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Nokhbatolfoghahaei H, Niroomand A, Chiniforush N, Najary S, Shekarchi F. The effect of antibacterial photodynamic therapy with diode laser on chromogenic bacteria associated with dental black staining: An in-vitro study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 44:103761. [PMID: 37634607 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitan (A.a) and Actinomyces naeslundii (A.n) are two gram-negative chromogenic bacteria involved in the formation of dental black stainings. Our study aimed to investigate the antibacterial effect of photodynamic therapy (aPDT) using two photosensitizers, Methylene Blue (MB) and Indocyanine Green (ICG). MATERIALS AND METHODS In this in-vitro study, two isolates of each selected bacterium were cultured and treated as follows; Negative control with no treatment; CHX as a positive control; ICG; MB; ICG with 808 nm laser activation; and MB with 660 nm laser activation. The number of colonies (CFU/mL) was determined to compare the groups. The qualitative evaluation of biofilm formation was done by scanning electron microscopy of treated enamel pieces. The logarithmic values of the colony counts were compared using One-way ANOVA and the Welch test Tukey HSD and Games-Howell tests were used for multiple comparisons. P-values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS The use of ICG alone or along with laser irradiation at the wavelength of 808 nm significantly reduced the number of colonies of A.a and A.n bacteria. Comparing the colony counts in the MB group with the positive control showed no significant decrease in bacterial load. On the contrary, activation of MB with 660 nm radiation of diode laser showed a significant antibacterial effect. The density of bacterial biofilm was significantly lower in the groups treated with MB and ICG without laser activation than in the control group; however, the reduction in bacteria biofilm density was more robust using photodynamic therapy with ICG. CONCLUSION aPDT using MB with 660 nm laser and ICG with 808 nm laser significantly reduced the number of chromogenic A.a and A.n bacteria, and photodynamic therapy with ICG was proven to be significantly more effective than MB with or without laser radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Nokhbatolfoghahaei
- Dental Research Centre, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirali Niroomand
- School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Chiniforush
- Department of Surgical Science and Integrated Diagnosis, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Shaghayegh Najary
- School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; USERN Office, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Shekarchi
- Dental Research Centre, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pedodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Zheng L, Cao T, Xiong P, Ma Y, Wei L, Wang J. Characterization of the oral microbiome and gut microbiome of dental caries and extrinsic black stain in preschool children. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1081629. [PMID: 37065128 PMCID: PMC10103904 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1081629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionA lower prevalence of dental caries (hereafter termed “caries”) has been observed in children with dental extrinsic black stain (EBS).MethodsWe investigated the epidemiologic characterization of EBS and explored the possible role of the oral microbiome (OM) and gut microbiome (GM) in EBS formation and caries prevention. In an epidemiologic survey, 2,675 children aged 3–6 years were included. Thirty-eight of these children (7 children had both caries and EBS, 10 had EBS only, 11 had caries only, and 10 were healthy children) were recruited for 16S rRNA sequencing and collection of samples of supragingival plaque and feces. Collected plaque samples were divided into four groups: BCP (EBS+, caries+), BP (EBS+, caries−), CP (EBS−, caries+), and P (EBS−, caries−). Fecal samples were also divided into four groups: BCF (EBS+, caries+), BF (EBS+, caries−), CF (EBS−, caries+), and F (EBS−, caries−).ResultsEBS was observed in 12.10% of this population. Children with EBS had a significantly reduced prevalence of caries and a lower mean value of decayed–missing–filled teeth (dmft; p < 0.01). According to analyses of dental plaque, the P group had the most complex microbiome. The BCP group exhibited greater operational taxonomic unit (OTU) richness but a reduced evenness compared with the BP group, and the CP group showed greater OTU richness than the BP group. At the genus level, higher abundance of Actinomyces and Cardiobacterium species was observed in the BCP group. Higher abundance of Lautropia and Pesudopropionibacteriumin species was observed in the BP group compared with P and CP groups, respectively (p < 0.05). Veillonella species were significantly more common in P and CP groups than in BP groups, whereas Porphyromonas and Fusobacterium species were more common in the CP group (p < 0.05). With regard to the GM, the CF group exhibited greater OTU diversity than the BF group. The GM in the BCF group exhibited the most complex relationships across all fecal groups. GM groups could be distinguished by various unique biomarkers, such as Escherichia and Shigella species in the BCF group, Agathobacter and Ruminococcus species in the CF group, Lactobacillus species in the BF group, and Roseburia species in the F group. Our results suggest that EBS is a possible protective factor against early-childhood caries. Dental plaque and the GM may be relevant to EBS in primary dentition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luoyuan Zheng
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University,, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tingting Cao
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University,, Wenzhou, China
| | - Puling Xiong
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University,, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yulian Ma
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University,, Wenzhou, China
| | - Limin Wei
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Limin Wei, ; Jianfeng Wang,
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Limin Wei, ; Jianfeng Wang,
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Ji S, Guan X, Ma L, Huang P, Lin H, Han R. Iron deficiency anemia associated factors and early childhood caries in Qingdao. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:104. [PMID: 35361164 PMCID: PMC8973523 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02127-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) has been shown to be related to early childhood caries (ECC). However, data on the relationship, if any, between IDA-associated factors and ECC remain scant. This study aimed to explore the interplay between IDA-associated factors and ECC.
