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Pereira MA, Vila-Viçosa MJ, Coelho C, Santos C, Esteves F, Cruz R, Gomes L, Henriques D, Vala H, Nóbrega C, Mega AC, de Melo C, Malva M, Braguez J, Mateus TL. Pulmonary and Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infections in Small Ruminant Autochthonous Breeds from Centre Region of Portugal-A Cross Sectional Study. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1241. [PMID: 38672389 PMCID: PMC11047328 DOI: 10.3390/ani14081241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The production of small ruminant autochthonous breeds in the Centre region of Portugal is practiced in a semi-extensive husbandry system, exposing animals to parasitic infections. The main objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of lungworm infection and identify risk factors. Fecal samples of 203 goats and 208 sheep from 30 herds were collected per rectum and subjected to the modified Baermann test. The overall prevalence of infection was 57.7%, significantly higher in goats (95.6%) than in sheep (20.7%) (p < 0.001). According to the binary logistic regression model, sheep dewormed with albendazole, mebendazole plus closantel, or ivermectin plus clorsulon presented a risk of Protostrongylidae infection 29.702, 7.426, or 8.720 times higher, respectively, than those dewormed with eprinomectin. Additionally, the presence of gastrointestinal parasites was investigated in 307 fecal samples using Mini-FLOTAC®. The overall prevalence of infection was 86.3%, also significantly higher in goats (93.2%) than in sheep (79.9%) (p < 0.001). Strongyle-type eggs were the most frequently identified, both in sheep (69.8%) and goats (87.8%), followed by Eimeria oocysts (40.3% in sheep and 68.9% in goats). Considering the high prevalence and the burden of lungworm parasitic infection, it is urgent to determine its economic impact and the repercussions in animal health in the Centre region of Portugal to establish appropriate therapeutic guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Aires Pereira
- Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Escola Superior Agrária de Viseu, Campus Politécnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal; (C.C.); (C.S.); (F.E.); (R.C.); (L.G.); (D.H.); (H.V.); (C.N.); (A.C.M.)
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
- CERNAS-IPV Research Centre, Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Campus Politécnico, Repeses, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal
| | - Maria João Vila-Viçosa
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Victor Caeiro, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Évora—Pólo da Mitra, Apartado 94, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal;
- MED, Instituto Mediterrâneo para a Agricultura, Ambiente e Desenvolvimento, Universidade de Évora—Pólo da Mitra, Apartado 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Catarina Coelho
- Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Escola Superior Agrária de Viseu, Campus Politécnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal; (C.C.); (C.S.); (F.E.); (R.C.); (L.G.); (D.H.); (H.V.); (C.N.); (A.C.M.)
- CERNAS-IPV Research Centre, Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Campus Politécnico, Repeses, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS) Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Carla Santos
- Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Escola Superior Agrária de Viseu, Campus Politécnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal; (C.C.); (C.S.); (F.E.); (R.C.); (L.G.); (D.H.); (H.V.); (C.N.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Fernando Esteves
- Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Escola Superior Agrária de Viseu, Campus Politécnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal; (C.C.); (C.S.); (F.E.); (R.C.); (L.G.); (D.H.); (H.V.); (C.N.); (A.C.M.)
- CERNAS-IPV Research Centre, Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Campus Politécnico, Repeses, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal
| | - Rita Cruz
- Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Escola Superior Agrária de Viseu, Campus Politécnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal; (C.C.); (C.S.); (F.E.); (R.C.); (L.G.); (D.H.); (H.V.); (C.N.); (A.C.M.)
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), EpiUnit—Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, nº 135, 4050-091 Porto, Portugal
| | - Liliana Gomes
- Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Escola Superior Agrária de Viseu, Campus Politécnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal; (C.C.); (C.S.); (F.E.); (R.C.); (L.G.); (D.H.); (H.V.); (C.N.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Diogo Henriques
- Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Escola Superior Agrária de Viseu, Campus Politécnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal; (C.C.); (C.S.); (F.E.); (R.C.); (L.G.); (D.H.); (H.V.); (C.N.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Helena Vala
- Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Escola Superior Agrária de Viseu, Campus Politécnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal; (C.C.); (C.S.); (F.E.); (R.C.); (L.G.); (D.H.); (H.V.); (C.N.); (A.C.M.)
