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Berryhill EH, Knych H, Chigerwe M, Edman J, Magdesian KG. Pharmacokinetics of maropitant citrate after oral administration of multiple doses in adult horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 43:282-287. [PMID: 32067245 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor antagonist, maropitant citrate, mitigates nausea and vomiting in dogs and cats. Nausea is poorly understood in horses, and clinical use of NK-1 receptor antagonists has not been reported. This study aimed to determine the pharmacokinetics and safety of maropitant after administration of multiple doses. We hypothesized that maropitant concentrations would be similar at steady state to those reported in dogs, with minimal adverse effects. Maropitant was administered at 4 mg/kg orally, once daily for 5 days in seven adult horses. Serial plasma maropitant concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic parameters were determined. The maximum, minimum, and average concentrations of maropitant achieved at steady state were 375.5 ± 200, 16.8 ± 7.7, and 73.5 ± 45.1 ng/ml, respectively. The terminal elimination half-life was 11.6 ± 1.4 hr, and the accumulation index was 1.3 ± 0.07. Heart rate decreased between Day 1 and Day 5 (p = .005), with three horses having heart rates of 20 beats per minute and atrioventricular block on Day 5. Pharmacokinetics of repeated maropitant administration suggests the drug could be considered for use in healthy horses. Further investigation on the clinical relevancy of its cardiac effects is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily H Berryhill
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Heather Knych
- Kenneth L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Munashe Chigerwe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Judy Edman
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - K Gary Magdesian
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Ozawa SM, Hawkins MG, Drazenovich TL, Kass PH, Knych HK. Pharmacokinetics of maropitant citrate in New Zealand White rabbits ( Oryctolagus cuniculus). Am J Vet Res 2019; 80:963-968. [PMID: 31556710 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.10.963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetics and adverse effects of maropitant citrate after IV and SC administration to New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). ANIMALS 11 sexually intact (3 males and 8 females) adult rabbits. PROCEDURES Each rabbit received maropitant citrate (1 mg/kg) IV or SC. Blood samples were collected at 9 (SC) or 10 (IV) time points over 48 hours. After a 2-week washout period, rabbits received maropitant by the alternate administration route. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. Body weight, food and water consumption, injection site, mentation, and urine and fecal output were monitored. RESULTS Mean ± SD maximum concentration after SC administration was 14.4 ± 10.9 ng/mL and was detected at 1.25 ± 0.89 hours. Terminal half-life after IV and SC administration was 10.4 ± 1.6 hours and 13.1 ± 2.44 hours, respectively. Bioavailability after SC administration was 58.9 ± 13.3%. Plasma concentration at 24 hours was 2.87 ± 1.69 ng/mL after IV administration and 3.4 ± 1.2 ng/mL after SC administration. Four rabbits developed local dermal reactions at the injection site after SC injection. Increased fecal production was detected on the day of treatment and 1 day after treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Plasma concentrations of rabbits 24 hours after SC and IV administration of maropitant citrate (1 mg/kg) were similar to those of dogs at 24 hours. Reactions at the SC injection site were the most common adverse effect detected. Increased fecal output may suggest an effect on gastrointestinal motility. Additional pharmacodynamic and multidose studies are needed.