Methods This study randomly sampled a total of 1598 children in Qingdao city, and analyzed the severity of ECC using decayed-missing-filled teeth index, while the rate of caries was analyzed following the WHO recommendations. The correlation between IDA and ECC was analyzed by both the chi-square test and Mann–Whitney U test. In addition, we designed an electronic questionnaire and employed the disordered multi-classification logistic regression to interrogate the relationship between the IDA-associated factors and ECC. Results Children with IDA had higher rates and severe ECC than those without IDA (p < 0.001). Children who were breastfed until 2 years old had a higher risk of IDA and ECC, compared to those who were not {OR 3.453 (1.681–7.094)}. Compared with children who had no history of IDA at the age of 2 years or below, those with IDA history had a higher risk of IDA and ECC {OR 8.762 (3.648–21.041)}. In addition, children who had a maternal history of IDA at pregnancy were at a higher risk of IDA and ECC compared to those who had no IDA history at pregnancy {OR 4.913 (2.934–8.226)}. Our data showed that children from a family with an annual income lower than 50,000 Renminbi (RMB) had a higher risk of IDA and ECC compared to those with an annual family income higher than 200,000 RMB {OR 3.421 (1.505–7.775)}. On the other hand, compared with children taking iron supplements, children who did not were at a higher risk of ECC and IDA {OR 5.602 (1.858–16.896)}. Conclusion Factors such as low family income, history of IDA in children aged 2 years or younger, IDA history during pregnancy, children breastfed until 2 years old, and those not taking iron supplements were significantly associated with the occurrence of ECC and IDA. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-022-02127-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiqi Ji
- Department of Stomatology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Wutaishan Road & 1677, Qingdao City, 266003, Shandong, China.,School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiaohang Guan
- Hexi Clinic of Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, Tian Jin, 300000, China
| | - Lei Ma
- Department of Stomatology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Wutaishan Road & 1677, Qingdao City, 266003, Shandong, China.,School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Pingping Huang
- Department of Stomatology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Wutaishan Road & 1677, Qingdao City, 266003, Shandong, China.,School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Hao Lin
- Department of Stomatology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Wutaishan Road & 1677, Qingdao City, 266003, Shandong, China.,School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Rui Han
- Department of Stomatology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Wutaishan Road & 1677, Qingdao City, 266003, Shandong, China. .,School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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Hirtz C, Mannaa AM, Moulis E, Pible O, O’Flynn R, Armengaud J, Jouffret V, Lemaistre C, Dominici G, Martinez AY, Dunyach-Remy C, Tiers L, Lavigne JP, Tramini P, Goldsmith MC, Lehmann S, Deville de Périère D, Vialaret J. Deciphering Black Extrinsic Tooth Stain Composition in Children Using Metaproteomics. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:8258-8267. [PMID: 35309464 PMCID: PMC8928488 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study focuses on the use of a metaproteomic approach to analyze Black Extrinsic Tooth Stains, a specific type of pigmented extrinsic substance. Metaproteomics is a powerful emerging technology that successfully enabled human protein and bacterial identification of this specific dental biofilm using high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 1600 bacterial proteins were identified in black stain (BS) samples and 2058 proteins in dental plaque (DP) samples, whereas 607 and 582 human proteins were identified in BS and DP samples, respectively. A large diversity of bacteria genera (142) in BS and DP was identified, showing a high prevalence of Rothia, Kingella, Neisseria, and Pseudopropionibacterium in black stain samples. In this work, the high diversity of the dental microbiota and its proteome is highlighted, including significant differences between black stain and dental plaque samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Hirtz
- Univ
Montpellier, INM, IRMB, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier 34070, France
| | - Atef Mahmoud Mannaa
- Higher
Institute of Engineering and Technology, New Borg AlArab City 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
- INSERM
U1192, Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire
& Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Université de Lille, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Estelle Moulis
- U.F.R.