- CERNAS-IPV Research Centre, Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Campus Politécnico, Repeses, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carmen Nóbrega
- Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Escola Superior Agrária de Viseu, Campus Politécnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal; (C.C.); (C.S.); (F.E.); (R.C.); (L.G.); (D.H.); (H.V.); (C.N.); (A.C.M.)
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Mega
- Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Escola Superior Agrária de Viseu, Campus Politécnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal; (C.C.); (C.S.); (F.E.); (R.C.); (L.G.); (D.H.); (H.V.); (C.N.); (A.C.M.)
- CERNAS-IPV Research Centre, Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Campus Politécnico, Repeses, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal
| | - Carolina de Melo
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Alameda de Santa Apolónia 253, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal;
| | - Madalena Malva
- Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão de Viseu, Campus Politécnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal; (M.M.); (J.B.)
| | - Joana Braguez
- Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão de Viseu, Campus Politécnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal; (M.M.); (J.B.)
- CIAC—Centro de Investigação em Artes e Comunicação Universidade do Algarve, Campus Gambelas, Sala 0.28, Edifício 1, FCHS, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- CEIS20—Centro de Estudos Interdisciplinares, Rua Filipe Simões nº 33, 3000-186 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Teresa Letra Mateus
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS) Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), EpiUnit—Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, nº 135, 4050-091 Porto, Portugal
- CISAS—Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Àlvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
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Rehbein S, Papadopoulos E, Arsenopoulos K, Kirkova Z, Iliev P, Rauh R, Fankhauser B. Efficacy of eprinomectin 5 mg/mL topical solution administered pour on at 1 mg per kg body weight against Oestrus ovis myiasis in sheep and goats. Vet Parasitol 2024; 327:110144. [PMID: 38354457 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The larvae of the nasal bot, Oestrus ovis, mainly parasitize sheep and goats and some species of wild Caprinae but other mammals and humans are also vulnerable to infestation. Eprinomectin 5 mg/mL topical solution (EPRINEX® Multi, Boehringer Ingelheim) administered at 1 mg eprinomectin per kg body weight pour on was recently authorized as an anthelmintic for sheep and goats with zero hours milk withdrawal in several countries in Europe. As the product in cattle has claims against a broad range of parasites including insect parasites and activity against O. ovis has previously been reported following extra-label use in sheep, its therapeutic efficacy against ovine and caprine O. ovis myiasis was evaluated in three regulatory compliant, masked clinical studies. Pre-study recovery of O. ovis larvae from five or six of six randomly selected animals per study site (Bulgaria, one site, sheep; Greece, two sites, sheep or goats) supported the inclusion of the animals from those sites into the studies. The study animals (34 animals per study) were ranked based on bodyweight and allocated randomly to remain untreated (control) or to be treated with eprinomectin 5 mg/mL topical solution at 1 mL per 5 kg body weight pour on. Treatment efficacy was determined based on O. ovis larval counts of eprinomectin 5 mg/mL topical solution-treated vs. untreated animals three weeks after treatment administration. Live O. ovis larvae, including all three instars in each study, were recovered from 13 or 16 of the 17 control animals in the sheep studies (range, 1 to 14 or 5 to 18 larvae, respectively) and from all 17 controls in the goat study (range, 7 to 18 larvae). In each study, eprinomectin 5 mg/mL topical solution-treated animals had significantly (p < 0.001) fewer live O. ovis larvae than the controls. Efficacy of the treatment was 100% and 91.3% against the combined parasitic O. ovis larval stages in sheep and in goats, respectively. The treatment was well accepted by all animals and no health problems were observed throughout the studies. The results of these studies demonstrated eprinomectin 5 mg/mL topical solution administered pour on at 1 mL per 5 kg body weight to be an efficacious and safe treatment of ovine and caprine oestrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Rehbein
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Walchenseestr. 8-12, 83101 Rohrdorf, Germany.
