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Barrs VR, Hobi S, Wong A, Sandy J, Shubitz LF, Bęczkowski PM. Invasive fungal infections and oomycoses in cats 2. Antifungal therapy. J Feline Med Surg 2024; 26:1098612X231220047. [PMID: 38189264 PMCID: PMC10949877 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231220047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
CLINICAL RELEVANCE Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) and oomycoses (hereafter termed invasive fungal-like infections [IFLIs]) are characterised by penetration of tissues by fungal elements. The environment is the most common reservoir of infection. IFIs and IFLIs can be frustrating to treat because long treatment times are usually required and, even after attaining clinical cure, there may be a risk of relapse. Owner compliance with medication administration and recheck examinations can also decline over time. In addition, some antifungal drugs are expensive, have variable interpatient pharmacokinetic properties, can only be administered parenterally and/or have common adverse effects (AEs). Despite these limitations, treatment can be very rewarding, especially when an otherwise progressive and fatal disease is cured. AIM In the second of a two-part article series, the spectrum of activity, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, and AEs of antifungal drugs are reviewed, and the treatment and prognosis of specific IFIs/IFLIs - dermatophytic pseudomycetoma, cryptococcosis, sino-orbital aspergillosis, coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, phaeohyphomycosis, mucormycosis and oomycosis - are discussed. Part 1 reviewed the diagnostic approach to IFIs and IFLIs. EVIDENCE BASE Information on antifungal drugs is drawn from pharmacokinetic studies in cats. Where such studies have not been performed, data from 'preclinical' animals (non-human studies) and human studies are reviewed. The review also draws on the wider published evidence and the authors' combined expertise in feline medicine, mycology, dermatology, clinical pathology and anatomical pathology. ABBREVIATIONS FOR ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS AMB (amphotericin B); FC (flucytosine); FCZ (fluconazole); ISA (isavuconazole); ITZ (itraconazole); KCZ (ketoconazole); PCZ (posaconazole); TRB (terbinafine); VCZ (voriconazole).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa R Barrs
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR China
- Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Stefan Hobi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Angeline Wong
- Shatin Animal Hospital, Tai Wai, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Jeanine Sandy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Lisa F Shubitz
- Valley Fever Center for Excellence, The University of Arizona, AZ, USA
| | - Paweł M Bęczkowski
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR China
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Nikaein D, Shirani D, Sharifzadeh A, Alavi A, Khosravi AR. Antifungal susceptibility profile of yeasts isolated from the oral cavity of cats. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2414-2419. [PMID: 37847594 PMCID: PMC10650235 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microorganisms living in the oral cavity play an important role in health and disease of the host. Cats are susceptible to oral infections, and it is documented that fungi in the oral cavity could impact these infections. Antifungal resistance has been increasing in recent years. OBJECTIVES This study was designed to identify yeast isolates from the oral cavity of healthy cats and to evaluate their antifungal susceptibility pattern. METHODS Oral specimens were collected from 60 cats and cultured at 37°C for 10 days. Yeasts were isolated and identified. Their antifungal susceptibility pattern was determined according to CLSI M44-A. RESULTS Three yeast genera were isolated, including Candida spp (55.5%), Rhodotorula spp (33.3%) and Hanseniaspora spp (11.1%). Antifungal susceptibility profiling showed that, apart from a dose-dependent effect of itraconazole, Hanseniaspora spp was susceptible to all seven drugs studied. The Candida species were susceptible to all drugs except ketoconazole (sensitivity 80%) and caspofungin (sensitivity 40%). In R. glutinis and R. minuta, 100% sensitivity was observed for amphotericin B, posaconazole, ketoconazole and voriconazole. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that, in comparison with humans and other animals, cats have a different oral mycoflora in terms of species, number and diversity. However, these isolates have similar susceptibility patterns to those seen in isolates from other animals and humans. More studies should be done to further characterize the oral mycobiota of cats and its role in oral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donya Nikaein
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TehranTehranIran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - Dariush Shirani
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - Aghil Sharifzadeh
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TehranTehranIran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - Ava Alavi
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TehranTehranIran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - Ali Reza Khosravi
