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Novo Matos J, Payne JR. Predicting Development of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Disease Outcomes in Cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023; 53:1277-1292. [PMID: 37500329 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Echocardiography is the gold standard imaging modality to diagnose hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in cats. Echocardiographic features can predict both cats at an increased risk of developing HCM and cats with HCM at an increased risk of developing cardiovascular events or experiencing cardiac death. Left atrial dysfunction seems to be an important feature of HCM, as it is an early phenotypic abnormality and is also associated with worse outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Novo Matos
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.
| | - Jessie Rose Payne
- Langford Vets Small Animal Referral Hospital, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford BS40 5DU, UK
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Brložnik M, Lunka E, Avbelj V, Nemec Svete A, Domanjko Petrič A. Cardiac Electromechanical Activity in Healthy Cats and Cats with Cardiomyopathies. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8336. [PMID: 37837166 PMCID: PMC10574989 DOI: 10.3390/s23198336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Optimal heart function depends on perfect synchronization between electrical and mechanical activity. In this pilot study, we aimed to investigate the electromechanical activity of the heart in healthy cats and cats with cardiomyopathy with phonocardiography (PCG) synchronized to an electrocardiography (ECG) pilot device. We included 29 cats (12 healthy cats and 17 cats diagnosed with cardiomyopathy) and performed a clinical examination, PCG synchronized with ECG and echocardiography. We measured the following durations with the pilot PCG device synchronized with ECG: QRS (ventricular depolarization), QT interval (electrical systole), QS1 interval (electromechanical activation time (EMAT)), S1S2 (mechanical systole), QS2 interval (electrical and mechanical systole) and electromechanical window (end of T wave to the beginning of S2). The measured parameters did not differ between healthy cats and cats with cardiomyopathy; however, in cats with cardiomyopathy, EMAT/RR, QS2/RR and S1S2/RR were significantly longer than in healthy cats. This suggests that the hypertrophied myocardium takes longer to generate sufficient pressure to close the mitral valve and that electrical systole, i.e., depolarization and repolarization, and mechanical systoles are longer in cats with cardiomyopathy. The PCG synchronized with the ECG pilot device proved to be a valuable tool for evaluating the electromechanical activity of the feline heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Brložnik
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (E.L.); (A.N.S.)
| | - Ema Lunka
- Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (E.L.); (A.N.S.)
| | - Viktor Avbelj
- Department of Communication Systems, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Alenka Nemec Svete
- Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (E.L.); (A.N.S.)
| | - Aleksandra Domanjko Petrič
- Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (E.L.); (A.N.S.)
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Mandour AS, Farag A, Helal MAY, El-Masry G, Al-Rejaie S, Takahashi K, Yoshida T, Hamabe L, Tanaka R. Non-Invasive Assessment of the Intraventricular Pressure Using Novel Color M-Mode Echocardiography in Animal Studies: Current Status and Future Perspectives in Veterinary Medicine. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2452. [PMID: 37570261 PMCID: PMC10417806 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The assessment of diastolic function has received great interest in order to comprehend its crucial role in the pathophysiology of heart failure and for the early identification of cardiac events. Silent changes in the intraventricular flow (IVF) dynamics occur before the deterioration of the cardiac wall, although they cannot be detected using conventional echocardiography. Collective information on left ventricular (LV) pressures throughout the cardiac cycle has great value when dealing with patients with altered hemodynamics. Accurate pressure measurement inside the ventricle can be obtained by invasive methods to determine the LV diastolic pressures, which reflect the myocardial relaxation and compliance. However, catheterization is only feasible in the laboratory setting and is not suitable for clinical use due to its disadvantages. In contrast, echocardiography is simple, safe, and accessible. Color M-mode echocardiography (CMME) is an advanced cardiac evaluation technique that can measure the intraventricular pressure differences (IVPDs) and intraventricular pressure gradients (IVPGs) based on the Doppler shift of the IVF. Recently, the assessment of IVPD and IVPG has gained growing interest in the cardiovascular literature in both animal and human studies as a non-invasive method for the early diagnosis of cardiac dysfunctions, especially diastolic ones. The usability of IVPD and IVPG has been reported in various surgically induced heart failure or pharmacologically altered cardiac functions in rats, dogs, cats, and goats. This report aims to give an overview of the current studies of CMME-derived IVPD and IVPG in animal studies and its feasibility for clinical application in veterinary practice and to provide the prospects of the technique's ability to improve our understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S. Mandour
- Department of Animal Medicine (Internal Medicine), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
- Veterinary Surgery, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-0054, Japan
| | - Ahmed Farag
- Veterinary Surgery, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-0054, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A. Y. Helal
- Veterinary Surgery, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-0054, Japan
- Animal Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Benha 13736, Egypt
| | - Gamal El-Masry