| | - Elias Papadopoulos
- Aristotle University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Arsenopoulos
- Aristotle University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Zvezdelina Kirkova
- Trakia University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Student Campus, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Petar Iliev
- Trakia University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Student Campus, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Renate Rauh
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Walchenseestr. 8-12, 83101 Rohrdorf, Germany
| | - Becky Fankhauser
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA, Inc., 1730 Olympic Drive, Athens, GA 30601, USA
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Kutahya ZO, Akyol BA, Deliklitas K, Gokbulut C. Plasma disposition and faecal excretion of eprinomectin following subcutaneous administration in Saanen and Alpine goats. Res Vet Sci 2024; 166:105091. [PMID: 37984218 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.105091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Eprinomectin is extensively used in veterinary medicine, particularly in the treatment of internal and external parasites in livestock, including goats. The pharmacokinetic behavior of eprinomectin in plasma and faeces was studied after a single subcutaneous administration in two different goat breeds at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg body weight. The study was conducted on one-year-old female Saanen (n = 8) and Alpine (n = 8) goats in a parallel design. There were no significant differences between Saanen and Alpine goats on the peak plasma concentration (Cmax, 28.59 ± 7.46 ng/mL vs. 37.69 ± 14.89 ng/mL), area under the curve (AUC0-∞, 93.08 ± 11.66 ng.d/mL vs. 116.98 ± 48.36 ng.d/mL), area under the first moment curve (AUMC0-∞, 311.05 ± 67.23 ng.d2/mL vs. 348.25 ± 202.64 ng.d2/mL) and mean residence time (MRT, 3.24 ± 0.77 d vs. 2.74 ± 0.64 d) values. The plasma terminal half-life and the time to reach peak plasma concentration were significantly higher in Saanen goats (T1/2λz, 2.18 ± 0.43 d; Tmax, 1.21 ± 0.25 d) than in Alpine goats (T1/2λz, 1.66 ± 0.41 d; Tmax, 0.79 ± 0.25 d). The results revealed that the plasma concentration of eprinomectin did not differ depending on the breed in Saanen and Alpine goats. However, it was determined that the eprinomectin clearance from the body may vary depending on the breed in goats. The faecal eprinomectin concentration of Saanen and Alpine goats was 90 and 80 times higher than the plasma eprinomectin concentration, respectively. Although high faecal excretion of eprinomectin confers a high efficacy advantage against parasites in the gastrointestinal tract, it may pose an ecotoxicological risk to manure fauna and aquatic organisms with high susceptibility to this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Ozdemir Kutahya
- Cukurova University, Faculty of Ceyhan Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Adana, Türkiye
| | - Busra Aslan Akyol
- Balikesir University, Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, CoHE 100/2000 Scholarship Holder, Balikesir, Türkiye
| | - Kubra Deliklitas
- Balikesir University, Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, CoHE 100/2000 Scholarship Holder, Balikesir, Türkiye
| | - Cengiz Gokbulut
- Balikesir University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Balikesir, Türkiye; Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Balikesir, Türkiye.
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Davidson RK, Fæste CK, Uhlig S, Tukun FL, Lian H, Solvang HA, Thorvaldsen R, Folkow LP, Sánchez Romano J, Kilvær MV, Holmgren KE, Nymo IH. Pharmacokinetics of a long-acting subcutaneous eprinomectin injection in semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) - A pilot study. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 97:104041. [PMID: 36535586 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.104041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) are exposed to the pathogenic parasitic nematode Elaphostrongylus rangiferi during grazing. The severity of disease is dose-dependent. Prophylactic anthelmintic treatment is needed to improve animal health and reindeer herding sustainability. Herds are traditionally only gathered once during the summer, requiring a drug with a persistent effect. In this study we investigated the suitability of long-acting eprinomectin, given as a single subcutaneous injection at 1 mg/kg bodyweight in adult reindeer and calves. Plasma and faeces concentrations were determined using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). Plasma concentrations remained above the presumed effect level of 2 ng/mL for 80 days, demonstrating the drug's potential. Pharmacokinetic parameters were compared to other species using allometric scaling. Calves and adults had slightly different profiles. No viable faecal nematode eggs were detected during treatment. Eprinomectin was measurable in the reindeer faeces up to 100 days, which is of environmental concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Davidson
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Food Safety and Animal Health Research Group, Holtvegen 66, 9016 Tromsø, Norway.