d’Odontologie, Département de pédodontie, 545, Avenue du Professeur Jean-Louis
Viala, Montpellier Cedex 5 34 193, France
| | - Olivier Pible
- Laboratoire
Innovations Technologiques pour la Détection et le Diagnostic
(Li2D), Université de Montpellier, Bagnols-sur-Cèze F-30207, France
| | - Robin O’Flynn
- U.F.R.
d’Odontologie, Département de pédodontie, 545, Avenue du Professeur Jean-Louis
Viala, Montpellier Cedex 5 34 193, France
| | - Jean Armengaud
- Laboratoire
Innovations Technologiques pour la Détection et le Diagnostic
(Li2D), Université de Montpellier, Bagnols-sur-Cèze F-30207, France
| | - Virginie Jouffret
- Laboratoire
Innovations Technologiques pour la Détection et le Diagnostic
(Li2D), Université de Montpellier, Bagnols-sur-Cèze F-30207, France
| | - Camille Lemaistre
- U.F.R.
d’Odontologie, Département de pédodontie, 545, Avenue du Professeur Jean-Louis
Viala, Montpellier Cedex 5 34 193, France
| | - Gabriel Dominici
- U.F.R.
d’Odontologie, Département de pédodontie, 545, Avenue du Professeur Jean-Louis
Viala, Montpellier Cedex 5 34 193, France
| | - Alex Yahiaoui Martinez
- Virulence
Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Univ Montpellier,
Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes 30029, France
| | - Catherine Dunyach-Remy
- Virulence
Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Univ Montpellier,
Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes 30029, France
| | - Laurent Tiers
- Univ
Montpellier, INM, IRMB, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier 34070, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Lavigne
- Virulence
Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Univ Montpellier,
Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes 30029, France
| | - Paul Tramini
- U.F.R.
d’Odontologie, Département de pédodontie, 545, Avenue du Professeur Jean-Louis
Viala, Montpellier Cedex 5 34 193, France
| | - Marie-christine Goldsmith
- U.F.R.
d’Odontologie, Département de pédodontie, 545, Avenue du Professeur Jean-Louis
Viala, Montpellier Cedex 5 34 193, France
| | - Sylvain Lehmann
- Univ
Montpellier, INM, IRMB, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier 34070, France
| | | | - Jerome Vialaret
- Univ
Montpellier, INM, IRMB, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier 34070, France
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5
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Zhang Y, Yu R, Zhan JY, Cao GZ, Feng XP, Chen X. Epidemiological and Microbiome Characterization of Black Tooth Stain in Preschool Children. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:751361. [PMID: 35155301 PMCID: PMC8826690 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.751361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the epidemiologic attributes and microbial variations associated with extrinsic black tooth stain (BTS) among Chinese preschool children. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 250 preschool children (3-4 years) from three kindergartens in Shanghai, China. Following clinical examination, and using a case-control design, saliva and dental plaque specimens were collected from caries-free participants with (n = 21, BTS group) and without (n = 48, control group) BTS. The chi-square test and logistic regression model were used to evaluate factors associated with BTS. 16S rRNA sequencing were used to characterize the associated microbial communities. RESULTS BTS was detected in 12.4% of participants, with a mean of 13.7 black-stained teeth. Participants with BTS had a lower caries burden and better oral hygiene (P = 0.003). Children with less frequent intake of marmalade or honey (P = 0.033) and regular application of fluoride (P = 0.007) had a lower likelihood of having BTS. Microbiota analysis revealed 14 phyla, 35 classes, 63 orders, 113 families, 221 genera, 452 species, and 1,771 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). In terms of microbial diversity, no significant differences were observed in the saliva of the two groups (P > 0.05). Dental plaque from the BTS group exhibited higher OTU richness but lower evenness than that from the control group (Chao P = 0.006, Shannon P = 0.007, respectively) and showed a significant difference in β diversity (P = 0.002). The microbiome in the two groups was characterized by various microbial biomarkers, such as Pseudomonas fluorescens, Leptotrichia sp._HMT_212, Actinomyces sp._HMT_169, and Aggregatibacter sp._HMT_898 in plaques from the BTS group. Functional analysis of the microbial species suggested the existence of a hyperactive metabolic state on teeth surfaces with BTS plaques and revealed that ferric iron, the iron complex transport system, and the iron (III) transport system were more abundant in BTS plaque samples. CONCLUSIONS This study provides insights into the epidemiologic and microbial features of BTS in preschool children. The microbiome in BTS is characterized by various microbial biomarkers, which can serve as indicators for BTS diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing-Yu Zhan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Gui-Zhi Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi-Ping Feng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
