Microbial community in human gut: a therapeutic prospect and implication in health and diseases

Oral microbiota: the overlooked catalyst in cancer initiation and progression

The advancement of high-throughput sequencing technology in recent decades has led to a greater understanding of the components of the oral microbiota, providing a solid foundation for extensive research in this field. The oral microbiota plays an important role in an individual's overall health. It has been shown to be significantly correlated with chronic human diseases, including diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular disease, periodontal disease, and Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, tumor occurrence and development are closely related to the oral microbiome. Specific bacteria, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum), Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), Streptococcus, Streptomyces, Prevotella, and Fibrophagy gingivalis, play critical roles in cancer development. The oral microbiota has various oncogenic mechanisms, including bacterial inflammation, immunological suppression, tumor growth mediated by bacterial toxins, antiapoptotic activity, and carcinogenic effects. This paper reviews the role of the oral microbiota in the occurrence and progression of cancer and systematically elucidates the molecular mechanisms by which dysbiosis influences tumorigenesis and tumor progression. This information can provide a theoretical basis for exploring cancer treatment strategies and offer new insights for cancer prevention.

Microbiome in Teenagers – Acquisition and Development

Adolescence is the stage of life between childhood and adulthood, ranging from 10 to 19 years. It is a distinct period in human development and crucial for setting the groundwork for long-term health. Teenagers grow quickly in terms of their physical, cognitive, and emotional development.In the body of teenagers, major changes in microorganisms take place. With the development of these changes in the microbiome of teenagers, diseases are also developed. Teenagers are the future of the world. Microbiota and diseases have an impact on their emotions, thoughts, decisions, and interactions with others and their environment. This chapter is written to acknowledge the readers about the resident microorganisms of the human body during adolescence and the many kinds of changes that occur in the microbiome due to lifestyle changes.

Cross-domain microbiomes: the interaction of gut, lung and environmental microbiota in asthma pathogenesis

Recent experimental and epidemiological studies underscore the vital interaction between the intestinal microbiota and the lungs, an interplay known as the "gut-lung axis". The significance of this axis has been further illuminated following the identification of intestinal microbial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), as key mediators in setting the tone of the immune system. Through the gut-lung axis, the gut microbiota and its metabolites, or allergens, are directly or indirectly involved in the immunomodulation of pulmonary diseases, thereby increasing susceptibility to allergic airway diseases such as asthma. Asthma is a complex outcome of the interplay between environmental factors and genetic predispositions. The concept of the gut-lung axis may offer new targets for the prevention and treatment of asthma. This review outlines the relationships between asthma and the respiratory microbiome, gut microbiome, and environmental microbiome. It also discusses the current advancements and applications of microbiomics, offering novel perspectives and strategies for the clinical management of chronic respiratory diseases like asthma.

High-throughput bacterial co-encapsulation in microfluidic gel beads for discovery of antibiotic-producing strains

Bacteria with antagonistic activity inhibit the growth of other bacteria through different mechanisms, including the production of antibiotics. As a result, these microorganisms are a prolific source of such compounds. However, searching for antibiotic-producing strains requires high-throughput techniques due to the vast diversity of microorganisms. Here, we screened and isolated bacteria with antagonistic activity against Escherichia coli expressing the green fluorescent protein (E. coli-GFP). We used microfluidics to co-encapsulate and co-culture single cells from different strains within picoliter gel beads and analyzed them using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). To test the methodology, we used three bacterial isolates obtained from Mexican maize, which exhibit high, moderate, or no antagonistic activity against E. coli-GFP, as determined previously using agar plate assays. Single cells from each strain were separately co-incubated into gel beads with E. coli-GFP. We monitored the development of the maize bacteria microcolonies and tracked the growth or inhibition of E. coli-GFP using bright-field and fluorescent microscopy. We correlated these images with distinctive light scatter and fluorescence signatures of each incubated bead type using FACS. This analysis enabled us to sort gel beads filled with an antagonistic strain, starting from a mixture of the three different types of maize bacteria and E. coli-GFP. Likewise, culturing the FACS-sorted beads on agar plates confirmed the isolation and recovery of the two antagonistic strains. In addition, enrichment assays demonstrated the methodology's effectiveness in isolating rare antibiotic-producer strains (0.01% abundance) present in a mixture of microorganisms. These results show that associating light side scatter and fluorescent flow cytometry signals with microscopy images provides valuable controls to establish successful high-throughput methods for sorting beads in which microbial interaction assays are performed.