- Agricultural Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Salim Al-Rejaie
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ken Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Yoshida
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Division of Veterinary Research, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Lina Hamabe
- Veterinary Surgery, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-0054, Japan
| | - Ryou Tanaka
- Veterinary Surgery, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-0054, Japan
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Diana A, Perfetti S, Valente C, Baron Toaldo M, Pey P, Cipone M, Poser H, Guglielmini C. Radiographic features of cardiogenic pulmonary oedema in cats with left-sided cardiac disease: 71 cases. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:e568-e579. [PMID: 36350302 PMCID: PMC10812342 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221121922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to describe the radiographic features of cardiogenic pulmonary oedema (CPE) in a large group of cats with left-sided cardiac disease, and to determine the association between the radiographic features of CPE and the underlying cardiac disease. METHODS Thoracic radiographs of cats with CPE and echocardiographic evidence of left-sided cardiac disease and left atrial enlargement (LAE) were reviewed, and cardiac silhouette, pulmonary vessels and pulmonary parenchyma evaluation were performed. Interstitial and/or alveolar patterns were classified according to their distribution (ie, diffuse, multifocal or focal) and location (ie, craniodorsal, cranioventral, caudodorsal, caudoventral and perihilar). A Student's t-test and Mann-Whitney U-test, or the two-proportion z-test, were used to compare continuous or categorical variables, respectively, between cats affected by the two most represented cardiac diseases, namely hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM). RESULTS Seventy-one cats were included; among them, 46 (64.7%) and 13 (18.3%) had presented for HCM and RCM, respectively. Subjective and objective cardiomegaly, and subjective and objective LAE were detected in 97.2% and 91.9% of cats and in 80.3% and 40.6% of cats, respectively. Pulmonary artery abnormalities, in particular caudal pulmonary artery dilation, were found in 77.5% of cats. Pulmonary artery to pulmonary vein ratio = 1 was found in 71.8% and 55% cats on right lateral and ventrodorsal or dorsoventral views, respectively. Interstitial (57.8%) and mixed interstitial-alveolar (38%) pattern, multifocal (84.5%) and symmetrical (75%) distribution with prevalent ventrocaudal (65.6% of cats) and ventrocranial (60.9% of cats) locations were most frequently observed. No difference was found for any of these radiographic features between cats with HCM and RCM. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Moderate-to-severe cardiomegaly and LAE, caudal pulmonary artery and vein dilation, as well as a ventral, multifocal and symmetrical interstitial pulmonary pattern, were the main radiographic features of CPE in evaluated cats. Underlying cardiac disease did not influence the aforementioned radiographic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Diana
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simone Perfetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlotta Valente
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Baron Toaldo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Current address: Klinik für Kleintiermedizin, Universität Zürich – Vetsuisse-Fakultät, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pascaline Pey
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Current address: Antech Imaging Services, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Mario Cipone
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Helen Poser
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Carlo Guglielmini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Repeated-Dose Pharmacodynamics of Pimobendan in Healthy Cats. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12080981. [PMID: 35454228 PMCID: PMC9026419 DOI: 10.3390/ani12080981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The dosing of pimobendan in cats is determined with reference to the effects of a single dose, although pimobendan is normally administered in repeated doses. In this study, the pharmacodynamics of repeated and multiple-dose pimobendan in healthy cats was investigated. Data were collected from five cats. Cardiac systolic function increased after repeated-dose pimobendan administration and correlated well with plasma concentrations of the drug. The results of this study suggest that a higher dose of pimobendan is effective. Abstract The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of repeated and multiple-dose pimobendan on cardiac systolic function and the correlations between changes in cardiac systolic function and plasma concentrations of pimobendan and O-desmethylpimobendan (ODMP). Five clinically healthy cats were subjected to four different medication protocols for 14 days, with a washout period of at least 1 month between each protocol. The protocols were pimobendan 0.5 mg/kg q12h (high dosage [HD] group); pimobendan 0.25 mg/kg q12h (standard dosage [SD] group); pimobendan 0.125 mg/kg q12h (low dosage group); and Biofermin R, one tablet q12h (placebo group). Echocardiography and measurement of plasma concentrations of pimobendan and ODMP were performed prior to medication administration (baseline) and 20, 40, 60, 120, 240, 360, and 480 min after administration, and the correlation between the changes in cardiac systolic function and plasma concentration of pimobendan, ODMP, or the sum of both were examined. The cardiac systolic function increased in the HD and SD groups, and there were significant correlations between the lateral peak systolic myocardial velocity (S′) changes and plasma pimobendan, plasma ODMP, and the sum of both. Repeated doses of pimobendan in healthy cats increased cardiac systolic function, and there were significant correlations between cardiac function and plasma concentrations of pimobendan and ODMP. The results of this study highlight the effectiveness of a higher dose of pimobendan.
