1
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Mahon EK, Williams TL, Alves L. Serum C-reactive protein concentrations in dogs with structural and idiopathic epilepsy. Vet Rec 2023; 193:e3211. [PMID: 37503700 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute-phase protein produced by the liver during systemic inflammation. In humans, some epilepsies are associated with increased serum CRP (sCRP) concentrations, but this has yet to be proven in veterinary studies. Dogs with structural epilepsy (SE) and normal interictal neurological examination are hard to distinguish from dogs with idiopathic epilepsy (IE) without the use of advanced imaging. METHODS The study included eight dogs with SE and 12 dogs with IE from a referral hospital population. This was a retrospective observational cohort study. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the sCRP concentrations within 24 hours of the last epileptic seizure between dogs with SE or IE. RESULTS Dogs with SE had higher sCRP concentrations than dogs with IE (8.9 [range <2.2-53.2] mg/L vs. <2.2 [range <2.2-6.9] mg/L; p = 0.043). Five of the eight (62%) dogs with SE had an sCRP concentration above the reference interval, compared with none of the 12 dogs with IE. LIMITATIONS The small sample size was the major limitation of this study. Other inflammatory causes were also not exclusively ruled out, although further clinical investigations were not indicated. CONCLUSIONS This study found that sCRP concentrations were higher in this cohort of dogs with SE than in those with IE. Further studies with larger cohorts of dogs are warranted to validate if sCRP can be used as an additional biomarker for SE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim L Williams
- The Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lisa Alves
- The Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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2
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von Rüden EL, Potschka H, Tipold A, Stein VM. The role of neuroinflammation in canine epilepsy. Vet J 2023; 298-299:106014. [PMID: 37393038 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
The lack of therapeutics that prevent the development of epilepsy, improve disease prognosis or overcome drug resistance represents an unmet clinical need in veterinary as well as in human medicine. Over the past decade, experimental studies and studies in human epilepsy patients have demonstrated that neuroinflammatory processes are involved in epilepsy development and play a key role in neuronal hyperexcitability that underlies seizure generation. Targeting neuroinflammatory signaling pathways may provide a basis for clinically relevant disease-modification strategies in general, and moreover, could open up new therapeutic avenues for human and veterinary patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. A sound understanding of the neuroinflammatory mechanisms underlying seizure pathogenesis in canine patients is therefore essential for mechanism-based discovery of selective epilepsy therapies that may enable the development of new disease-modifying treatments. In particular, subgroups of canine patients in urgent needs, e.g. dogs with drug-resistant epilepsy, might benefit from more intensive research in this area. Moreover, canine epilepsy shares remarkable similarities in etiology, disease manifestation, and disease progression with human epilepsy. Thus, canine epilepsy is discussed as a translational model for the human disease and epileptic dogs could provide a complementary species for the evaluation of antiepileptic and antiseizure drugs. This review reports key preclinical and clinical findings from experimental research and human medicine supporting the role of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Moreover, the article provides an overview of the current state of knowledge regarding neuroinflammatory processes in canine epilepsy emphasizing the urgent need for further research in this specific field. It also highlights possible functional impact, translational potential and future perspectives of targeting specific inflammatory pathways as disease-modifying and multi-target treatment options for canine epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Lotta von Rüden
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Germany.
