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Giuliani M, Martimianakis MA(T, Broadhurst M, Papadakos J, Fazelzad R, Driessen EW, Frambach J. Motivations for and Challenges in the Development of Global Medical Curricula: A Scoping Review. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2021; 96:449-459. [PMID: 32271225 PMCID: PMC7899747 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000003383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this scoping review is to understand the motivations for the creation of global medical curricula, summarize methods that have been used to create these curricula, and understand the perceived premises for the creation of these curricula. METHOD In 2018, the authors used a comprehensive search strategy to identify papers on existing efforts to create global medical curricula published from 1998 to March 29, 2018, in the following databases: MEDLINE; MEDLINE Epub Ahead of Print, In-Process, and Other Non-Indexed Citations; Embase; Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; PsycINFO; CINAHL; ERIC; Scopus; African Index Medicus; and LILACS. There were no language restrictions. Two independent researchers applied the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Demographic data were abstracted from publications and summarized. The stated purposes, methods used for the development, stated motivations, and reported challenges of curricula were coded. RESULTS Of the 18,684 publications initially identified, 137 met inclusion criteria. The most common stated purposes for creating curricula were to define speciality-specific standards (50, 30%), to harmonize training standards (38, 23%), and to improve the quality or safety of training (31, 19%). The most common challenges were intercountry variation (including differences in health care systems, the operationalization of medical training, and sociocultural differences; 27, 20%), curricular implementation (20, 15%), and the need for a multistakeholder approach (6, 4%). Most curricula were developed by a social group (e.g., committee; 30, 45%) or Delphi or modified Delphi process (22, 33%). CONCLUSIONS The challenges of intercountry variation, the need for a multistakeholder approach, and curricular implementation need to be considered if concerns about curricular relevance are to be addressed. These challenges undoubtedly impact the uptake of global medical curricula and can only be addressed by explicit efforts to make curricula applicable to the realities of diverse health care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Giuliani
- M. Giuliani is staff radiation oncologist and medical director, Cancer Education Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, and associate professor, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1827-5590
| | - Maria Athina (Tina) Martimianakis
- M.A. Martimianakis is associate professor and director of medical education scholarship, Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2531-3156
| | - Michaela Broadhurst
- M. Broadhurst is research analyst, Cancer Education Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janet Papadakos
- J. Papadakos is codirector, Cancer Health Literacy Research Centre, Cancer Education Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, and assistant professor, Institute of Health Policy, Management & Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6320-4156
| | - Rouhi Fazelzad
- R. Fazelzad is information specialist, Library and Information Services, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erik W. Driessen
- E.W. Driessen is professor and chair, Department of Educational Development and Research, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8115-261X
| | - Janneke Frambach
- J. Frambach is assistant professor, School of Health Professions Education, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1527-6539
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Scharf RE. Hemostasis Laboratory Diagnostics: Characteristics, Communication Issues, and Current Challenges Resulting from Centralization of Laboratory Medicine. Hamostaseologie 2020; 40:403-412. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1249-8767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractLaboratory diagnostics of patients with bleeding and thrombotic disorders can be a delicate task, which requires special skills and expertise. In this article, characteristic features of hemostasis testing are reviewed, including staged protocols and synoptic assessment of the patient history, clinical symptoms, and laboratory findings. Despite major progress in the diagnostic and therapeutic management, centralized testing of hemostasis can be associated with substantial challenges, resulting from the current dissociation between the clinical and laboratory world. To address some of these challenges, possible solutions are discussed, including adaptation of an established working paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger E. Scharf
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Lind M, Seil R, Dejour D, Becker R, Menetrey J, Ross M. Creation of a specialist core curriculum for the European Society for Sports traumatology, Knee surgery and Arthroscopy (ESSKA). Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2020; 28:3066-3079. [PMID: 32776242 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-020-06210-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The European Society for Sports traumatology, Knee surgery and Arthroscopy (ESSKA) identified the need to develop a core curriculum for clinical specialists that work within the interest areas of ESSKA. A research-based approach was used to define a set of core competencies which could be used to map all of their educational activities, resources and development priorities. This paper describes the aims, development, results and implications of this competency-based core curriculum for orthopaedic conditions relevant to ESSKA members. METHODS A Core Curriculum Working Group, with leaders and other experts representing the main specialist areas within ESSKA, reviewed existing curricula and the literature in their own specialist areas. Applying expert group methodology, they iteratively developed a draft list of 285 core competencies for Orthopedic specialists within 6 specialist areas of Knee, Shoulder, Foot/Ankle, Hip, Elbow/Forearm and Sports/Exercise. All ESSKA members were then asked to comment and rate the importance of these competencies, and the Working Group used these findings to critically review and refine the curriculum. RESULTS The expert groups defined 56 competencies related to 10 Knee pathologies; 67 related to 15 Shoulder pathologies; 45 related to 9 Foot/Ankle pathologies; 41 related to 6 Hip pathologies; and 34 related to 12 Elbow/Forearm pathologies and 42 related to 8 Sports/Exercise pathologies. Survey respondent mean ratings were at least 'Important' for all competencies, and the Working Group used these results to separate the competencies into three levels of importance. CONCLUSION A competency-based core curriculum for Orthopedic specialists was achieved through a systematic and scholarly approach, involving both expert opinion and engagement of the wider ESSKA membership, identifying 285 treatment competencies in 6 specialist areas. It is now being used to guide educational and strategic development for ESSKA and should also be of interest to the wider orthopedic and sports medicine communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lind
- Department of Orthopedics, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Romain Seil
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg-Clinique d' Eich, 8, rue d Eich, L-1460, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Luxembourg Institute of Health, 8, rue d Eich, L-1460, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - David Dejour
- Lyon-Ortho-Clinic-Clinique de la Sauvegarde, Bat B 29 Avenue des Sources, 69009, Lyon, France
| | - Roland Becker
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Centre of Joint Replacement, Hospital Brandenburg, Medical School "Theodor Fontane", Hochstrasse 2, 14770, Brandenburg/Havel, Germany
| | - Jacques Menetrey
- Centre de Médecine du Sport et de I'Exercice, Swiss Olympic Medical Center, Hirslanden Clinique La Colline, Av. de la Roseraie 76B, CH-1206, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michael Ross
- NHS Fife, Hayfield House, Hayfield Road, Kirkcaldy, KY2 5AH, UK
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Development of a Self-Assessment Tool for the Nontechnical Skills of Hemophilia Teams. Qual Manag Health Care 2020; 29:194-200. [PMID: 32991536 DOI: 10.1097/qmh.0000000000000275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The treatment of chronic illnesses requires health care professionals (HCPs) to master several nontechnical skills to meet patient care needs. This article aims to describe the rationale and the inductive process through which a self-assessment tool for the nontechnical skills of hemophilia teams was conceived, developed, and tested. METHODS Starting from an explorative analysis of hemophilia HCP work experiences, the process followed 3 phases: an in-depth analysis of hemophilia HCP skills; the questionnaire development; and a pilot study. RESULTS Using the voice of HCPs as a starting point, the tool proved to be able to identify precise cross-professional and intercultural challenges as well as related required and/or acquired skills in the hemophilia field. CONCLUSION The proposed tool may contribute to providing HCPs with strategic knowledge to successfully perform everyday practices, to improve the effectiveness of hemophilia teams and the care model adopted by their centers, and to implement intercultural research in this field. It may be used to propose ad hoc training courses targeted by challenge, in order to fill the major gaps reported by the teams, or targeted by medical specialty or country (and therefore health care system) specificity.
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Ross MT, Lind M. Defining Core competencies of the European Society for Sports Traumatology, knee surgery and arthroscopy. J Exp Orthop 2020; 7:58. [PMID: 32734328 PMCID: PMC7392959 DOI: 10.1186/s40634-020-00276-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The European Society for Sports Traumatology, Knee Surgery and Arthroscopy (ESSKA) identified the need to develop a competency-based core curriculum for ESSKA specialists, against which all their educational activities, resources and priorities for development could be mapped. The aim of this study was to take a research-based approach to developing a competency-based core curriculum for ESSKA specialists. METHODS A Core Curriculum Working Group, with experts representing the ESSKA Board, Sections and Committees, reviewed existing curricula and literature in their own specialist areas and developed a draft list of 285 core competencies for ESSKA specialists. All ESSKA members were asked to comment and rate the importance of these competencies, and the Working Group used these results to refine the curriculum. RESULTS Four hundred-forty responses to the online survey contained meaningful data. Almost all were ESSKA members, with broad representation of the countries, ages and backgrounds of the membership. All 285 core competencies were considered at least 'Important' for ESSKA specialists so are retained in the final curriculum, and no new competencies were added. 82 (29%) were considered 'Essential', constituting between 19% and 37% of the competencies within each specialist area. 96 (33.5%) were considered 'Very Important', and 107 (37.5%) 'Important'. CONCLUSIONS A competency-based core curriculum for ESSKA specialists was achieved through a systematic and scholarly approach, involving both expert opinion and engagement of the wider ESSKA membership. The core curriculum addresses the identified need in terms of educational development for ESSKA and should also be of interest to the wider orthopaedic and sports medicine communities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Lind
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Århus University Hospital, Århus, Denmark.