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TehranTehranIran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TehranTehranIran
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Hanzlicek AS, KuKanich KS, Cook AK, Hodges S, Thomason JM, DeSilva R, Ramachandran A, Durkin MM. Clinical utility of fungal culture and antifungal susceptibility in cats and dogs with histoplasmosis. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:998-1006. [PMID: 37092675 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Culture can be used for diagnosis and antifungal susceptibility testing in animals with fungal infections. Limited information is available regarding the diagnostic performance of culture and the susceptibility patterns of Histoplasma spp. isolates. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Describe the clinical utility of culture and the susceptibility patterns of Histoplasma spp. isolates causing histoplasmosis in cats and dogs. ANIMALS Seventy-one client-owned animals, including 33 cats and 19 dogs with proven or probable histoplasmosis. METHODS Culture was attempted from tissue or fluid samples. Diagnostic performance of culture, cytopathology, and antigen detection were compared with final diagnosis. Susceptibility to antifungal agents was determined for a subset (11 from dogs, 9 from cats) of culture isolates. RESULTS Culture had a diagnostic sensitivity of 17/33 (52%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 34%-69%) and 15/19 (79%; 95% CI, 61%-97%) and specificity of 6/6 (100%; 95% CI, 54%-100%) and 10/10 (100%; 95% CI, 69%-100%) in cats and dogs, respectively. Culture was not positive in any animal in which cytopathology and antigen testing were negative. Target drug exposure (area under the concentration curve [AUC]/minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] >25) should be easily achieved for all isolates for itraconazole, voriconazole, or posaconazole. Five of 20 (25%) isolates had fluconazole MIC ≥32 μg/mL and achieving target drug exposure is unlikely. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Fungal culture did not improve diagnostic sensitivity when used with cytopathology and antigen detection. Susceptibility testing might help identify isolates for which fluconazole is less likely to be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Hanzlicek
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
- MiraVista Diagnostics, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Kate S KuKanich
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Audrey K Cook
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Steven Hodges
- Oklahoma Veterinary Specialists, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
| | - John M Thomason
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Rupika DeSilva
- Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Akhilesh Ramachandran
- Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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Woerde DJ, Wittenburg LA, Dear JD. Pharmacokinetics of isavuconazole in healthy cats after oral and intravenous administration. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:1422-1429. [PMID: 35616184 PMCID: PMC9308414 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Isavuconazole is a triazole antifungal drug that has shown good efficacy in human patients. Absorption and pharmacokinetics have not been evaluated in cats. Objectives To determine the pharmacokinetics of isavuconazole in cats given a single IV or PO dose. Animals Eight healthy, adult research cats. Methods Four cats received 100 mg capsules of isavuconazole PO. Four cats received 5 mg/kg isavuconazole solution IV. Serum was collected at predetermined intervals for analysis using ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry. Data were analyzed using a 2‐compartment uniform weighting pharmacokinetic analysis with lag time for PO administration and a 2 compartment, 1/y2 weighting for IV administration. Predicted 24 and 48‐hour dosing intervals of 100 mg isavuconazole administered PO were modeled and in vitro plasma protein binding was assessed. Results Both PO and IV drug administration resulted in high serum concentrations. Intravenous and PO formulations of isavuconazole appear to be able to be used interchangeably. Peak serum isavuconazole concentrations occurred 5 ± 3.8 hours after PO administration with an elimination rate half‐life of 66.2 ± 55.3 hours. Intersubject variability was apparent in both the PO and IV groups. Two cats vomited 6 to 8 hours after PO administration. No adverse effects were observed in the IV group. Oral bioavailability was estimated to be approximately 88%. Serum protein binding was calculated to be approximately 99.0% ± 0.03%. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Isavuconazole might prove to be useful in cats with fungal disease given its favorable pharmacokinetics. Additional studies on safety, efficacy, and tolerability of long‐term isavuconazole use are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Woerde
- William R Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Luke A Wittenburg
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jonathan D Dear