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Veronika M Stein
- Department for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Barber RM, Platt SR, De Risio L, Barber J, Robinson KR. Multiplex analysis of cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid of dogs after ischemic stroke reveals elevations in chemokines CXCL1 and MCP-1. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1169617. [PMID: 37266378 PMCID: PMC10230061 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1169617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Neuroinflammation that occurs in the brain after stroke has been shown to be important to disease pathogenesis and outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate a large number of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in dogs with clinically-confirmed, naturally occurring stroke. Materials and methods Fifteen dogs with a clinical diagnosis of ischemic stroke and ten healthy control dogs were included in the study. A multiplex immunoassay was utilized to evaluate cerebrospinal fluid for GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-15, IL-18, IP-10, CXCL1, MCP-1, and TNF-α. Results Mean concentrations of CXCL1 (stroke-436 pg/ml, control-267 pg/ml, p = 0.01) and MCP-1 (stroke-196 pg/ml, control-66 pg/ml, p ≤ 0.0001) were significantly elevated in dogs with stroke when compared with control dogs. Location and type of infarct, duration of clinical signs, and use of anti-inflammatory medications were not associated with differences in cytokine concentration. Discussion CXCL1 and MCP-1 may play a role in naturally occurring canine stroke and represent targets for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee M. Barber
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Simon R. Platt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Jamie Barber
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kelsey R. Robinson
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, United States
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Selective Calpain Inhibition Improves Functional and Histopathological Outcomes in a Canine Spinal Cord Injury Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911772. [PMID: 36233068 PMCID: PMC9570220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpain activation has been implicated in various pathologies, including neurodegeneration. Thus, calpain inhibition could effectively prevent spinal cord injury (SCI) associated with neurodegeneration. In the current study, a dog SCI model was used to evaluate the therapeutic potential of a selective calpain inhibitor (PD150606) in combination with methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) as an anti-inflammatory drug. SCI was experimentally induced in sixteen mongrel dogs through an epidural balloon compression technique. The dogs were allocated randomly into four groups: control, MPSS, PD150606, and MPSS+PD150606. Clinical evaluation, serum biochemical, somatosensory evoked potentials, histopathological, and immunoblotting analyses were performed to assess treated dogs during the study. The current findings revealed that the combined administration of MPSS+PD150606 demonstrated considerably lower neuronal loss and microglial cell infiltration than the other groups, with a significant improvement in the locomotor score. The increased levels of inflammatory markers (GFAP and CD11) and calcium-binding proteins (Iba1 and S100) were significantly reduced in the combination group and to a lesser extent in MPSS or PD150606 treatment alone. Interestingly, the combined treatment effectively inhibited the calpain-induced cleavage of p35, limited cdk5 activation, and inhibited tau phosphorylation. These results suggest that early MPSS+PD150606 therapy after acute SCI may prevent subsequent neurodegeneration via calpain inhibition.
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Löscher W. Dogs as a Natural Animal Model of Epilepsy. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:928009. [PMID: 35812852 PMCID: PMC9257283 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.928009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common neurological disease in both humans and domestic dogs, making dogs an ideal translational model of epilepsy. In both species, epilepsy is a complex brain disease characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate spontaneous recurrent epileptic seizures. Furthermore, as in humans, status epilepticus is one of the more common neurological emergencies in dogs with epilepsy. In both species, epilepsy is not a single disease but a group of disorders characterized by a broad array of clinical signs, age of onset, and underlying causes. Brain imaging suggests that the limbic system, including the hippocampus and cingulate gyrus, is often affected in canine epilepsy, which could explain the high incidence of comorbid behavioral problems such as anxiety and cognitive alterations. Resistance to antiseizure medications is a significant problem in both canine and human epilepsy, so dogs can be used to study mechanisms of drug resistance and develop novel therapeutic strategies to benefit both species. Importantly, dogs are large enough to accommodate intracranial EEG and responsive neurostimulation devices designed for humans. Studies in epileptic dogs with such devices have reported ictal and interictal events that are remarkably similar to those occurring in human epilepsy. Continuous (24/7) EEG recordings in a select group of epileptic dogs for >1 year have provided a rich dataset of unprecedented length for studying seizure periodicities and developing new methods for seizure forecasting. The data presented in this review substantiate that canine epilepsy is an excellent translational model for several facets of epilepsy research. Furthermore, several techniques of inducing seizures in laboratory dogs are discussed as related to therapeutic advances. Importantly, the development of vagus nerve stimulation as a novel therapy for drug-resistant epilepsy in people was based on a series of studies in dogs with induced seizures. Dogs with naturally occurring or induced seizures provide excellent large-animal models to bridge the translational gap between rodents and humans in the development of novel therapies. Furthermore, because the dog is not only a preclinical species for human medicine but also a potential patient and pet, research on this species serves both veterinary and human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
- *Correspondence: Wolfgang Löscher
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Neuroinflammation and Proinflammatory Cytokines in Epileptogenesis. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:1724-1743. [PMID: 35015252 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02725-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence corroborates the fundamental role of neuroinflammation in the development of epilepsy. Proinflammatory cytokines (PICs) are crucial contributors to the inflammatory reactions in the brain. It is evidenced that epileptic seizures are associated with elevated levels of PICs, particularly interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which underscores the impact of neuroinflammation and PICs on hyperexcitability of the brain and epileptogenesis. Since the pathophysiology of epilepsy is unknown, determining the possible roles of PICs in epileptogenesis could facilitate unraveling the pathophysiology of epilepsy. About one-third of epileptic patients are drug-resistant, and existing treatments only resolve symptoms and do not inhibit epileptogenesis; thus, treatment of epilepsy is still challenging. Accordingly, understanding the function of PICs in epilepsy could provide us with promising targets for the treatment of epilepsy, especially drug-resistant type. In this review, we outline the role of neuroinflammation and its primary mediators, including IL-1β, IL-1α, IL-6, IL-17, IL-18, TNF-α, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. Furthermore, we discuss the potential therapeutic targeting of PICs and cytokine receptors in the treatment of epilepsy.