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Moffat KA, Kiencke V, Blanco AN, McLintock C, Peyvandi F, de Maat MPM, Adams MJ, Angchaisuksiri P, Nair S, Tsuda H, Haddad M, Renné T, Clark RC, Ross MT. International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis core curriculum project: Core competencies in laboratory thrombosis and hemostasis. J Thromb Haemost 2019; 17:1848-1859. [PMID: 31400072 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laboratory analyses of blood samples are essential for diagnostics and therapy monitoring of patients with bleeding and thromboembolic diseases. Following publication of the core curriculum for clinical thrombosis and hemostasis, the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) recognized that thrombosis and hemostasis laboratory specialists require distinct competencies that differ from medical doctors working clinically with patients. To address this gap the ISTH formed a working group of international hemostasis and thrombosis laboratory specialists to develop an evidence-based core curriculum for laboratory specialists. OBJECTIVE This research sought consensus from the international community on core competencies required for laboratory specialists in thrombosis and hemostasis. METHODS A draft list of 64 competencies was developed and an online stakeholder survey was circulated electronically to 15 302 ISTH members and contacts in the wider international community. The results were analyzed and used to develop the final approved core curriculum. RESULTS Three hundred and thirty responses contained meaningful data, with broad international representation of specialists. No draft competencies were excluded, and 58 were rated as "does" or "shows how." The Leik measure of consensus for most competences was "moderate" (n = 30) or "fair" (n = 32). CONCLUSIONS The development of an international core curriculum for laboratory specialists provides a foundation for the development and enhancement of education and quality management of the laboratory. Although there is no formal designation for laboratory specialists, international governing bodies and regulatory organizations are encouraged to consider the diagnostic core curriculum for development and accreditation of more standardized educational programs and formal assessment across jurisdictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Moffat
- Hamilton Regional Laboratory Medicine Program, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Verena Kiencke
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alicia N Blanco
- Hemostasis and Thrombosis Department, IIHEMA-National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claire McLintock
- National Women's Health, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Flora Peyvandi
- Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Haemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Moniek P M de Maat
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam,, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Murray J Adams
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | | | - Sukesh Nair
- Department of Immunohematology & Transfusion Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Hiroko Tsuda
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Munif Haddad
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Renné
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - R Cary Clark
- International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Carrboro, NC, USA
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Murray S, McLintock C, Lazure P, Peniuta M, Schulman S, Rezende SM, Morrissey JH, Reiser T, Pabinger I. Needs and challenges among physicians and researchers in thrombosis and hemostasis: Results from an international study. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2019; 3:626-638. [PMID: 31624782 PMCID: PMC6781915 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specialty societies, such as the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH), are a key source of support for clinical and scientific communities, through the provision of educational activities, tools, and resources to support evidence-based care and high-quality, relevant basic science and clinical research. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify areas where the thrombosis and hemostasis (T&H) community is facing challenges and could benefit from the support of ISTH. METHODS A 3-phase, mixed-methods study consisting of semistructured individual interviews (phase 1), an online survey (phase 2), and discussion groups (phase 3) was conducted on the challenges experienced by the T&H community. Participants included physicians, clinical and basic science researchers, residents, fellows, students, and industry representatives. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Quantitative data were analyzed using frequency tables and chi-squares. RESULTS The study included 468 participants in interviews (n = 45), surveys (n = 404), and discussion groups (n = 19). Nine themes emerged that describe areas where the T&H community may benefit from additional support. Three areas were related to diagnosis and testing: thrombosis risk assessment, genetic testing, and diagnosis of von Willebrand disease (VWD). Another 3 were related to treatment decision making: use of anticoagulants with certain patients, preventive treatments in bleeding disorders, and VWD treatment. The remaining 3 were related to research: collaboration with/among researchers, collaboration between teams to collect data from human subjects, and promotion of basic science research. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a comprehensive picture of priorities within the T&H community, which should inform the ISTH in its future interventions, including educational offerings and networking opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire McLintock
- National Women's HealthAuckland City HospitalAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Patrice Lazure
- AXDEV Group Inc.Performance Improvement ResearchBrossardCanada
| | - Morgan Peniuta
- AXDEV Group Inc.Performance Improvement ResearchBrossardCanada
| | - Sam Schulman
- Department of Internal MedicineMcMaster UniversityHamiltonCanada
| | - Suely M. Rezende
- Faculty of MedicineUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrazil
| | - James H. Morrissey
- Department of Biological ChemistryUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichigan
| | - Thomas Reiser
- International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH)CarrboroNorth Carolina