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Kay A, Boland L, Kidd SE, Beatty JA, Talbot JJ, Barrs VR. Complete clinical response to combined antifungal therapy in two cats with invasive fungal rhinosinusitis caused by cryptic Aspergillus species in section Fumigati. Med Mycol Case Rep 2021; 34:13-17. [PMID: 34540573 PMCID: PMC8437771 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptic species in Aspergillus section Fumigati are increasingly reported to cause invasive aspergillosis in humans and animals. These infections are often refractory to treatment because of intrinsic antifungal resistance. We report two cases of invasive fungal rhinosinusitis in domestic cats caused by A. udagawae and A. felis. Clinical signs resolved after combined therapy including posaconazole, caspofungin and terbinafine. Both cases remained asymptomatic more than 2 years from initial presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kay
- Brunswick Central Vet Clinic, 210 Lygon Street, Brunswick East, VIC, 3055, Australia
| | - Lara Boland
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Sarah E Kidd
- National Mycology Reference Centre, Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, SA Pathology, Frome Rd, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Julia A Beatty
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine & Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Jessica J Talbot
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Vanessa R Barrs
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine & Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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Cormack CA, Donahoe SL, Talbot JJ, Beatty JA, Barrs VR. Disseminated invasive aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus felis in a cat. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2395-2400. [PMID: 34414603 PMCID: PMC8478040 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A 2‐year‐old male desexed Ragdoll cat with a 1‐year history of sneezing and nasal discharge presented with a large subcutaneous cervical mass, identified as the right medial retropharyngeal lymph node on computed tomography (CT). A right orbital mass, destructive sino‐nasal cavity disease and multiple pulmonary nodules were also identified. Aspergillus felis was cultured from the lymph node. After treatment with posaconazole and liposomal amphotericin B the lymph node enlargement and orbital mass resolved but left frontal sinus involvement and pulmonary lesions persisted despite additional caspofungin therapy. The cat was euthanized 14 months after diagnosis with dysphagia and chronic progressive exophthalmos. A meningeal granuloma with intravascular fungal hyphae was identified at post‐mortem and A felis was cultured from the left frontal sinus and a right retrobulbar fungal granuloma. This case demonstrates that disseminated disease is a possible sequel to invasive fungal rhinosinusitis caused by A felis in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Cormack
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Shannon L Donahoe
- Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic Services, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jessica J Talbot
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julia A Beatty
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR China.,Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vanessa R Barrs
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR China.,Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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7
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Azmanis P, Pappalardo L, Sara ZAJ, Silvanose C, Naidoo V. Disposition of posaconazole after single oral administration in large falcons (Falco spp): Effect of meal and dosage and a non-compartmental model to predict effective dosage. Med Mycol 2021; 59:901-908. [PMID: 33891699 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myab019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Posaconazole has been used anecdotally to treat aspergillosis in falcons resistant to voriconazole. In human medicine, it is used prophylactically in immunosuppressed human subjects with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. So far, no studies have been performed in birds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in-vivo pharmacokinetic behavior of oral posaconazole after a single administration in six large falcons (i.e gyrfalcons, saker falcons). Posaconazole oral suspension (Noxafil, 40 mg/ml, Schering-Plough) was administered per os without meal in a single dosage of 12.5 mg/kg in 3 falcons. A comparison was done in two more falcons, one with a natural fatty meal at the same single dose, and one with a natural fatty meal and a higher dosage (20 mg/kg). Finally, six falcons received posaconazole pre-dissolved in corn oil with a natural low-fat meal in the higher single dose (20 mg/kg). No side effects were observed in the falcons in any of the experiments. In starved state posaconazole was poorly absorbed, more so than in other species. As expected, absorption of posaconazole was higher with the administration of meal or in the presence of plant (corn) oil, with a fourfold increase in apparent bioavailability. Despite the preferential absorption in the presence of fat, for both dosing schemes the AUC24 : MIC ratio was lower than described in human medicine to achieve a therapeutic effect. The AUCinf : MIC which is an indicator of efficacy after steady-state, while variable, did indicate that the drug is worth trying when susceptibility testing shows to be the only effective drug. LAY ABSTRACT The focus of this work is to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of oral posaconazole in large falcons for the first time after a single dose. Posaconazole has higher bioavailability when administered with meal and fatty components. No adverse reactions have been observed. The ratio of the area under the curve (AUC24) to minimum inhibitory concentration was lower compared to the therapeutic level in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Azmanis