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Verhoog QP, Holtman L, Aronica E, van Vliet EA. Astrocytes as Guardians of Neuronal Excitability: Mechanisms Underlying Epileptogenesis. Front Neurol 2020; 11:591690. [PMID: 33324329 PMCID: PMC7726323 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.591690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are key homeostatic regulators in the central nervous system and play important roles in physiology. After brain damage caused by e.g., status epilepticus, traumatic brain injury, or stroke, astrocytes may adopt a reactive phenotype. This process of reactive astrogliosis is important to restore brain homeostasis. However, persistent reactive astrogliosis can be detrimental for the brain and contributes to the development of epilepsy. In this review, we will focus on physiological functions of astrocytes in the normal brain as well as pathophysiological functions in the epileptogenic brain, with a focus on acquired epilepsy. We will discuss the role of astrocyte-related processes in epileptogenesis, including reactive astrogliosis, disturbances in energy supply and metabolism, gliotransmission, and extracellular ion concentrations, as well as blood-brain barrier dysfunction and dysregulation of blood flow. Since dysfunction of astrocytes can contribute to epilepsy, we will also discuss their role as potential targets for new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quirijn P. Verhoog
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Neuropathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Linda Holtman
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of Neuropathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, Netherlands
| | - Erwin A. van Vliet
- Department of Neuropathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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8
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Koo Y, Kim H, Yun T, Jung DI, Kang JH, Chang D, Na KJ, Yang MP, Kang BT. Evaluation of serum high-mobility group box 1 concentration in dogs with epilepsy: A case-control study. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:2545-2554. [PMID: 33150666 PMCID: PMC7694863 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a key mediator of neuroinflammation and there are increased HMGB1 levels in laboratory animal models of epilepsy and human patients with epilepsy. OBJECTIVES To determine serum HMGB1 levels in dogs with epilepsy. ANIMALS Twenty-eight epileptic dogs, 12 dogs with nonepileptic brain diseases, and 26 healthy dogs. METHODS In this case-control study, serum HMGB1 concentrations were estimated using the canine-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Diagnosis of dogs with epilepsy was based on medical history, physical and neurological examination findings, laboratory test results, magnetic resonance image, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis. RESULTS Serum HMGB1 levels were significantly higher in epileptic dogs (median = 0.41 ng/mL; range, 0.03-5.28) than in healthy dogs (median = 0.12 ng/mL; range, 0.02-1.45; P = .002). In contrast, serum HMGB1 levels of dogs with non-epileptic brain diseases (median = 0.19 ng/mL; range, 0.03-1.04) were not significantly increased compared to those of healthy dogs (P = .12). Regarding idiopathic epilepsy, dogs with an epilepsy course of >3 months showed a higher serum HMGB1 concentration (median = 0.87 ng/mL; range, 0.42-2.88) than those with that of ≤3 months (median = 0.26 ng/mL; range, 0.03-0.88; P = .02). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Serum HMGB1 could be a biomarker of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonhoi Koo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hakhyun Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesik Yun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-In Jung
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Houn Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwoo Chang
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Jeong Na
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Mhan-Pyo Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Teck Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