| | - Ingrid Pabinger
- Department of Haematology and HaemostaseologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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Lam JCM, John MJ, Street A. A survey of characteristics and current educational needs of hemophilia treatment centers within Asia Pacific. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2018; 2:508-517. [PMID: 30046755 PMCID: PMC6046602 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor disease understanding and gaps in expertise regarding hemophilia care have been identified at all levels in Asia Pacific. Continued education for involved healthcare professionals (HCPs) is crucial for improved delivery. OBJECTIVES To identify training and educational needs of hemophilia HCPs in Asia Pacific. METHODS Clinicians working at hemophilia treatment centers (HTCs), identified from the World Federation of Hemophilia Directory, were contacted by the Asia Pacific Hemophilia Working Group (APHWG). An electronic survey was sent to 161 centers from 15 countries for which HTC identification was complete to assess HTC characteristics, educational status, and needs. Responses were stratified by national economic capacity. RESULTS From March 23 to June 6, 2016, clinicians from 58 HTCs completed the survey. Most reported availability of specialists to serve core patient requirements, although availability of trained nurses and geneticists was low in lower-middle income countries (LMICs). Although 98.3% of HTCs had laboratory facilities, 8.8% do not participate in any quality assessment schemes. The most common limitations of current initiatives were infrequency and lack of local language content. Education is currently mostly received via internet, particularly among LMICs and upper-middle income countries (UMICs), though there is strong preference for meetings. Main barriers to receiving education were funding and time constraints. Unique priority topics were musculoskeletal management, quality of life and management by non-hematologists (high-income countries), inhibitor management and research (UMICs), and outcomes assessment (LMICs). CONCLUSION In Asia Pacific, training programs should be tailored according to unique needs of differing economic capacities and resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce C. M. Lam
- Paediatric Haematology/Oncology ServiceDepartment of Paediatric SubspecialtiesKK Women's and Children's HospitalSingapore
| | - M. Joseph John
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Haemato‐Oncology & Bone Marrow (Stem Cell) TransplantationChristian Medical CollegeLudhianaPunjabIndia
| | - Alison Street
- Department of Immunology and PathologyMonash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
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The use of eConsults to improve access to specialty care in thrombosis medicine. Thromb Res 2017; 160:105-108. [PMID: 29145030 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Electronic consultations (eConsults) are asynchronous, consultative electronic-based communications that are aimed to improve efficient and timely access to specialist advice. Our study aim was to evaluate the use and impact of the Canadian Champlain BASE™ (Building Access to Specialists through eConsultation) eConsult service in the specialty of thrombosis medicine. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study that included descriptive statistics of provider and patient demographic information and consultative-specific data. The impact of eConsults on primary care provider (PCP) referral patterns and satisfaction was assessed using a mandatory close-out survey upon completion of each eConsult. RESULTS There were 162 thrombosis eConsult cases completed between June 2012 and March 2016. The most common referral topics were for thrombophilia testing, management of superficial vein thrombosis, and the choice and duration of anticoagulation for venous thromboembolism. By completing an eConsult, PCPs reported 47.5% of face-to-face consultations were avoided, and 4.3% prompted a thrombosis referral that was not originally contemplated. Primary care providers' responses to a thrombosis eConsult service were overwhelmingly positive, which included appreciation for timely access for patients, expert guidance and providing additional educational opportunities. CONCLUSION An eConsult service in thrombosis medicine improved timely access to specialist advice and potentially reduces the number of face-to-face consultations needed. Further research is needed to understand how a thrombosis eConsult service affects thrombosis clinic performance data and patient outcomes.
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Skeith L, Rodger MA, Lee AY, Kahn SR, Bates SM, Gonsalves C. International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis core curriculum project: core competencies in clinical thrombosis and hemostasis: comment. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:1316-7. [PMID: 26929157 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Skeith
- Division of Hematology, University of Ottawa and The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa and The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - M A Rodger
- Division of Hematology, University of Ottawa and The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa and The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ottawa and The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - A Y Lee
- Department of Medicine, Thrombosis Program, University of British Columbia and Vancouver Coastal Health Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - S R Kahn
- Department of Medicine and Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - S M Bates
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - C Gonsalves
- Division of Hematology, University of Ottawa and The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa and The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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McLintock C, Ross M. International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis core curriculum project: core competencies in clinical thrombosis and hemostasis: reply. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:1318-9. [PMID: 26998827 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire McLintock
- National Women's Health, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael Ross
- Centre for Medical Education, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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