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6
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Xu L, Wu Z, Wang Y, Wang S, Shu C, Duan Z, Deng S. High-throughput sequencing identifies salivary microbiota in Chinese caries-free preschool children with primary dentition. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2021; 22:285-294. [PMID: 33835762 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2000554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aimed at identifying salivary microbiota in caries-free Chinese preschool children using high-throughput sequencing. METHODS Saliva samples were obtained from 35 caries-free preschool children (18 boys and 17 girls) with primary dentition, and 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) V3-V4 hypervariable regions of the microorganisms were analyzed using Illumina MiSeq. RESULTS At 97% similarity level, all of these reads were clustered into 334 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Among these, five phyla (Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Candidate division TM7) and 13 genera (Streptococcus, Rothia, Granulicatella, Prevotella, Enterobacter, Veillonella, Neisseria, Staphylococcus, Janthinobacterium, Pseudomonas, Brevundimonas, Devosia, and Gemella) were the most dominant, constituting 99.4% and 89.9% of the salivary microbiota, respectively. The core salivary microbiome comprised nine genera (Actinomyces, Capnocytophaga, Gemella, Granulicatella, Lachnoanaerobaculum, Neisseria, Porphyromonas, Rothia,and Streptococcus). Analysis of microbial diversity and community structure revealed a similar pattern between male and female subjects. The difference in microbial community composition between them was mainly attributed to Neisseria (P=0.023). Furthermore, functional prediction revealed that the most abundant genes were related to amino acid transport and metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed the diversity and composition of salivary microbiota in caries-free preschool children, with little difference between male and female subjects. Identity of the core microbiome, coupled with prediction of gene function, deepens our understanding of oral microbiota in caries-free populations and provides basic information for associating salivary microecology and oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Zhifang Wu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Sa Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Chang Shu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Zhuhui Duan
- Department of Stomatology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang 471009, China
| | - Shuli Deng
- The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310006, China.
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7
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Veses V, González-Torres P, Carbonetto B, Del Mar Jovani-Sancho M, González-Martínez R, Cortell-Ballester I, Sheth CC. Dental black plaque: metagenomic characterization and comparative analysis with white-plaque. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15962. [PMID: 32994464 PMCID: PMC7525459 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72460-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extrinsic black dental staining is an external dental discoloration of bacterial origin, considered a special form of dental plaque. Currently, there is no definitive therapeutic option for eliminating black stain. This study employed 16S rRNA metagenomics to analyze black stain and white-plaque samples from 27 adult volunteers. Study objectives were to: describe the microbial diversity of adult black stain samples; characterize their taxonomic profile; compare the microbiomes of black stain versus white-plaque from adult volunteers and propose a functional map of the black stain microbiome using PICRUSt2. The black stain microbiome was poorer in species diversity as compared to white-plaque. The five most abundant genera in black stain were Capnocytophaga, Leptotrichia, Fusobacterium, Corynebacterium and Streptococcus. Functional analysis of microbial species revealed conserved and consistent clustering of functional pathways within and between black stain and white-plaque microbiomes. We describe enrichment of heme biosynthetic pathways in black stain. Our results suggest that the dysbiosis in black stain resembles "orally healthy" communities. The increased abundance of heme biosynthetic pathways suggests that heme-dependent iron sequestration and subsequent metabolism are key for black stain formation. Further research should decipher the regulation of heme biosynthetic genes and characterize the temporal sequence leading to colonization and dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Veses
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Mª Del Mar Jovani-Sancho
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raquel González-Martínez
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Isidoro Cortell-Ballester
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Chirag C Sheth
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU-, CEU Universities, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain.