| | | | - Silvio Uhlig
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Toxinology Research Group, Ås, Norway
| | - Feng-Ling Tukun
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Toxinology Research Group, Ås, Norway
| | - Hans Lian
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Hans Arne Solvang
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Renate Thorvaldsen
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lars P Folkow
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | | | - Karin Elisabeth Holmgren
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Food Safety and Animal Health Research Group, Holtvegen 66, 9016 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ingebjørg Helena Nymo
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Food Safety and Animal Health Research Group, Holtvegen 66, 9016 Tromsø, Norway; UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Tromsø, Norway
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Bordes L, Ticoulet D, Sutra JF, Lespine A, Jacquiet P. Lack of efficacy of topical administration of eprinomectin against gastrointestinal nematode in a French dairy sheep farm: A case of underexposure of worms. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Léa Bordes
- UMR INRAE/ENVT IHAP UMT Pilotage de la Santé des Ruminants Université de Toulouse Toulouse France
| | | | | | - Anne Lespine
- UMR INRAE/ENVT INTHERES Université de Toulouse Toulouse France
| | - Philippe Jacquiet
- UMR INRAE/ENVT IHAP UMT Pilotage de la Santé des Ruminants Université de Toulouse Toulouse France
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Effectiveness of Anthelmintic Treatments in Small Ruminants in Germany. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12121501. [PMID: 35739838 PMCID: PMC9219448 DOI: 10.3390/ani12121501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Parasitic worms are a major threat to the health and production of sheep and goats worldwide, particularly because many worms have become resistant to commonly applied drugs. This problem is well known around the world, but the situation is currently not well studied in Germany. This study was therefore performed to evaluate the effectiveness of treatments against infection with gastrointestinal nematodes. Faecal samples from animal groups were examined before and after treatment, the worm eggs in the feaces were counted, and the reduction in egg excretion following treatment was calculated. Eggs of Haemonchus contortus (barber’s pole worm) were stained to differentiate them from other gastrointestinal nematodes. Treatments were chosen and carried out by farmers together with their local veterinarian. Additional information was collected by questionnaires to check if the treatments were performed correctly. Reduced effectiveness was observed for all available drugs, but some showed better treatment success than others. The barber’s pole worm frequently survived treatments by most products. The high percentage of treatment failures is highly concerning, and it is necessary to develop and/or apply alternative methods of worm control to prevent the deterioration of this situation. Abstract Widespread anthelmintic resistance is a concern for small ruminant health and production worldwide. The current situation regarding anthelmintic efficacy is, however, not very well studied in Germany. Thus, a nationwide field study was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of 253 treatments performed in 223 small ruminant flocks by faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) using pooled samples and a modified McMaster method. The percentage of Haemonchus contortus and non-Haemonchus eggs was determined by fluorescence microscopy following peanut agglutinin–fluorescein isothiocyanate staining. Treatments were chosen and performed by farmers together with their local veterinarian, and potentially confounding factors for FECRT results were addressed as far as possible by rigorous inclusion criteria. Reduced effectiveness was observed for treatments with all examined anthelmintic classes, but treatments with benzimidazoles and moxidectin showed significantly poorer results than monepantel, a closantel and mebendazole combination, and levamisole. Low case numbers precluded reliable assessment of avermectins. Unsuccessful treatments were frequently associated with the survival of H. contortus, but this was also observed for non-Haemonchus genera. The results are highly concerning, and sustainable approaches to parasite control are urgently needed to prevent further deterioration of this situation.
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Eprinomectin and Moxidectin Resistance of Trichostrongyloids on a Goat Farm in Austria. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11050498. [PMID: 35631019 PMCID: PMC9143937 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthelmintic resistance (AR) of trichostrongyloids is widespread in Europe, but there is no up-to-date information on the spread of AR in caprine parasites in Austria. Eprinomectin (EPR) is currently the only anthelmintic drug of the macrocyclic lactones registered for goats in Europe. The aim of the present study was to gather information regarding the efficacy of anthelmintics against trichostrongyloids on a dairy goat farm in Austria with reported treatment failure of macrocyclic lactones and to determine the presence of different trichostrongyloid genera. Faecal egg count reduction tests (FECRT) using Mini-FLOTAC were performed with eprinomectin (EPR) and moxidectin (MOX). Egg count reduction, calculated with the R package egg-Counts, was 44% for EPR and 86% for MOX, confirming AR of trichostrongyloids for both compounds. The most frequently detected genus in larval cultures was Haemonchus, followed by Trichostrongylus. This is the first report of MOX resistance in caprine trichostrongyloids in Europe. Failure of EPR and MOX to control trichostrongyloid infections is a severe threat to dairy goat farming, since other compounds must not be applied in goats used for milk production. Haemonchus contortus is one of the most pathogenic parasites of small ruminants and can quickly develop AR. Thus, immediate action should be taken to slow the further spread of AR in this and other roundworm species of ruminants in Austria.