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Wu C, Zhang G, Chen L, Kim S, Yu J, Hu G, Chen J, Huang Y, Zheng G, Huang S. The Role of NLRP3 and IL-1β in Refractory Epilepsy Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2020; 10:1418. [PMID: 32116990 PMCID: PMC7025579 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the roles and mechanisms of inflammatory mediators NLRP3 and IL-1β in refractory temporal epilepsy brain injury. Method: First, the brain tissue and the peripheral blood of children undergoing intractable temporal lobe epilepsy surgery were analyzed as research objects. The expression levels of NLRP3 in brain tissue and IL-1β in blood were measured. A model of temporal lobe epilepsy was established using wild-type and NLRP3 knockout 129 mice. Pilocarpine was injected intraperitoneally into the experimental group, and isovolumetric saline was injected intraperitoneally into the control group (n = 8 in each group). The expression of IL-1β in the peripheral blood, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus of mice was measured by ELISA at 3 h, 24 h, 3 days, and 7 days after modeling. Fluoro-Jade B (FJB) and TUNEL methods were used to determine necrosis and apoptosis in hippocampal neurons, respectively, and the expression of NLRP3 in the cortex was measured by immunofluorescence methods. Result: (1) The IL-1β levels in the peripheral blood of children with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy were higher than those in the control group (t = 2.813, P = 0.01). There was also a positive correlation between IL-1β expression levels and the onset time of a single convulsion in patients with refractory epilepsy (r = 0.9735, P < 0.05). The expression level of NLRP3 in the cerebral cortex of patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy was higher than that in the control group. (2) The expression level of NLRP3 in the hippocampus of wild-type mice increased 3 days after modeling and decreased slightly at 7 days but remained higher than that of the control group. IL-1β levels in peripheral blood were significantly higher than those in the control group at 3 days (t = 8.259, P < 0.0001). The IL-1β levels in the peripheral blood of NLRP3 knockout mice were lower than those in the wild-type group at 3 days (t = 3.481, P = 0.004). At day 7, the neuronal necrosis and apoptosis levels in the CA3 region of the hippocampus decreased. Conclusion: NLRP3 may be involved in the development of refractory temporal lobe epilepsy. Inhibiting NLRP3 may alleviate local brain injury by downregulating the IL-1β expression. The IL-1β levels in the peripheral blood of patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy may reflect the severity of convulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfeng Wu
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Samuel Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanjun Huang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guo Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Songming Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Chong SA, Balosso S, Vandenplas C, Szczesny G, Hanon E, Claes K, Van Damme X, Danis B, Van Eyll J, Wolff C, Vezzani A, Kaminski RM, Niespodziany I. Intrinsic Inflammation Is a Potential Anti-Epileptogenic Target in the Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Model. Neurotherapeutics 2018; 15:470-488. [PMID: 29464573 PMCID: PMC5935638 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-018-0607-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of epileptogenesis is essential to develop novel drugs that could prevent or modify the disease. Neuroinflammation has been proposed as a promising target for therapeutic interventions to inhibit the epileptogenic process that evolves from traumatic brain injury. However, it remains unclear whether cytokine-related pathways, particularly TNFα signaling, have a critical role in the development of epilepsy. In this study, we investigated the role of innate inflammation in an in vitro model of post-traumatic epileptogenesis. We combined organotypic hippocampal slice cultures, representing an in vitro model of post-traumatic epilepsy, with multi-electrode array recordings to directly monitor the development of epileptiform activity and to examine the concomitant changes in cytokine release, cell death, and glial cell activation. We report that synchronized ictal- and interictal-like activities spontaneously evolve in this culture. Dynamic changes in the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-6 were observed throughout the culture period (3 to 21 days in vitro) with persistent activation of microglia and astrocytes. We found that neutralizing TNFα with a polyclonal antibody significantly reduced ictal discharges, and this effect lasted for 1 week after antibody washout. Neither phenytoin nor an anti-IL-6 polyclonal antibody was efficacious in inhibiting the development of epileptiform activity. Our data show a sustained effect of the anti-TNFα antibody on the ictal progression in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures supporting the critical role of inflammatory mediators in epilepsy and establishing a proof-of-principle evidence for the utility of this preparation to test the therapeutic effects of anti-inflammatory treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Ah Chong
- UCB Biopharma SPRL, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium.