Characteristics of the microbiome in lung adenocarcinoma tissue from patients in Kunming city of southwestern China

The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics of microbial communities in the lung cancer tissues from patients in Kunming sity of southwestern China and to compare the microbial differences at different clinical stages of lung cancer to uncover potential microbial biomarkers. In total, 40 tissue samples of primary lung adenocarcinoma were collected and further performed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The subjects were grouped according to TNM stages (T and N group), clinical stage, and smoke status, and the microbial differences in each group were compared. Analysis of sequence data to determine beta diversity, the UniFrac distance was calculated by QIIME and visualized by principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) using R (version 2.15.3). Microbiome abundance and diversity between different groups were calculated by t test or Wilcoxon rank sum test and drawn by R. The linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) method was utilized to compare relative abundances of all bacterial taxa between groups. A total of 951 OTUs were identified in the cancer tissues. No significant difference has been found in the alpha diversity within all the groups. Beta diversity significantly differed in the N, T, and clinical stage groups. By LEfSe analysis, eight differential taxa including Bifidobacterium were identified in the N group. In the T1 and T2 group, the LEfSe result identified five phyla and ten genera. The differential genera were Moraxella, Dolosigranulum, unidentified_Corynebacteriaceae, and Citrobacter in the T2 group and Bifidobacterium, Alistipes, Akkermansia, Blautia, Lactobacillus, as well as Faecalibaculum in the T1 group. Differential bacterial composition and abundance were also observed in the clinical stage group. This study confirmed that by 16S rRNA sequencing, we identified the dominant microbe of lung cancer tissue in different groups. Bifidobacterium may play an essential role in lymph node metastasis and tumor progression, providing a specific potential microbial biomarker for lung adenocarcinoma. PCR products were subject to vertical electrophoresis on 2% agarose gels, and a colloid recovery kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) was applied to recover the target bands. Libraries were generated by the TruSeq DNA PCR-Free Sample Preparation Kit (Illumina, San Diego, USA), and the concentrations were quantitated with a Qubit fluorometer. Finally, the qualified libraries were sequenced by NovaSeq6000 (Illumina).

Gut microbiome and human health: Exploring how the probiotic genus Lactobacillus modulate immune responses

The highest density of microbes resides in human gastrointestinal tract, known as “Gut microbiome”. Of note, the members of the genus Lactobacillus that belong to phyla Firmicutes are the most important probiotic bacteria of the gut microbiome. These gut-residing Lactobacillus species not only communicate with each other but also with the gut epithelial lining to balance the gut barrier integrity, mucosal barrier defence and ameliorate the host immune responses. The human body suffers from several inflammatory diseases affecting the gut, lungs, heart, bone or neural tissues. Mounting evidence supports the significant role of Lactobacillus spp. and their components (such as metabolites, peptidoglycans, and/or surface proteins) in modulatingimmune responses, primarily through exchange of immunological signals between gastrointestinal tract and distant organs. This bidirectional crosstalk which is mediated by Lactobacillus spp. promotes anti-inflammatory response, thereby supporting the improvement of symptoms pertaining to asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), neuroinflammatory diseases (such as multiple sclerosis, alzheimer’s disease, parkinson’s disease), cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and chronic infections in patients. The metabolic disorders, obesity and diabetes are characterized by a low-grade inflammation. Genus Lactobacillus alleviates metabolic disorders by regulating the oxidative stress response and inflammatory pathways. Osteoporosis is also associated with bone inflammation and resorption. The Lactobacillus spp. and their metabolites act as powerful immune cell controllers and exhibit a regulatory role in bone resorption and formation, supporting bone health. Thus, this review demonstrated the mechanisms and summarized the evidence of the benefit of Lactobacillus spp. in alleviating inflammatory diseases pertaining to different organs from animal and clinical trials. The present narrative review explores in detail the complex interactions between the gut-dwelling Lactobacillus spp. and the immune components in distant organs to promote host’s health.