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Gao X, Kvaternick V, Rehbein S, Hamel D. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships of pour-on administered eprinomectin in nematode-infected lactating female and male castrated dairy breed goats. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:1533-1538. [PMID: 35277753 PMCID: PMC8993713 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07483-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Eprinomectin (EPM), a macrocyclic lactone with low excretion in milk and high efficacy against endoparasites and ectoparasites, is widely used in veterinary medicine. In this paper, EPM pharmacokinetics and anthelmintic efficacy previously established in one study with lactating female goats and three studies with male castrated growing dairy breed goats (all with induced mixed adult gastrointestinal nematode parasitism and treated with a single 1-mg/kg pour-on administration of EPM) were retrospectively evaluated using pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) modeling. The PK-PD analyses between EPM exposure (Cmax and AUClast) and anthelmintic response (percent efficacy) were performed for lactating female goats only and pooled lactating female and male castrated goats. The Cmax and AUClast showed no significant difference between lactating female goats and combined male castrated goats. PK-PD modeling demonstrated Trichostrongylus colubriformis, a small-intestine nematode, as a suitable indicator of the EPM nematocidal efficacy. The EC90 values obtained by modeling Cmax vs T. colubriformis were 3.50 and 2.43 ng/mL for lactating female goats only and pooled lactating female and male castrated goats, respectively. The values of AUClast needed for 90% efficacy of T. colubriformis were 25.4 and 21.1 day*ng/mL for lactating female goats only and pooled lactating female and male castrated goats, respectively. Overall, the predicted pharmacological response against T. colubriformis is similar for lactating goats only and pooled lactating female and male castrated goats and correlates with observed efficacy. In conclusion, a dosage of 1-mg/kg EPM as a pour-on is sufficient to ensure efficacy against common nematodes in both lactating female and male castrated goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqing Gao
- Formerly of Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA, Inc., DSD, 631 Route 1 South, North Brunswick, NJ, 08902, USA
| | - Valerie Kvaternick
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA, Inc., DSD, 631 Route 1 South, North Brunswick, NJ, 08902, USA.
| | - Steffen Rehbein
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Walchenseestraße 8-12, 83101, Rohrdorf, Germany
| | - Dietmar Hamel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Walchenseestraße 8-12, 83101, Rohrdorf, Germany
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Treatment of natural Protostrongylus rufescens lungworm infection in sheep with eprinomectin 5 mg/mL topical solution. Vet Parasitol 2021; 301:109639. [PMID: 34959085 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic respiratory infections in domestic sheep and goats are caused by Dictyocaulus filaria and various species belonging to the Protostrongylidae family of nematodes which frequently occur in mixed infections. Although the parasitism with protostrongylid lungworms is generally considered to be of low pathogenicity, there are reports of clinical disease including cases associated with Protostrongylus rufescens infection. The efficacy against P. rufescens of eprinomectin 5 mg/mL topical solution (EPRINEX® Multi, Boehringer Ingelheim) was thus evaluated in a clinical study compliant with GCP and VICH anthelmintic efficacy testing guidelines in adult sheep with naturally acquired infection. Following ranking on pre-treatment Protostrongylus fecal larval counts and forming into blocks of two animals, the sheep were randomly allocated to either remain untreated (control) or to be administered eprinomectin 5 mg/mL topical solution at 1 mL/5 kg body weight (equivalent to 1 mg eprinomectin per kg body weight) once as a pour-on. Fecal samples of the sheep were examined to monitor the larval excretion weekly for five weeks after treatment; then the animals were necropsied for lungworm recovery and count to determine the efficacy of the treatment. After treatment, Protostrongylus larval excretion decreased to zero within three weeks. Nematode counts demonstrated that the efficacy of the treatment with eprinomectin 5 mg/mL topical solution was 100 % against P. rufescens: no lungworms were recovered from any treated sheep while all controls harbored P. rufescens (range, 17-406) (p < 0.001). The treatment was well accepted; no treatment-related health problems were observed.
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