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Matsuura K, Bach MB, Takahashi K, Willesen JL, Koch J, Tanaka R. Non-invasive assessment of left ventricular relaxation property using color M-mode-derived intraventricular pressure gradients in cats. J Vet Cardiol 2022; 41:236-248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Suzuki R, Saito T, Yuchi Y, Kanno H, Teshima T, Matsumoto H, Koyama H. Detection of Congestive Heart Failure and Myocardial Dysfunction in Cats With Cardiomyopathy by Using Two-Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:771244. [PMID: 34869741 PMCID: PMC8634135 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.771244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a life-threatening condition in cats with cardiomyopathy. We hypothesized that myocardial dysfunction may induce progression to CHF pathophysiology in cats with cardiomyopathy. However, no previous studies have evaluated the involvement of myocardial dysfunction in cats with CHF. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between CHF and myocardial function assessed using two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography (2D-STE). Sixteen client-owned healthy cats and 32 cats with cardiomyopathy were enrolled in this study. Cats were classified into three groups: healthy cats, cardiomyopathy without CHF (CM group), and cardiomyopathy with CHF (CHF group). Left ventricular (LV) longitudinal and circumferential strains (SL and SC, respectively), and right ventricular (RV) SL were measured using 2D-STE. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the relationship between CHF and echocardiographic variables, including 2D-STE. Results comparing the healthy cats and CM vs. CHF groups showed that increased left atrial to aortic diameter ratio and decreased LV apical SC were significantly associated with the existence of CHF (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 1.40 [1.16-1.78] and 1.59 [1.06-2.36], respectively). Results comparing the CM vs. CHF group showed that increased end-diastolic RV internal dimension and decreased RV SL were significantly associated with the existence of CHF (odds ratio: 1.07 [1.00-1.13] and 1.34 [1.07-1.68], respectively). Left atrial enlargement and depressed LV apical myocardial function may be useful tools for predicting the progression to CHF in cats. Furthermore, RV enlargement and dysfunction may lead to the onset of CHF in asymptomatic cats with cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Suzuki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Takahiro Saito
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Yunosuke Yuchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Haruka Kanno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Takahiro Teshima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Koyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
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Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE The feline cardiomyopathies are the most prevalent type of heart disease in adult domestic cats. Several forms have been identified (see Parts 2 and 3), with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) being the most common. Clinically the cardiomyopathies are often indistinguishable. Cats with subclinical cardiomyopathy may or may not have characteristic physical examination findings (eg, heart murmur, gallop sound), or radiographic cardiomegaly. Cats with severe disease may develop signs of heart failure (eg, dyspnea, tachypnea) or systemic arterial thromboembolism (ATE; eg, pain and paralysis). Sudden death is possible. Treatment usually does not alter the progression from subclinical to clinical disease and often the treatment approach, once clinical signs are apparent, is the same regardless of the type of cardiomyopathy. However, differentiating cardiomyopathy from normal variation may be important prognostically. PATIENT GROUP Domestic cats of any age from 3 months upward, of either sex and of any breed, can be affected. Mixed-breed cats are most commonly affected but certain breeds are disproportionately prone to developing HCM. DIAGNOSTICS Subclinical feline cardiomyopathies may be suspected based on physical examination findings, thoracic radiographs and cardiac biomarker results but often the disease is clinically silent. The definitive clinical confirmatory test is echocardiography. Left heart failure (pulmonary edema and/or pleural effusion) is most commonly diagnosed radiographically, but point-of-care ultrasound and amino terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) biomarker testing can also be useful, especially when the stress of taking radiographs is best avoided. KEY FINDINGS Knowledge of pathophysiological mechanisms helps the practitioner identify the feline cardiomyopathies and understand how these diseases progress and how they manifest clinically (heart failure, ATE). Existing diagnostic tests have strengths and limitations, and being aware of these can help a practitioner deliver optimal recommendations regarding referral. CONCLUSIONS Several types of feline cardiomyopathies exist in both subclinical (mild to severe disease) and clinical (severe disease) phases. Heart failure and ATE are the most common clinical manifestations of severe cardiomyopathy and are therapeutic targets regardless of the type of cardiomyopathy. The long-term prognosis is often guarded or poor once overt clinical manifestations are present. AREAS OF UNCERTAINTY Some cats with presumed cardiomyopathy do not have echocardiographic features that fit the classic cardiomyopathies (cardiomyopathy - nonspecific phenotype). Although no definitive treatment is usually available, understanding how cardiomyopathies evolve remains worthy of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Kittleson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, and Veterinary Information Network, 777 West Covell Boulevard, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Etienne Côté
