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Kihara S, Aikawa T, Miyazaki Y, Nishimura M, Muyama H. Thoracic Vertebral Canal Stenosis and Vertebral Instability in a Young Minuet Cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2024; 60:81-86. [PMID: 38394696 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
This report describes a unique case of thoracic vertebral canal stenosis and vertebral instability in a 1 yr old Minuet cat. The cat presented with a history of chronic progressive nonambulatory paraparesis. Myelography with neutral and stress positions revealed dynamic compression at T1-4. Computed tomography and MRI revealed multiple sites of vertebral endplate osteolysis, adjacent bone sclerosis, intervertebral disk space narrowing, and spondylotic bridging within the cervical and cranial thoracic vertebral bodies and pedicles, particularly at C6-T4. The cat underwent a right-sided T1-4 hemilaminectomy and C7-T4 vertebral stabilization using positively threaded profile pins and polymethylmethacrylate. The cat fully recovered without any complication. The case highlights the potential for young cats, especially those with a chondrodysplastic condition, to develop vertebral canal stenosis and vertebral instability. The surgical treatment described herein resulted in an excellent outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Kihara
- From Aikawa Veterinary Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
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Benito Benito M, Lopes BA, José-López R, Ives EJ, Gutierrez-Quintana R, Freeman P, Sánchez-Masián D. Demographics, clinical findings and diagnoses of cranial thoracic myelopathies (T1-T6 vertebrae) in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X231199731. [PMID: 37791892 PMCID: PMC10812017 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231199731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to describe the patient demographics, clinicopathological features and presumptive or final diagnoses in cats with myelopathies between the T1 and T6 vertebrae. METHODS This retrospective multicentre case study enrolled cases between 2015 and 2022 that were diagnosed with myelopathies between the T1 and T6 vertebrae as the primary cause for the presenting clinical signs. RESULTS A total of 21 cases matched the inclusion criteria, 13 males (11 castrated and 2 entire) and 8 spayed females (median age 93 months; range 5-192). Most of the cases presented with a chronic and progressive history (76% and 86%, respectively), with a median duration of 29 days (range 1-2880). At the time of presentation, 90% of the cases were localised to the T3-L3 spinal cord segments based on neurological examination. The most common underlying pathology was neoplasia (42.9%), followed by inflammatory (24%), anomalous (19%), degenerative (9.5%) and vascular (4.8%) disorders. The most common location was T3-T4 (29%), followed by T2-T3 and T5-T6 (19% each). The cutaneous trunci reflex was normal in 86% of the cases and most of the cases (71%) did not show spinal discomfort upon admission. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Neoplasia was the most common cause of cranial thoracic myelopathy in this study. The lack of pathognomonic clinical signs for this specific region highlights the importance of assessing the entire thoracolumbar region up to and including at least the T1 vertebra when investigating cases with signs consistent with a T3-L3 myelopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Benito Benito
- Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, Part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Winchester, Hampshire, UK
- Hamilton Specialists Referral, Part of IVC Evidensia, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, UK
| | - Bruno A Lopes
- Southfields Veterinary Specialists, Part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Basildon, Essex, UK
| | - Roberto José-López
- Hamilton Specialists Referral, Part of IVC Evidensia, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, UK
| | - Edward J Ives
- Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, Part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Winchester, Hampshire, UK
| | - Rodrigo Gutierrez-Quintana
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paul Freeman
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
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Couto AR, Parreira B, Power DM, Pinheiro L, Madruga Dias J, Novofastovski I, Eshed I, Sarzi-Puttini P, Pappone N, Atzeni F, Verlaan JJ, Kuperus J, Bieber A, Ambrosino P, Kiefer D, Khan MA, Mader R, Baraliakos X, Bruges-Armas J. Evidence for a genetic contribution to the ossification of spinal ligaments in Ossification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament and Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis: A narrative review. Front Genet 2022; 13:987867. [PMID: 36276944 PMCID: PMC9586552 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.987867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH) and Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (OPLL) are common disorders characterized by the ossification of spinal ligaments. The cause for this ossification is currently unknown but a genetic contribution has been hypothesized. Over the last decade, many studies on the genetics of ectopic calcification disorders have been performed, mainly on OPLL. Most of these studies were based on linkage analysis and case control association studies. Animal models have provided some clues but so far, the involvement of the identified genes has not been confirmed in human cases. In the last few years, many common variants in several genes have been associated with OPLL. However, these associations have not been at definitive levels of significance and evidence of functional significance is generally modest. The current evidence suggests a multifactorial aetiopathogenesis for DISH and OPLL with a subset of cases showing a stronger genetic component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Couto
- Hospital de Santo Espirito da Ilha Terceira EPER, SEEBMO, Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal
