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Okonkowski LK, Szlosek D, Ottney J, Coyne M, Carey SA. Asymptomatic carriage of canine infectious respiratory disease complex pathogens among healthy dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 62:662-668. [PMID: 34060088 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of canine infectious respiratory disease pathogens among asymptomatic client-owned dogs, and to compare the risks of asymptomatic pathogen carriage between client-owned dogs and dogs in an animal shelter. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pooled tonsillar, conjunctival and nasal cavity swabs from asymptomatic client-owned dogs (n=133) were tested using a real-time polymerase chain reaction canine respiratory panel. Identical samples from asymptomatic dogs in an animal shelter (n=295) were similarly tested for selected pathogens. Risk differences were calculated between client-owned dogs and shelter dogs for each of the respiratory pathogens included in the analyses. RESULTS A total of 15 of 133 (11.3%) asymptomatic client-owned dogs were positive for at least one pathogen in the complex. Seven dogs (6.1%) were positive for M. cynos, six (5.2%) were positive for B. bronchiseptica, two (1.7%) were positive for canine herpesvirus type 1 and two (1.7%) were positive for canine respiratory coronavirus. For all eight pathogens tested in both groups, the proportion of positive cases was higher among shelter dogs than among client-owned dogs. Shelter dogs had a higher risk for M. cynos (0.18, 95% confidence interval: 0.12 to 0.25), canine respiratory coronavirus (0.15, 95% confidence interval: 0.10 to 0.19), canine distemper virus (0.06, 95% confidence interval: 0.03 to 0.09), and canine pneumovirus (0.05, 95% confidence interval: 0.03 to 0.08) than client-owned dogs. Odds ratios for M. cynos (0.31, 95% confidence interval: 0.08 to 0.92) and canine respiratory coronavirus (0.05, 95% confidence interval: 0.01 to 0.18) were significantly different between client-owned and shelter dogs. In all cases except for canine herpesvirus type 1, dogs within the shelter population were observed to be at higher risk of exhibiting asymptomatic carriage of a respiratory pathogen as compared to client-owned dogs. The strength of this association was strongest for M. cynos and canine respiratory coronavirus. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The risk of canine infectious respiratory disease pathogen exposure posed by asymptomatic client-owned dogs is poorly defined. This study also corroborates previous reports of high canine infectious respiratory disease prevalence among clinically healthy shelter dogs, and further determined that the overall prevalence of canine infectious respiratory disease pathogen carriage among clinically healthy client-owned dogs is low but is highest for the traditional pathogen B. bronchiseptica and the emerging pathogen M. cynos.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Okonkowski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - D Szlosek
- IDEXX Laboratories, One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME, 04092, USA
| | - J Ottney
- Capital Area Humane Society, 7095 West Grand River Avenue, Lansing, MI, 48906, USA
| | - M Coyne
- IDEXX Laboratories, One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME, 04092, USA
| | - S A Carey
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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Jaffey JA, Lappin MR, Ringold R, Kreisler R, Bradley-Siemens N, Hawley J, Sun A, Blakeman C, Mayer N. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and infectious respiratory disease complex in shelter dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 35:472-479. [PMID: 33319408 PMCID: PMC7848350 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypovitaminosis D is a risk factor for the development of respiratory infections in humans and repletion can be protective. Objectives Determine if serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin (OH)D concentrations are lower in shelter dogs and if 25(OH)D concentrations are associated with clinical signs of canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC) or with time in the shelter. Animals One hundred forty‐six shelter dogs (clinically ill n = 36, apparently healthy n = 110) and 23 nonshelter control dogs. Methods Prospective cohort study. Shelter dogs were grouped as clinically ill or apparently healthy based on the presence or absence, respectively, of clinical signs associated with CIRDC. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were measured with a competitive chemiluminesence immunoassay. Nucleic acids of agents associated with the CIRDC were amplified by polymerase chain reaction assays. Results The concentration of 25(OH)D was 7.3 ng/mL (4.5‐9.9, 95% confidence interval [CI]) lower in dogs with signs of CIRDC than apparently healthy shelter dogs (t(142) = 2.0, P = .04). Dogs positive for DNA of canine herpesvirus (CHV)‐1 had serum 25(OH)D concentrations 14.9 ng/mL (−3.7 to 29.6, 95% CI) lower than dogs that were negative (t(137) = 2.0, P = .04). Serum 25(OH)D concentrations in shelter dogs were not different from control dogs (t(45) = −1.4, P = .17). Serum 25(OH)D concentration was not associated with duration of time in the shelter (F(1, 140) = 1.7, P = .2, R2 = 0.01). Conclusion and Clinical Importance Vitamin D could have a role in acute respiratory tract infections in shelter dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared A Jaffey