| | - Silvia Balosso
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, 20156, Italy
| | | | - Gregory Szczesny
- UCB Biopharma SPRL, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Etienne Hanon
- UCB Biopharma SPRL, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Kasper Claes
- UCB Biopharma SPRL, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Xavier Van Damme
- UCB Biopharma SPRL, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Danis
- UCB Biopharma SPRL, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Van Eyll
- UCB Biopharma SPRL, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Christian Wolff
- UCB Biopharma SPRL, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, 20156, Italy
| | - Rafal M Kaminski
- UCB Biopharma SPRL, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
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11
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Chong SA, Balosso S, Vandenplas C, Szczesny G, Hanon E, Claes K, Van Damme X, Danis B, Van Eyll J, Wolff C, Vezzani A, Kaminski RM, Niespodziany I. Intrinsic Inflammation Is a Potential Anti-Epileptogenic Target in the Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Model. Neurotherapeutics 2018; 15:470-488. [PMID: 29464573 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-018-0607-6/figures/7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of epileptogenesis is essential to develop novel drugs that could prevent or modify the disease. Neuroinflammation has been proposed as a promising target for therapeutic interventions to inhibit the epileptogenic process that evolves from traumatic brain injury. However, it remains unclear whether cytokine-related pathways, particularly TNFα signaling, have a critical role in the development of epilepsy. In this study, we investigated the role of innate inflammation in an in vitro model of post-traumatic epileptogenesis. We combined organotypic hippocampal slice cultures, representing an in vitro model of post-traumatic epilepsy, with multi-electrode array recordings to directly monitor the development of epileptiform activity and to examine the concomitant changes in cytokine release, cell death, and glial cell activation. We report that synchronized ictal- and interictal-like activities spontaneously evolve in this culture. Dynamic changes in the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-6 were observed throughout the culture period (3 to 21 days in vitro) with persistent activation of microglia and astrocytes. We found that neutralizing TNFα with a polyclonal antibody significantly reduced ictal discharges, and this effect lasted for 1 week after antibody washout. Neither phenytoin nor an anti-IL-6 polyclonal antibody was efficacious in inhibiting the development of epileptiform activity. Our data show a sustained effect of the anti-TNFα antibody on the ictal progression in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures supporting the critical role of inflammatory mediators in epilepsy and establishing a proof-of-principle evidence for the utility of this preparation to test the therapeutic effects of anti-inflammatory treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Ah Chong
- UCB Biopharma SPRL, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium.
| | - Silvia Balosso
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, 20156, Italy
| | | | - Gregory Szczesny
- UCB Biopharma SPRL, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Etienne Hanon
- UCB Biopharma SPRL, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Kasper Claes
- UCB Biopharma SPRL, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Xavier Van Damme
- UCB Biopharma SPRL, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Danis
- UCB Biopharma SPRL, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Van Eyll
- UCB Biopharma SPRL, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Christian Wolff
- UCB Biopharma SPRL, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, 20156, Italy
| | - Rafal M Kaminski
- UCB Biopharma SPRL, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
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Uzawa A, Mori M, Masuda H, Ohtani R, Uchida T, Sawai S, Kuwabara S. Interleukin-6 analysis of 572 consecutive CSF samples from neurological disorders: A special focus on neuromyelitis optica. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 469:144-149. [PMID: 28283439 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) interleukin (IL)-6 has been reported in various neurological disorders but has never been systematically analyzed. Our main objectives are to compare the CSF IL-6 levels among various neurological disorders and to evaluate the significance of CSF IL-6 measurements for the diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica (NMO). METHODS We retrospectively investigated the IL-6 levels of 572 consecutive CSF samples in patients with various neurological disorders. Additionally, the associations between clinical manifestations in NMO patients and CSF IL-6 levels were closely investigated. RESULTS Among the neurological disorders, patients with NMO had the highest CSF IL-6 level. Receiver operating characteristic analysis found the optimal cutoff CSF IL-6 value for diagnosing NMO as 7.8pg/ml, and the sensitivity and specificity were 0.7317 and 0.7694, respectively. In NMO, CSF IL-6 levels were correlated with the length of the spinal cord lesion and anti-aquaporin-4 antibody-positivity and decreased after treatment. CONCLUSION CSF IL-6 can be high in various inflammatory and non-inflammatory CNS disorders, but its upregulation appears to be the most remarkable in NMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyuki Uzawa
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Mori
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Hiroki Masuda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Ryohei Ohtani
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Uchida
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Setsu Sawai
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan; Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuwabara
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
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