- CHRC Campus Nova Medical School, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Bruna Parreira
- Hospital de Santo Espirito da Ilha Terceira EPER, SEEBMO, Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal
- CHRC Campus Nova Medical School, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Deborah M. Power
- University of Algarve, Center of Marine Science (CCMAR), Faro, Portugal
| | - Luís Pinheiro
- Hospital de Santo Espirito da Ilha Terceira EPER, Orthopedics Service, Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal
| | - João Madruga Dias
- Centro Hospitalar Do Medio Tejo EPE Unidade de Torres Novas, Rheumatology Department, Santarém, Portugal
- CHRC Campus Nova Medical School, EpiDoc Research Unit, CEDOC, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Nicola Pappone
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Neuromotor Rehabilitation Unit of Telese Terme Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabiola Atzeni
- Universita Degli Studi di Messina, Rheumatology Unit, Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Messina, Italy
| | - Jorrit-Jan Verlaan
- University Medical Centre, Department of Orthopedics, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Amir Bieber
- Emek Medical Center, Rheumatology Unit, Afula, Israel
| | - Pasquale Ambrosino
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit of Telese Terme Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - David Kiefer
- Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Reuven Mader
- Emek Medical Center, Rheumatology Unit, Afula, Israel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
- Ruhr University Bochum, Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet, Herne, Germany
| | | | - Jácome Bruges-Armas
- Hospital de Santo Espirito da Ilha Terceira EPER, SEEBMO, Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal
- CHRC Campus Nova Medical School, Lisboa, Portugal
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Sakamoto K, Nozue Y, Murakami M, Nakata K, Nakano Y, Soga S, Maeda S, Kamishina H. Minimally invasive spinal surgery in a young cat with vertebral hypertrophy. JFMS Open Rep 2021; 7:20551169211048460. [PMID: 34765228 PMCID: PMC8576381 DOI: 10.1177/20551169211048460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 2-year-old neutered female Scottish Fold cat was presented with an 8-week history of
progressive back pain, paraparesis and decrease of postural reactions in both pelvic
limbs. MRI showed spinal cord compression from both ventral sides, which originated from
the T4 vertebral body and pedicle. The lesion compressing the spinal cord had a
bone-like density on CT, and endoscopic surgery was performed to excise it.
Histopathological examination of the resected tissue showed no evidence of malignancy
and the lesion was diagnosed as vertebral hypertrophy. After surgery, the neurological
status of the cat gradually improved. The cat was ambulant at the follow-up evaluation 2
weeks after surgery. Six months later, hindlimb paresis had improved considerably, and
no recurrence was observed on CT. Relevance and novel information This is the first description of thoracic vertebral canal stenosis due to hypertrophy
of a single vertebra in a young cat. Excision of the hypertrophic vertebra by endoscopic
surgery is less invasive than open surgery and may give a good prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Sakamoto
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuta Nozue
- The Animal Medical Center of Gifu University, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Mami Murakami
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kohei Nakata
- The Animal Medical Center of Gifu University, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nakano
- The Animal Medical Center of Gifu University, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | | | - Sadatoshi Maeda
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,The Animal Medical Center of Gifu University, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kamishina
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,The Animal Medical Center of Gifu University, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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Llanos C, Rau F, Uriarte A. Radiographic and MRI characteristics of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis in a cat presented with a painful chronic ambulatory paraparesis. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Llanos
- Diagnostic Imaging, Southfields Veterinary Specialists Basildon Essex UK
| | - Friederike Rau
- Diagnostic Imaging, Southfields Veterinary Specialists Basildon Essex UK
| | - Ane Uriarte
- Department of Neurology, Southfields Veterinary Specialists Basildon Essex UK
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DIFFUSE IDIOPATHIC SKELETAL HYPEROSTOSIS WITH SECONDARY DYSPHAGIA IN A BLACK-HANDED SPIDER MONKEY ( ATELES GEOFFROYI). J Zoo Wildl Med 2020; 51:455-458. [PMID: 32549579 DOI: 10.1638/2018-0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A 32-yr-old male black-handed spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) with marked kyphosis and reduced spinal range of motion developed intermittent regurgitation, which was managed with an acid reducer. Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) was suspected in this animal due to radiographically evident ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament. At repeat radiographic evaluation 1.5 yr later, due to weight loss and increased frequency of regurgitation, the cervical spine was deviated ventrally and appeared to be impinging on the thoracic inlet. The spider monkey was humanely euthanized due to poor prognosis, and the presumptive diagnosis of DISH was confirmed via postmortem computed tomography and necropsy. DISH has not been reported in black-handed spider monkeys, and secondary dysphagia, an uncommon but recognized consequence in humans, has not been reported in a nonhuman primate. Earlier recognition of this possibly underreported disease process may increase treatment options and effectiveness of intervention.