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Midwestern University College of Veterinary Medicine, Glendale, Arizona, USA
| | - Michael R Lappin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Rachael Kreisler
- Department of Pathology and Population Medicine, Midwestern University College of Veterinary Medicine, Glendale, Arizona, USA
| | - Nancy Bradley-Siemens
- Department of Pathology and Population Medicine, Midwestern University College of Veterinary Medicine, Glendale, Arizona, USA
| | - Jennifer Hawley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Andrew Sun
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Midwestern University College of Veterinary Medicine, Glendale, Arizona, USA
| | - Cody Blakeman
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Midwestern University College of Veterinary Medicine, Glendale, Arizona, USA
| | - Nancy Mayer
- Maricopa County Animal Care & Control, Mesa, Arizona, USA
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Day MJ, Carey S, Clercx C, Kohn B, MarsilIo F, Thiry E, Freyburger L, Schulz B, Walker DJ. Aetiology of Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease Complex and Prevalence of its Pathogens in Europe. J Comp Pathol 2020; 176:86-108. [PMID: 32359641 PMCID: PMC7103302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC) is an endemic worldwide syndrome involving multiple viral and bacterial pathogens. Traditionally, Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb), canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2), canine distemper virus (CDV), canine herpesvirus (CHV) and canine parainfluenza virus (CPiV) were considered the major causative agents. Lately, new pathogens have been implicated in the development of CIRDC, namely canine influenza virus (CIV), canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV), canine pneumovirus (CnPnV), Mycoplasma cynos and Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus. To better understand the role of the different pathogens in the development of CIRDC and their epidemiological relevance in Europe, prevalence data were collected from peer-reviewed publications and summarized. Evidence of exposure to Bb is frequently found in healthy and diseased dogs and client-owned dogs are as likely to be infected as kennelled dogs. Co-infections with viral pathogens are common. The findings confirm that Bb is an important cause of CIRDC in Europe. CAV-2 and CDV recovery rates from healthy and diseased dogs are low and the most likely explanation for this is control through vaccination. Seroconversion to CHV can be demonstrated following CIRDC outbreaks and CHV has been detected in the lower respiratory tract of diseased dogs. There is some evidence that CHV is not a primary cause of CIRDC, but opportunistically re-activates at the time of infection and exacerbates the disease. The currently available data suggest that CIV is, at present, neither a prevalent nor a significant pathogen in Europe. CPiV remains an important pathogen in CIRDC and facilitates co-infection with other viral and bacterial pathogens. CnPnV and CRCoV are important new elements in the aetiology of CIRDC and spread particularly well in multi-dog establishments. M. cynos is common in Europe and is more likely to occur in younger and kennelled dogs. This organism is frequently found together with other CIRDC pathogens and is significantly associated with more severe respiratory signs. S. zooepidemicus infection is not common and appears to be a particular problem in kennels. Protective immunity against respiratory diseases is rarely complete, and generally only a reduction in clinical signs and excretion of pathogen can be achieved through vaccination. However, even vaccines that only reduce and do not prevent infection carry epidemiological advantages. They reduce spread, increase herd immunity and decrease usage of antimicrobials. Recommending vaccination of dogs against pathogens of CIRDC will directly provide epidemiological advantages to the population and the individual dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Day
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia and Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, UK.
