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Furtado MM, Silva BS, Freire L, Graça JS, Alvarenga VO, Hungaro HM, Sant'Ana AS. Investigating desiccation resistance, post-rehydration growth, and heat tolerance in desiccation-injured cells of Salmonella enterica isolated from the soybean production chain. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 405:110387. [PMID: 37672943 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the resistance to different desiccation conditions of 190 Salmonella enterica strains previously isolated from the soybean meal production chain and belonging to 23 serovars. Additionally, the post-rehydration growth and heat tolerance of the strains previously exposed to desiccation were determined. Variability in desiccation resistance was observed both within and between serovars. Strains belonging to S. Havana and S. Schwarzengrund serovars were the most resistant, regardless of storage condition. The drying temperature (20 °C and 30 °C) did not influence the desiccation resistance of the Salmonella strains. On the other hand, increasing drying time from 1 to 7 days reduced Salmonella counts. The origin (isolation sources) also influenced the desiccation resistance of the Salmonella strains. The growth of the Salmonella strains after rehydration varied considerably depending on the drying conditions and incubation temperature during cultivation. An increase in the time and temperature of drying led to a reduction in population of most Salmonella strains after rehydration. Salmonella strains previously desiccated also showed differences in the heat tolerance in all temperature-time binomials tested. Some strains were highly resistant to heat tolerance conditions, presenting <1 log CFU/mL reduction from the initial population. The results obtained in this study suggest that the strategies to mitigate Salmonella in low-aw foods must consider the existence of high-stress resistant strains and their multiple-stress adaptability profiles, including effects of processing, food composition, and storage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna M Furtado
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Beatriz S Silva
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Luísa Freire
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana S Graça
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Verônica O Alvarenga
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Food, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Humberto M Hungaro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Anderson S Sant'Ana
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Norberto AP, Alvarenga VO, Hungaro HM, Sant’Ana AS. Desiccation resistance of a large set of Salmonella enterica strains and survival on dry- and wet-inoculated soybean meal through storage. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Microbiological Safety and Presence of Major Mycotoxins in Animal Feed for Laboratory Animals in a Developing Country: The Case of Costa Rica. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082389. [PMID: 34438847 PMCID: PMC8388699 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The microbiological safety and quality of commercial animal feed for laboratory animals, produced in Costa Rica, was assessed. Analysis of the animal feed included general microbial markers (total coliforms and molds) and the behavior over time of two specific feed contaminants (Salmonella spp. and mycotoxins). Results from the study suggest that there is a low risk of contamination from viable microorganisms but the product contains important levels of mycotoxins. Current preventive measures (UV light disinfection) are not effective and additional handling protocols should be considered. Abstract Safety and quality of compound feed for experimental animals in Costa Rica is unknown. Some contaminants, such as Salmonella spp. and mycotoxins, could elicit confounding effects in laboratory animals used for biomedical research. In this study, different batches of extruded animal feed, intended for laboratory rodents in Costa Rica, were analyzed to determine mycotoxin and microbiological contamination (i.e., Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, total coliform bacteria, and total yeast and molds enumeration). Two methods for Salmonella decontamination (UV light and thermal treatment) were assessed. Only n = 2 of the samples were negative (representing 12.50%) for the 26 mycotoxins tested. Enniatins and fumonisins were among the most frequent toxins found (with n = 4+ hits), but the level of contamination and the type of mycotoxins depended on the supplier. None of the indicator microorganisms, nor Salmonella, were found in any of the tested batches, and no mold contamination, nor Salmonella growth, occurs during storage (i.e., 2–6 months under laboratory conditions). However, mycotoxins, such as enniatins and fumonisins tend to decrease after the fourth month of storage, and Salmonella exhibited a lifespan of 64 days at 17 °C even in the presence of UV light. The D-values for Salmonella were between 65.58 ± 2.95 (65 °C) and 6.21 ± 0.11 (80 °C) min, and the thermal destruction time (z-value) was calculated at 15.62 °C. Results from this study suggest that laboratory rodents may be at risk of contamination from animal feed that could significantly affect the outcomes of biomedical experiments. Thus, improved quality controls and handling protocols for the product are suggested.