- Dubai Falcon Hospital, 23919, Dubai, United Arab Emirates (Azmanis, Silvanose)
| | - Lucia Pappalardo
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Studies, American University of Sharjah (AUS), United Arab Emirates (Pappalardo, Sara)
| | - Ziad A J Sara
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Studies, American University of Sharjah (AUS), United Arab Emirates (Pappalardo, Sara)
| | | | - Vinny Naidoo
- Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Republic of South Africa (Naidoo)
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Barrs VR, Talbot JJ. Fungal Rhinosinusitis and Disseminated Invasive Aspergillosis in Cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2019; 50:331-357. [PMID: 31866094 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fungal rhinosinusitis, including sinonasal aspergillosis (SNA) and sino-orbital aspergillosis (SOA), is the most common type of aspergillosis encountered in cats. Other focal forms of aspergillosis including disseminated invasive aspergillosis occur less frequently. SOA is an invasive mycosis that is increasingly recognized and is most commonly caused by Aspergillus felis, a close relative of Aspergillus fumigatus. SNA can be invasive or noninvasive and is most commonly caused by A fumigatus and Aspergillus niger. Molecular methods are required to correctly identify the fungi that cause SNA and SOA. SNA has a favorable prognosis with treatment, whereas the prognosis for SOA remains poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa R Barrs
- City University of Hong Kong, Department of Infectious Diseases & Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Jessica J Talbot
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Sydney, University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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9
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Davidson AP, Shubitz LF, Alcott CJ, Sykes JE. Selected Clinical Features of Coccidioidomycosis in Dogs. Med Mycol 2019; 57:S67-S75. [PMID: 30690600 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine coccidioidomycosis, a systemic fungal infection endemic to arid and semiarid regions of North, Central, and South America, is commonly diagnosed in dogs living in or traveling through lower Sonoran life zones in the states of California and Arizona. Canine and human cases have geographic overlap. Similarities between clinical coccidioidomycosis in dogs and humans include asymptomatic infection, primary respiratory disease and disseminated disease. Differences include a high rate of dissemination in dogs, differences in predilection of dissemination sites, and a granulomatous or diffuse meningoencephalopathic form in the canine central nervous system (CNS) without the obstructive component seen in humans. Dogs presenting with CNS coccidioidomycosis most commonly experience seizures. Prior disease history and serology are unreliable indicators of CNS coccidioidomycosis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is advantageous for diagnosis of CNS coccidioidomycosis in dogs. Long-term administration of antifungal medication is promoted for treatment of both primary and disseminated coccidioidomycosis in dogs. Supportive treatment addressing pain, fever, inappetance, coughing, and other clinical signs improves patient care. Glucocorticoids and or anticonvulsants are also recommended for canine disseminated CNS disease. Protracted treatment times, lack of owner compliance, failure of the disease to respond to the first antifungal drug selected, and high cost are challenges of successfully treating dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Autumn P Davidson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Lisa F Shubitz
- Valley Fever Center for Excellence, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Cody J Alcott
- Veterinary Specialty Center of Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Jane E Sykes
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Greenacre CB, Dowling M, Nobrega-Lee M. Diagnosis and Treatment of Histoplasmosis in a Group of Four Domestic Ferrets (Mustela Putorius Furo) and a Review of Histoplasmosis. J Exot Pet Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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11