| | - S Carey
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, USA
| | - C Clercx
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - B Kohn
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - F MarsilIo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - E Thiry
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - L Freyburger
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Agressions Pulmonaires et Circulatoires dans le Sepsis, Marcy l'Etoile and La Compagnie des Animaux, SantéVet, Lyon, France
| | - B Schulz
- Ludwig-Maximillian-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - D J Walker
- Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, Winchester, Hampshire, UK
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Maboni G, Seguel M, Lorton A, Berghaus R, Sanchez S. Canine infectious respiratory disease: New insights into the etiology and epidemiology of associated pathogens. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215817. [PMID: 31022218 PMCID: PMC6483346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD) is a syndrome where multiple viral and bacterial pathogens are involved sequentially or synergistically to cause illness. There is limited information regarding the prevalence of pathogens related to CIRD in the United States as well as the role of co-infections in the pathogenesis of the syndrome. We aimed to conduct a comprehensive etiologic and epidemiologic study of multiple CIRD agents in a diverse dog population using molecular methods and statistical modeling analyses. In addition, a novel probe-based multiplex real-time PCR was developed to simultaneously detect and differentiate two species of Mycoplasma (M. canis and M. cynos). Canine adenovirus, canine distemper virus, canine parainfluenza virus, coronavirus, influenza A virus (H3N2 and H3N8), Bordetella bronchiseptica, M. canis, M. cynos and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus were investigated in specimens from clinically ill and asymptomatic dogs received at the Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. Results showed low occurrence of classical CIRD agents such as B. bronchiseptica, canine adenovirus and distemper virus, while highlighting the potential role of emerging bacteria such as M. canis and M. cynos. Statistical modeling analyses of CIRD pathogens emphasized the impact of co-infections on the severity of clinical presentation, and showed that host factors, such as animal age, are the most important predictors of disease severity. This study provides new insights into the current understanding of the prevalence and role of co-infections with selected viruses and bacteria in the etiology of CIRD, while underscoring the importance of molecular diagnosis and vaccination against this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazieli Maboni
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Mauricio Seguel
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ana Lorton
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Roy Berghaus
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Susan Sanchez
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
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Canonne AM, Peters I, Roels E, Desquilbet L, Clercx C. Detection of specific bacterial agents by quantitative PCR assays in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of dogs with eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy vs. dogs with chronic bronchitis and healthy dogs. Vet J 2017; 232:52-56. [PMID: 29428092 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In humans, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Bordetella pertussis infections are suggested to trigger or exacerbate asthma. Whether Mycoplasma or Bordetella are associated with chronic inflammatory bronchial diseases in dogs has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to assess detection rates of Mycoplasma canis (M. canis), M. cynos and Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb), in dogs with eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy (EBP) and chronic bronchitis (CB), compared with healthy dogs. Specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis for M. canis, M. cynos and Bb were retrospectively performed on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) collected from 24 dogs with EBP, 21 dogs with CB and 15 healthy dogs. Possible associations between qPCR results and age, BALF cytology or clinical severity scores (CSS) in dogs with EBP were investigated. There was no difference in M. canis, M. cynos and Bb detection rates in dogs with EBP (n=6, n=2 and n=6, respectively) and dogs with CB (n=2, n=2 and n=2, respectively) compared with control dogs (n=4, n=2 and n=2, respectively). In dogs with EBP, the proportion that were qPCR-positive for Bb was higher in dogs with higher CSS (P=0.014) and BALF from Bb-positive dogs had higher percentage of neutrophils (P<0.001). Among dogs that were qPCR-positive for Bb, moderate to high loads were only detected in dogs with EBP. M. canis and M. cynos detection was not associated with EBP or CB; higher Bb loads were only present in dogs with EBP and high CSS. A possible cause and effect relationship between Bb infection or load and EBP remains unclear and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Canonne
- Internal Medicine Unit, National Veterinary School of Alfort, 94 700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - I Peters
- Torrance Diamond Diagnostic Services, The Innovation Centre University of Exeter, EX4 4RN Exeter, UK
| | - E Roels
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - L Desquilbet
- Unit of Biostatistics, National Veterinary School of Alfort, 94 700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - C Clercx
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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Lappin M, Blondeau J, Boothe D, Breitschwerdt E, Guardabassi L, Lloyd D, Papich M, Rankin S, Sykes J, Turnidge J, Weese J. Antimicrobial use Guidelines for Treatment of Respiratory Tract Disease in Dogs and Cats: Antimicrobial Guidelines Working Group of the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:279-294. [PMID: 28185306 PMCID: PMC5354050 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract disease can be associated with primary or secondary bacterial infections in dogs and cats and is a common reason for use and potential misuse, improper use, and overuse of antimicrobials. There is a lack of comprehensive treatment guidelines such as those that are available for human medicine. Accordingly, the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases convened a Working Group of clinical microbiologists, pharmacologists, and internists to share experiences, examine scientific data, review clinical trials, and develop these guidelines to assist veterinarians in making antimicrobial treatment choices for use in the management of bacterial respiratory diseases in dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.R. Lappin
- Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsCODenmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | - M.G. Papich
- North Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCDenmark
| | - S.C. Rankin
- University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAAustralia
| | - J.E. Sykes
- University of CaliforniaDavisCAAustralia
| | - J. Turnidge
- The Women's and Children HospitalAdelaideSA,Australia
| | - J.S. Weese
- Ontario Veterinary CollegeGuelphONAustralia
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