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8
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Rosa L, Lepanto MS, Cutone A, Ianiro G, Pernarella S, Sangermano R, Musci G, Ottolenghi L, Valenti P. Lactoferrin and oral pathologies: a therapeutic treatment. Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 99:81-90. [PMID: 32213143 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2020-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is a non-uniform, extraordinary environment characterized by mucosal, epithelial, abiotic surfaces and secretions as saliva. Aerobic and anaerobic commensal and pathogenic microorganisms colonize the tongue, teeth, jowl, gingiva, and periodontium. Commensals exert an important role in host defenses, while pathogenic microorganisms can nullify this protective function causing oral and systemic diseases. Every day, 750-1000 mL of saliva, containing several host defense constituents including lactoferrin (Lf), are secreted and swallowed. Lf is a multifunctional iron-chelating cationic glycoprotein of innate immunity. Depending on, or regardless of its iron-binding ability, Lf exerts bacteriostatic, bactericidal, antibiofilm, antioxidant, antiadhesive, anti-invasive, and anti-inflammatory activities. Here, we report the protective role of Lf in different oral pathologies, such as xerostomia, halitosis, alveolar or maxillary bone damage, gingivitis, periodontitis, and black stain. Unlike antibiotic therapy, which is ineffective against bacteria that are within a biofilm, adherent, or intracellular, the topical administration of Lf, through its simultaneous activity against microbial replication, biofilms, adhesion, and invasiveness, as well as inflammation, has been proven to be efficient in the treatment of all known oral pathologies without any adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Rosa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | | | - Antimo Cutone
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Pesche, Italy
| | - Giusi Ianiro
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Pesche, Italy
| | - Stefania Pernarella
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Sangermano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Musci
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Pesche, Italy
| | - Livia Ottolenghi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Piera Valenti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
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9
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Ortiz-López CS, Veses V, Garcia-Bautista JA, Jovani-Sancho MDM. Risk factors for the presence of dental black plaque. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16752. [PMID: 30425313 PMCID: PMC6233187 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35240-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to evaluate risk factors related to the presence of extrinsic dental black stain, a total of 94 orally healthy volunteers (47 individuals with dental black stain and 47 individuals without dental black stain) were recruited from ten different dental clinics in Valencia and Castellón (Spain). Data regarding their oral hygiene, dietary habits, and oral health status were gathered by questionnaire. Samples of dental plaque, saliva and drinking water were collected for chemical analysis. Three factors were found to be statistically significantly associated with dental black stain, (i) consuming water with high iron content, (ii) consuming water with high pH, and (iii) having a high salivary pH. Other factors such as smoking, taking iron supplements or consuming caffeinated drinks were not found to be risk factors for the presence of black stain. A multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that drinking tap or osmosis-purified water and lower levels of salivary iron increase the risk of having dental black stain. Overall, several risk factors for the presence of dental black stain have been identified. The main modifiable risk factor identified in this study was the consumption of tap or osmosis drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia S Ortiz-López
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, CEU Universities, Moncada, Spain
| | - Veronica Veses
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, CEU Universities, Moncada, Spain.
| | - Jose A Garcia-Bautista
- Director of Laboratory Services, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, CEU Universities, Moncada, Spain
| | - Maria Del Mar Jovani-Sancho
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, CEU Universities, Moncada, Spain
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