, further research is needed to establish the optimal administration dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Agradi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Paola Cremonesi
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), National Research Council (CNR), U.O.S. di Lodi, Via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Laura Menchetti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica, Italy
| | - Claudia Balzaretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Marco Severgnini
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies (ITB), National Research Councili (CNR), Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20054 Segrate, Italy
| | - Federica Riva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Bianca Castiglioni
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), National Research Council (CNR), U.O.S. di Lodi, Via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Susanna Draghi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Alessia Di Giancamillo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Castrica
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Daniele Vigo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Silvia Clotilde Modina
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Valentina Serra
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Alda Quattrone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Elisa Angelucci
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Grazia Pastorelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Giulio Curone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Gabriele Brecchia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
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5
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Castrica M, Menchetti L, Agradi S, Curone G, Vigo D, Pastorelli G, Di Giancamillo A, Modina SC, Riva F, Serra V, Miraglia D, Andoni E, Brecchia G, Balzaretti CM. Effect of Bovine Colostrum Dietary Supplementation on Rabbit Meat Quality. Foods 2022; 11:foods11213433. [PMID: 36360047 PMCID: PMC9656194 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine colostrum (BC) is rich in nutrients, antimicrobial, and antioxidant factors; for these reasons, it has been used as supplement in animal nutrition. However, its possible effects on meat quality have not been studied yet. Thirty-nine New Zealand White rabbits (n = 13/group) were assigned to three groups and fed until slaughter with a commercial standard diet, control group (C), and C supplemented with 2.5% and 5% (w/w) of BC (BC-2.5 and BC-5 groups, respectively). After slaughtering, the effect of dietary supplementation on microbiological and chemical characteristics of the rabbit loins was evaluated at 48 h postmortem (D0) and after 3 (D3) and 8 (D8) days of refrigerated storage. Results showed no difference in the microbiological parameters. In the supplemented groups, TBARS and TVBN values were lower and higher than in the C group, respectively (p < 0.01), and their fatty-acid profile was increased in SFA and decreased in MUFA (p < 0.05). In conclusion, research must continue to examine in depth the possible effects of BC byproduct reuse in animal nutrition on meat quality (e.g., antioxidant power, and physical and sensory characteristics).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Castrica
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Laura Menchetti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Stella Agradi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (D.M.)
| | - Giulio Curone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Daniele Vigo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Grazia Pastorelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Alessia Di Giancamillo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Clotilde Modina
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Federica Riva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Valentina Serra
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Dino Miraglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (D.M.)
| | - Egon Andoni
- Veterinary Faculty of Tirana, Department of Public Health, Agricultural University of Tirana, Rr Pajsi Vodica, Koder-Kamez, 1029 Tirana, Albania
| | - Gabriele Brecchia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Claudia Maria Balzaretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
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Abdelmeguid NE, Khalil MI, Badr NS, Alkhuriji AF, El-Gerbed MS, Sultan AS. Ameliorative effects of colostrum against DMBA hepatotoxicity in rats. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:2254-2266. [PMID: 33911940 PMCID: PMC8071819 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colostrum, the sole diet for newborns, is an emerging nutraceutical. To date, the chemopreventive effect of Bovine Colostrum against liver injury induced by the potent carcinogen, 7,12-dimethyl-Benz[a]anthracene (DMBA) is unexplored. Humans are daily exposed to DMBA which is a highly lipophilic environmental organic pollutant. The study aimed to investigate the hepatoprotective role of Bovine Colostrum against DMBA-induced hepatotoxicity using a rat model. Fifty male rats were divided into five groups; GI (control), GII (olive oil, vehicle for DMBA), GIII (DMBA), GIV (DMBA + Bovine Colostrum), GV (Bovine Colostrum). After 12 weeks, body weight changes and mortality were calculated. Histological and ultrastructural examinations of liver tissue were performed. Expressions of p53, TGFβ2, TNF-α, S6K2, and c20orf20 were assessed by RT-PCR. Post-treatment with Bovine Colostrum increased both the body weight and the survival rate of rats treated with DMBA. In addition, remarkable protection against the pathological effect of DMBA was noted. Ultrastructurally, Bovine Colostrum ameliorated/prevented most of the toxic effects of DMBA on hepatocytes, including irregularities of nuclear envelope, clumping, and margination of heterochromatin aggregates, segregated nucleoli, and mitochondrial pleomorphism. Bovine Colostrum administration down-regulated p53, C20orf20, and S6K2 mRNA levels, and up-regulated TNF-α and TGFβ2. In conclusion, Bovine Colostrum have a protective effect against DMBA-induced toxicity on the liver of albino rats. Consequently, Bovine Colostrum may prevent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-induced hepatotoxicity and may be useful in promoting human health if supplemented in the diet.
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Key Words
- BC, Bovine Colostrum
- CAM, Complementary and Alternative Medicine
- Colostrum
- DMBA
- DMBA, 7,12-dimethyl-Benz[a]anthracene
- Hepatoprotective
- IGF, insulin-like growth factor
- IL-1β, cytokines including interleukin-1 beta
- IL-6, interleukin-6
- INF-γ, interferon-gamma
- Nutraceutical
- PAHs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- S6K, 40S ribosomal protein S6 kinase
- S6K2
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor-beta
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor-alpha
- p53
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahmoud I. Khalil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Lebanon
- Molecular Biology Unit, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nada S. Badr
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Damanhur University, Damanhur, Egypt
| | - Afrah F. Alkhuriji
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ahmed S. Sultan
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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