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Thomson J, Trott DJ, Malik R, Galgut B, McAllister MM, Nimmo J, Renton D, Kidd SE. An atypical cause of sporotrichosis in a cat. Med Mycol Case Rep 2019; 23:72-76. [PMID: 30723664 PMCID: PMC6350224 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A nine-year-old domestic cat from Melbourne, Australia, presented with a non-ulcerated nodule on its nasal bridge. A fungal infection of the subcutis was diagnosed based on histopathology and culture of a white mould, which was identified as Sporothrix pallida complex by ITS1–5.8S-ITS2 and β-tubulin gene sequencing. The cat was treated by cytoreduction, itraconazole and subsequently posaconazole, which eventually resulted in regression of residual infected tissues and clinical resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Thomson
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Mudla Wirra Road, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Darren J Trott
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Mudla Wirra Road, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Bradley Galgut
- ASAP Laboratories, 53 Glenvale Crescent, Mulgrave, VIC 3170, Australia
| | - Milton M McAllister
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Mudla Wirra Road, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Judith Nimmo
- ASAP Laboratories, 53 Glenvale Crescent, Mulgrave, VIC 3170, Australia
| | - Doug Renton
- Glenhuntly Road Veterinary Clinic, Glenhuntly Road, Glenhuntly, VIC 3163, Australia
| | - Sarah E Kidd
- National Mycology Reference Centre, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, SA Pathology, Frome Road, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia
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Dedeaux A, Grooters A, Wakamatsu-Utsuki N, Taboada J. Opportunistic Fungal Infections in Small Animals. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2018; 54:327-337. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Opportunistic fungal infections have long been recognized as rare causes of disease in immunocompetent dogs and cats. Recently, the escalating use of multiagent immunosuppression protocols (especially those that include cyclosporine) has resulted in an increased number of patients with opportunistic fungal infection encountered by small animal practitioners and has altered the typical case phenotype. Based on histologic and cytologic features such as pigmentation, hyphal diameter, and distribution in tissue, these opportunistic mycoses can be placed into categories such as phaeohyphomycosis, hyalohyphomycosis, and eumycotic mycetoma. This review aims to summarize the clinical presentations, methods for diagnosis, treatment recommendations, and prognosis for both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients with opportunistic fungal infections. An example case description is included to illustrate the most common current clinical presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Dedeaux
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (A.D., A.G., J.T.) and Department of Pathobiological Sciences (N.W-U.), Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Amy Grooters
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (A.D., A.G., J.T.) and Department of Pathobiological Sciences (N.W-U.), Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Nobuko Wakamatsu-Utsuki
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (A.D., A.G., J.T.) and Department of Pathobiological Sciences (N.W-U.), Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Joseph Taboada
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (A.D., A.G., J.T.) and Department of Pathobiological Sciences (N.W-U.), Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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13
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Gharibi S, Kimble B, Vogelnest L, Barnes J, Stadler CK, Govendir M. Pharmacokinetics of posaconazole in koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) after intravenous and oral administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 40:675-681. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Gharibi
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science; The University of Sydney; Camperdown NSW Australia
| | - B. Kimble
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science; The University of Sydney; Camperdown NSW Australia
| | | | - J. Barnes
- Santa Barbara Zoo; Santa Barbara CA USA
| | | | - M. Govendir
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science; The University of Sydney; Camperdown NSW Australia
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14
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Okamatsu G, Kawakami K, Komatsu T, Kitazawa T, Uno Y, Teraoka H. Functional expression and comparative characterization of four feline P450 cytochromes using fluorescent substrates. Xenobiotica 2016; 47:951-961. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2016.1257172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaku Okamatsu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan and
| | - Kei Kawakami
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan and
| | - Tetsuya Komatsu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan and
| | - Takio Kitazawa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan and
| | - Yasuhiro Uno
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Ltd., Kainan, Japan
| | - Hiroki Teraoka
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan and
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