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Steinbach JR, MacGuire J, Chang S, Dierks E, Roble GS. Assessment of pre-operative maropitant citrate use in macaque (Macaca fasicularis & Macaca mulatta) neurosurgical procedures. J Med Primatol 2018; 47:178-184. [PMID: 29611200 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retrospective analysis of post-operative vomiting (POV) in non-human primates at our institution was 11%. Based on this additional risk factor for post-operative complications, we aimed to eliminate or decrease POV by adding an antiemetic, maropitant citrate, to the pre-medication protocol. METHODS Retrospective and prospective data were collected over a 5-year period from 46 macaques of two species during 155 procedures. Additionally, blood was collected from five Macaca mulatta to perform a pharmacokinetic analysis. RESULTS A 1 mg/kg subcutaneous dose of maropitant given pre-operatively significantly decreased POV. Findings indicated post-neurosurgical emesis in Macaca fasicularis was significantly greater than in Macaca mulatta. Pharmacokinetic analysis of maropitant in Macaca mulatta determined the mean maximum plasma concentration to be 113 ng/mL. CONCLUSIONS Maropitant administration prior to anesthesia for neurosurgeries decreased our incidence of POV to 1%. The plasma concentration reaches the proposed plasma level for clinical efficacy approximately 20 minutes after administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn R Steinbach
- NYU-Regeneron Postdoctoral Training Program in Laboratory Animal Medicine, New York University, NYU Langone Health, and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, New York, NY, USA.,Office of Veterinary Resources, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jamus MacGuire
- Veterinary Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Shu Chang
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Elizabeth Dierks
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Gordon S Roble
- NYU-Regeneron Postdoctoral Training Program in Laboratory Animal Medicine, New York University, NYU Langone Health, and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, New York, NY, USA.,Office of Veterinary Resources, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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Venn EC, Preisner K, Boscan PL, Twedt DC, Sullivan LA. Evaluation of an outpatient protocol in the treatment of canine parvoviral enteritis. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2016; 27:52-65. [PMID: 27918639 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare 2 treatment protocols (standard in-hospital versus modified outpatient) in affecting the duration of treatment or survival of dogs with parvoviral enteritis. DESIGN Prospective, randomized study. SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Client-owned dogs with naturally acquired parvovirus were randomized to receive either an inpatient (n = 20) or outpatient (n = 20) treatment protocol. INTERVENTIONS Both groups received intravenous (IV) fluid resuscitation and correction of hypoglycemia at hospital admission. Following stabilization, basic inpatient interventions included administration of IV fluids, administration of cefoxitin (22 mg/kg IV q 8 h), and maropitant (1 mg/kg IV q 24 h). Basic outpatient interventions (provided in-hospital) included administration of subcutaneous (SC) fluid (30 mL/kg q 6 h), administration of maropitant (1 mg/kg SC q 24 h) and cefovecin (8 mg/kg SC once). Using daily electrolyte and glucose evaluations, dextrose and potassium supplementation was provided intravenously (inpatients) or orally (outpatients) as indicated. Rescue criteria were used in both groups for analgesia and nausea. All dogs were syringe fed a commercial canine convalescence diet (1 mL/kg PO q 6 h) until voluntary appetite returned. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Protocol success, defined as survival to hospital discharge, was 90% (18/20) for the inpatient group compared to 80% (16/20) for the outpatient group (P = 0.66). There was no difference detected in duration of hospitalization for inpatient dogs (4.6 ± 2 days) versus outpatient dogs (3.8 ± 1.8 days, P = 0.20). Metabolic disturbances were frequent in the outpatient group, with 50% of dogs requiring dextrose supplementation and 60% of dogs requiring potassium supplementation. CONCLUSIONS An outpatient protocol may be a reasonable alternative for dogs that cannot receive standard in-hospital treatment for parvoviral enteritis. Diligent supportive care and monitoring are still required to optimize treatment of dogs with parvoviral enteritis in an outpatient setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilee C Venn
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523
| | - Karolina Preisner
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523
| | - Pedro L Boscan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523
| | - David C Twedt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523
| | - Lauren A Sullivan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523
