Effects of smoking on the gingival crevicular fluid levels of interleukin-17A, interleukin-17E, and oxidative stress following periodontal treatment process

Effects of smoking on the salivary and GCF levels of IL-17 and IL-35 in periodontitis

Periodontitis progression is associated with a host response in which anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokine networks play a key role. Smoking is involved in the production of various mediators. The study aims to evaluate the levels of IL-17 and IL-35 in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), to investigate the effects of smoking on these cytokines in smoker and non-smoker periodontitis patients. 19 smokers with periodontitis, 20 non-smokers with periodontitis, and 18 periodontally healthy subjects were included in the study. Periodontal clinical indexes were recorded and the levels of IL-17 and IL-35 in saliva and GCF were analyzed. No significant difference was detected among the groups in terms of salivary IL-17 and IL-35 levels. GCF IL-17 and IL-35 concentration levels in the non-smoker periodontitis group were significantly lower than the others (p < 0.05). Total levels of GCF IL-17 were significantly higher in both periodontitis groups than the control group; and total levels of GCF IL-35 were significantly higher in non-smoker periodontitis group than the others (p < 0.05). A positive correlation was detected between the salivary IL-17 and IL-35 levels (r = 0.884), GCF IL-17 and IL-35 concentrations (r = 0.854), and total GCF IL-17 and IL-35 (r = 0.973) levels (p < 0.01). The present study revealed a positive correlation between the IL-35 and IL-17 levels both in saliva and GCF. IL-17 and IL-35 can be considered as one of the cytokines that play a role in periodontal health and periodontitis; and smoking may be among the factors that affect the levels of these cytokines in GCF and saliva.

Evaluation of GCF IL-17, IL-10, TWEAK and sclerostin levels after SRP and adjunctive use of diode laser application in periodontitis patients

BACKGROUND

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of the diode laser as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) and also determine the biochemical profile by evaluating the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of interleukin (IL)-17, IL-10, TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) and sclerostin.

METHODS

A total of 40 systemically healthy, stage III periodontitis patients were included in this randomized controlled study. Participants were randomly divided into two groups as scaling root planning (SRP) + diode laser(L) (0.80W power, 940nm wavelength and 0.80J/s energy level) and only SRP group. Recording of periodontal parameters and collecting GCF samples were performed at baseline, 1^st and 3^rd months. Biomarker levels in GCF were measured with ELISA .

RESULTS

At baseline, no significant difference was detected between groups in terms of both clinical and biochemical parameters. All biochemical parameters (except for IL-10 in control group), presented a statistically significant difference for 3 months study period in both groups. When laser and control groups were compared, significant differences were not observed, except the lower GCF IL-17 levels (p = 0.025), bleeding on probing (p = 0.028) and clinical attachment level (CAL) (p = 0.0002) values in laser group at 3^rd , 1^st and 3^rd months, respectively. Statistically significant correlations were also noted between biochemical parameters and clinical parameters.

CONCLUSION

The GCF IL-17, TWEAK and sclerostin levels may be useful for monitoring response to SRP+L therapy. However, long-term studies on higher populations are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of adjunctive use of diode laser application to SRP. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.