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Richardson KE, Cox NA, Cosby DE, Berrang ME, Holcombe NL, Weller CE. Impact of Enrichment Media on H2 S-Negative Salmonella Isolated From Xylose-Lysine-Tergitol 4 Agar. J APPL POULTRY RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfz093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Method to Study the Survival Abilities of Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens Under Food Processing Conditions. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 30580402 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9000-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The proper use of controllable atmospheric containers can facilitate investigations related to the survival abilities, and physiological states of key and emerging foodborne pathogens under recreated applicable food processing environmental conditions. Of particular note, the use of saturated salt solutions can efficiently control relative humidity in airtight containers. This chapter describes a practical experimental setup, with necessary prerequisites for exposing foodborne pathogens to simulated and relevant food processing environmental conditions. Subsequent analyses for studying cell physiology will also be suggested.
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Richardson KE, Cox NA, Cosby DE, Berrang ME, Holcombe NL, Weller CE. Dry and heat stress affects H 2S production of Salmonella on selective plating media. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2019; 54:313-316. [PMID: 30696340 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2019.1567200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The pH of Salmonella pre-enrichment media can become acidic (pH 4.0-5.0) when feeds/ingredients are incubated for 24 h. Salmonella in feed that have been stressed by heat and desiccation exhibit different pH tolerances than non-stressed cultures. Acidic conditions can result in cell injury/death and affect biochemical pathways. In this study, eight serotypes of Salmonella were grown in sterile meat and bone meal that was subjected to desiccation and heat stress. Cultures of non-stressed and stressed isolates were subsequently exposed to acidic pH from 4.0 to 7.0 in 0.5 pH increments (3 replicates/pH increment) in citrate buffer. At 6 and 24 h, serial dilutions were plated in duplicate on XLT-4 (xylose lysine tergitol-4) agar. Four serotypes showed an impaired ability to decarboxylate lysine on XLT-4. This inability to decarboxylate lysine was dependent on isolate, stress status, and incubation time. When the isolates' ability to decarboxylate lysine was examined using biochemical tests, cultures were found to be able to decarboxylate lysine with the exception of S. Infantis. This suggests that XLT-4 contains a biochemical stressor(s) which affects the rate of decarboxylation by these Salmonella. These results suggest that acidic conditions may influence the detection and confirmation of Salmonella in feed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nelson A Cox
- b U.S. National Poultry Research Center , USDA, ARS , Athens , Georgia , USA
| | - Doug E Cosby
- b U.S. National Poultry Research Center , USDA, ARS , Athens , Georgia , USA
| | - Mark E Berrang
- b U.S. National Poultry Research Center , USDA, ARS , Athens , Georgia , USA
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Richardson KE, Cox NA, Cosby DE, Berrang ME. Impact of desiccation and heat exposure stress on Salmonella tolerance to acidic conditions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2018; 53:141-144. [PMID: 29172985 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2017.1397467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In a recent study, the pH of commonly used Salmonella pre-enrichment media became acidic (pH 4.0 to 5.0) when feed or feed ingredients were incubated for 24 h. Acidic conditions have been reported to injure or kill Salmonella. In this study, cultures of four known feed isolates (S. montevideo, S. senftenberg, S. tennessee, and S. schwarzengrund) and four important processing plant isolates (S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis, S. infantis, and S. heidelberg) were grown on meat and bone meal and later subjected to desiccation and heat exposure to stress the microorganism. The impact of stress on the isolates ability to survive in acidic conditions ranging from pH 4.0 to 7.0 was compared to the non-stressed isolate. Cell injury was determined on xylose lysine tergitol 4 (XLT4) and cell death determined on nutrient agar (NA). When measured by cell death in non-stressed Salmonella, S. typhimurium was the most acid tolerant and S. heidelberg was the most acid sensitive whereas in stressed Salmonella, S. senftenberg was the most acid tolerant and S. tennessee was the most acid sensitive. The pH required to cause cell injury varied among isolates. With some isolates, the pH required for 50% cell death and 50% cell injury was similar. In other isolates, cell injury occurred at a more neutral pH. These findings suggest that the pH of pre-enrichment media may influence the recovery and bias the serotype of Salmonella recovered from feed during pre-enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nelson A Cox
- b USDA, ARS, U. S. National Poultry Research Center , Athens , Georgia , USA
| | - Douglas E Cosby
- b USDA, ARS, U. S. National Poultry Research Center , Athens , Georgia , USA
| | - Mark E Berrang
- b USDA, ARS, U. S. National Poultry Research Center , Athens , Georgia , USA