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Rausch-Derra LC, Rhodes L, Freshwater L, Hawks R. Pharmacokinetic comparison of oral tablet and suspension formulations of grapiprant, a novel therapeutic for the pain and inflammation of osteoarthritis in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 39:566-571. [PMID: 27027634 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new anti-inflammatory drug for pain (grapiprant) was recently shown to have minimal side effects following chronic (9-month) daily oral dose of 6 or 50 mg/kg suspension. The current study compares the pharmacokinetics of the formulation used in the chronic safety study to those of the tablet formulation that will be marketed upon FDA approval. Sixteen Beagle dogs were randomized to receive single doses of either 6 or 50 mg/kg grapiprant as both suspension and table formulations within a cross-over design with a 15-day washout. Clinical observations were vomiting in one high-dose suspension dog and loose stools in two dogs, one in each 6 mg/kg formulation group. For both formulations, grapiprant reached a maximum concentration within two hours. The tablet formulation had better bioavailability, with AUClast values 34% higher at 6 mg/kg and 64% higher at 50 mg/kg compared to the suspension. Results on Day 0 were similar to those reported on Day 15, suggesting little to no accumulation. Using conversion factors of 1.34 and 1.64, these findings suggest that the 6 and 50 mg/kg suspension doses are equivalent to 4.5 and 30 mg/kg tableted doses, respectively. Combining these findings with the 9-month safety study demonstrates that safety was evaluated at doses approximately 15-fold above the demonstrated therapeutic dose of 2 mg/kg and 10-fold over the 'safety dose', defined as the maximum dose a dog of any body weight could receive when dosed at 2 mg/kg with whole or half-tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L Rhodes
- Aratana Therapeutics, Inc., Leawood, KS, USA
| | | | - R Hawks
- Ricerca Biosciences, LLC, Concord, OH, USA
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Mikawa S, Yamamoto S, Islam MS, Kaji N, Murata T, Mizuno R, Ozaki H, Hori M. Anti-emetic drug maropitant induces intestinal motility disorder but not anti-inflammatory action in mice. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:1195-9. [PMID: 25947563 PMCID: PMC4638283 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Maropitant is a neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) antagonist that is clinically used as a new anti-emetic drug for dogs. Substance P (SP) and its receptor NK1R are considered to modulate gastrointestinal peristalsis. In addition, SP works as an inflammatory mediator in gastrointestinal diseases. Aim of this study is to clarify the effects of maropitant on intestinal motility and inflammation in mice. Ex vivo examination of luminal pressure-induced intestinal motility of whole intestine revealed that maropitant (0.1-10 µM) increased frequency of contraction, decreased amplitude of contraction and totally inhibited motility index in a concentration-dependent manner. We measured intestinal transit in vivo by measuring transportation of orally administered luminal content labeled with phenol red. Our results demonstrated that maropitant (10 mg/kg, SC) delayed intestinal transit. Geometric center value was significantly decreased in maropitant-treated mice. Anti-inflammatory effects of maropitant against leukocytes infiltration into the intestinal smooth muscle layer in post-operative ileus (POI) model mice were measured by immunohistochemistry. In POI model mice, a great number of CD68-positive macrophages or MPO-stained neutrophils infiltrated into the inflamed muscle region of the intestine. However, in the maropitant treated mice, the infiltration of leukocytes was not inhibited. The results indicated that maropitant has ability to induce disorder of intestinal motility in mice, but has no anti-inflammatory action in the mouse of a POI model. In conclusion, in mice, maropitant induces disorder of intestinal motility in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoma Mikawa
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Borrego JF, Huelsmeyer MK, Pinkerton ME, Muszynski JL, Miller SAK, Kurzman ID, Vail DM. Neurokinin-1 receptor expression and antagonism by the NK-1R antagonist maropitant in canine melanoma cell lines and primary tumour tissues. Vet Comp Oncol 2014; 14:210-24. [PMID: 24751104 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We interrogated the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R)/substance P (SP) pathway in canine melanoma tumour tissues and cell lines. NK-1R messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression were observed in the majority of tumour tissues. Immunohistochemical assessment of archived tissue sections revealed NK-1R immunoreactivity in 11 of 15 tumours, which may have diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic utility. However, we were unable to identify a preclinical in vitro cell line or in vivo xenograft model that recapitulates NK-1R mRNA and protein expression documented in primary tumours. While maropitant inhibited proliferation and enhanced apoptosis in cell lines, in the absence of documented NK-1R expression, this may represent off-target effects. Furthermore, maropitant failed to suppress tumour growth in a canine mouse xenograft model derived from a cell line expressing mRNA but not protein. While NK-1R represents a novel target, in the absence of preclinical models, in-species clinical trials will be necessary to investigate the therapeutic potential for antagonists such as maropitant.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Borrego
- The Barbara Suran Comparative Oncology Research Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - M K Huelsmeyer
- The Barbara Suran Comparative Oncology Research Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - M E Pinkerton
- The Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - J L Muszynski
- The Barbara Suran Comparative Oncology Research Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - S A K Miller
- The Barbara Suran Comparative Oncology Research Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - I D Kurzman
- The Barbara Suran Comparative Oncology Research Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - D M Vail
- The Barbara Suran Comparative Oncology Research Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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