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
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Bach MBT, Grevsen JR, Kiely MAB, Willesen JL, Koch J. Detection of congestive heart failure by mitral annular displacement in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - concordance between tissue Doppler imaging-derived tissue tracking and M-mode. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 36:153-168. [PMID: 34298446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The left ventricular systolic longitudinal function, traditionally measured by M-mode-derived mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE), is reduced in feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and further reduced in cats with left-sided congestive heart failure (CHF). The objectives of this study were to compare longitudinal displacement measured by tissue tracking (TT-LD) and MAPSE in feline HCM and assess these methods' ability to differentiate CHF from preclinical HCM. A further objective was to provide preliminary reference intervals for TT-LD. ANIMALS Eighty-five client-owned cats. METHODS A retrospective case-control study. Anatomical M-mode was used to record MAPSE, and TT-LD was recorded by tissue tracking. RESULTS Reduced longitudinal displacement measured by either MAPSE or TT-LD was significantly associated with CHF in cats with HCM (p < 0.036). Receiver-operating characteristic analysis indicated that TT-LD (AUC: 92.9%-97.9%) was more sensitive and specific than MAPSE (AUC: 85.8%-89.1%) for the detection of CHF. A diagnostic cut-off of 2.89 mm for maximal TT-LD in the left ventricular septum resulted in a sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 83.3%, while a diagnostic cut-off of 2.41 mm in the left ventricular posterior wall resulted in a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 90%. CONCLUSIONS M-mode-derived mitral annular plane systolic excursion and TT-LD were strongly correlated, but not interchangeable. Longitudinal displacement measured by tissue tracking decreased more with disease severity than traditional MAPSE. Longitudinal displacement may help detect CHF in cats with HCM - with the maximal TT-LD of the left ventricular posterior wall achieving the highest AUC value.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B T Bach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 16, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - J R Grevsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 16, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - M A B Kiely
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 16, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - J L Willesen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 16, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - J Koch
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 16, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Rohrbaugh MN, Schober KE, Rhinehart JD, Bonagura JD, Habing A, Yildiz V. Detection of congestive heart failure by Doppler echocardiography in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1091-1101. [PMID: 32364632 PMCID: PMC7255654 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Left‐sided congestive heart failure (CHF) is characterized by increased filling pressures and related Doppler echocardiographic (DE) filling patterns. Hypothesis Doppler echocardiographic variables of left ventricular filling derived from transmitral flow, pulmonary vein flow, and tissue Doppler can be used to detect CHF in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Animals Forty‐seven client‐owned cats. Methods Prospective clinical cohort study. Cats underwent physical examination, thoracic radiography, analysis of N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP), and transthoracic echocardiography and were divided into 3 age‐matched groups: Group 1 (apparently healthy control), Group 2 (preclinical HCM), and Group 3 (HCM and CHF). Measured and calculated variables included respiratory rate, DE estimates, serum NT‐proBNP concentration, and radiographic CHF score. Groups were compared using ANOVA, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and multivariate analyses were used to identify diagnostic cutoffs for the detection of CHF. Results Fifteen cats were in Group 1, 17 in Group 2, and 15 in Group 3. The ROC analysis indicated that the ratio of peak velocity of early diastolic transmitral flow to peak velocity of late diastolic transmitral flow (area under the curve [AUC], 1.0; diagnostic cutoff, 1.77; P = .001), ratio of left atrial size to aortic annular dimension (AUC, 0.91; diagnostic cutoff, 1.96; P = .003), left atrial diameter (AUC, 0.89; cutoff, 18.5 mm; P = .004), diastolic functional class (AUC, 0.89; cutoff, class 2; P = .005), respiratory (AUC, 0.79; cutoff, 36 breaths per minute [brpm]; P = .02), and the ratio of the peak velocity of fused early and late transmitral flow velocities to the peak velocity of the fused early and late diastolic tissue Doppler waveforms (AUC, 0.74; cutoff, 15.1; P = .05) performed best for detecting CHF. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Various DE variables can be used to detect CHF in cats with HCM. Determination of the clinical benefit of such variables in initiating treatments and assessing treatment success needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle N Rohrbaugh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Karsten E Schober
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jaylyn D Rhinehart
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - John D Bonagura
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Amy Habing
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Vedat Yildiz
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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