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Alisauskaite N, Bitterli T, Kircher PR, Pozzi A, Grinwis GCM, Steffen F, Smolders LA. Evaluation of agreement and correlation of results obtained with MRI-based and macroscopic observation-based grading schemes when used to assess intervertebral disk degeneration in cats. Am J Vet Res 2020; 81:309-316. [PMID: 32228264 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.81.4.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate agreement in results obtained with an MRI-based grading scheme and a macroscopic observation-based grading scheme when used to assess intervertebral disk (IVD) degeneration in cats. SAMPLE 241 MRI and 143 macroscopic images of singular IVDs in 44 client-owned cats (40 cadaveric and 4 live). PROCEDURES Singular images of IVDs were obtained of live cats admitted for treatment of suspected neurologic disease (MRI images of IVDs) and of cadavers of cats euthanized for reasons unrelated to spinal disease (MRI and macroscopic images of IVDs) at the Small Animal Hospital, Vetsuisse Faculty, Zurich, Switzerland, between January 12, 2015, and October 19, 2015. The IVD images were randomized and evaluated twice by 4 observers for each grading scheme. Inter- and intraobserver reliability for the grading schemes was assessed with Cohen weighted κ analysis. Agreement and correlation between results obtained with the 2 grading schemes were determined with Cohen weighted κ and Spearman correlation coefficient (ρ) analyses, respectively. RESULTS Inter- and intraobserver agreement between results was substantial to almost perfect (mean weighted κ, 0.66 to 0.83 and 0.71 to 0.86, respectively) for the MRI-based grading scheme and moderate to substantial (mean weighted κ, 0.42 to 0.80 and 0.65 to 0.79, respectively) for the macroscopic observation-based grading scheme. Between the 2 grading schemes, agreement in results was moderate (mean ± SE weighted κ, 0.56 ± 0.05), and the correlation was strong (ρ = 0.73). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that the MRI-based and macroscopic observation-based grading schemes used in the present study could be used reliably for classifying IVD degeneration in cats.
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Carletti BE, Espadas I, Sanchez-Masian D. Thoracic vertebral canal stenosis due to articular process hypertrophy in two cats treated by hemilaminectomy with partial osteotomy of the spinous process. JFMS Open Rep 2019; 5:2055116919863176. [PMID: 31448127 PMCID: PMC6693028 DOI: 10.1177/2055116919863176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 9-year-old neutered female British Shorthair cat (case 1) and a 13-year-old neutered male domestic shorthair cat (case 2) showed signs of chronic T3-L3 myelopathy, which progressed over 6 and 12 months, respectively. On presentation, case 1 had moderate pelvic limb proprioceptive ataxia and ambulatory paraparesis, and case 2 was non-ambulatory paraparetic and had urinary incontinence. Bilateral enlargement of the articular process joints at T11-T12 in case 1 and T3-T4 in case 2 causing dorsolateral extradural spinal cord compression was shown on MRI. Surgical decompression by a unilateral approach through hemilaminectomy with partial osteotomy of the spinous process was performed in both cases. The side of the approach was chosen based on the severity of the cord compression. Surgery resulted in a satisfactory outcome with short hospitalisation times. On discharge, case 1 showed mild postural reaction deficits on both pelvic limbs. Case 2 had regained urinary continence and could ambulate unassisted, although it remained severely ataxic. The 6 month follow-up showed very mild paraparesis and proprioceptive ataxia in both cats. No chronic medical treatment was required. Relevance and novel information This is the first report to describe clinical presentation, imaging features, surgical treatment and outcomes of thoracic vertebral canal stenosis owing to bilateral articular process hypertrophy in cats with no adjacent spinal diseases. Thoracic articular process hypertrophy should be included in the differential diagnosis of adult cats with chronic progressive myelopathy. Hemilaminectomy with partial osteotomy of the spinous process might be an appropriate surgical technique in these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Enrica Carletti
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Irene Espadas
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Daniel Sanchez-Masian
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
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