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Bridier A, Piard JC, Pandin C, Labarthe S, Dubois-Brissonnet F, Briandet R. Spatial Organization Plasticity as an Adaptive Driver of Surface Microbial Communities. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1364. [PMID: 28775718 PMCID: PMC5517491 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are dynamic habitats which constantly evolve in response to environmental fluctuations and thereby constitute remarkable survival strategies for microorganisms. The modulation of biofilm functional properties is largely governed by the active remodeling of their three-dimensional structure and involves an arsenal of microbial self-produced components and interconnected mechanisms. The production of matrix components, the spatial reorganization of ecological interactions, the generation of physiological heterogeneity, the regulation of motility, the production of actives enzymes are for instance some of the processes enabling such spatial organization plasticity. In this contribution, we discussed the foundations of architectural plasticity as an adaptive driver of biofilms through the review of the different microbial strategies involved. Moreover, the possibility to harness such characteristics to sculpt biofilm structure as an attractive approach to control their functional properties, whether beneficial or deleterious, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Bridier
- Antibiotics, Biocides, Residues and Resistance Unit, Fougères Laboratory, ANSESFougères, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Piard
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Caroline Pandin
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Simon Labarthe
- MaIAGE, INRA, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Romain Briandet
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France
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Zhao X, Zhong J, Wei C, Lin CW, Ding T. Current Perspectives on Viable but Non-culturable State in Foodborne Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:580. [PMID: 28421064 PMCID: PMC5378802 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state, a unique state in which a number of bacteria respond to adverse circumstances, was first discovered in 1982. Unfortunately, it has been reported that many foodborne pathogens can be induced to enter the VBNC state by the limiting environmental conditions during food processing and preservation, such as extreme temperatures, drying, irradiation, pulsed electric field, and high pressure stress, as well as the addition of preservatives and disinfectants. After entering the VBNC state, foodborne pathogens will introduce a serious crisis to food safety and public health because they cannot be detected using conventional plate counting techniques. This review provides an overview of the various features of the VBNC state, including the biological characteristics, induction and resuscitation factors, formation and resuscitation mechanisms, detection methods, and relationship to food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihong Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Hubei Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Junliang Zhong
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Hubei Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Caijiao Wei
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Hubei Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Chii-Wann Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Tian Ding
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
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Frasson I, Bettanello S, De Canale E, Richter SN, Palù G. Serotype epidemiology and multidrug resistance patterns of Salmonella enterica infecting humans in Italy. Gut Pathog 2016; 8:26. [PMID: 27252785 PMCID: PMC4888612 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-016-0110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella enterica is the zoonotic agent most frequently responsible for foodborne infections in humans worldwide. In this work the presence of S. enterica was investigated in 734 unique enteropathogenic isolates collected from human patients between 2011 and 2012. RESULTS All Salmonella spp. isolates were subjected to serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Isolates displaying phenotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles different from the reference strains were genotipically characterized. Several plasmid-embedded resistance determinants were identified and characterized. Non-typhoidal serotypes were most frequently diagnosed; monophasic Salmonella typhimurium 1,4 [5],12:i- and S. typhimurium represented the most prevalent serovars. Five isolates displayed phenotypes with extremely reduced susceptibility to antimicrobials: we detected multidrug resistance elements belonging to Ambler class A and class C in two non-typhoidal S. enterica serovars, i.e. Rissen and monophasic S. typhimurium 1,4 [5],12:i-, and in one typhoidal serovar, i.e., Paratyphi B. These resistance determinants have been so far almost exclusively associated with non-Salmonella members of the Enterobacteriaceae family. Alarmingly, two colistin resistant Salmonella enteritidis were also found. CONCLUSIONS This work draws the attention to the still low, but rising, percentage of multidrug resistant Salmonella isolates infecting humans in Italy. Our results suggest that prompt monitoring of Salmonella serovar dissemination and resistance to antimicrobials is highly required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Frasson
- />Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Sabrina Bettanello
- />Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padua Teaching Hospital, via Giustiniani 2, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Ettore De Canale
- />Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padua Teaching Hospital, via Giustiniani 2, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Sara N. Richter
- />Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padua, Italy
- />Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padua Teaching Hospital, via Giustiniani 2, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Giorgio Palù
- />Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padua, Italy
- />Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padua Teaching Hospital, via Giustiniani 2, 35121 Padua, Italy
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