Association between maximum tongue pressure and swallowing safety and efficacy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Swallowing Safety after Remote sub-total Esophagectomy: How Important is Tongue Pressure?

The factors related to oropharyngeal dysphagia after remote esophagectomy (greater than five months) remain unclear. This study aimed to assess patient perception of dysphagia, maximum anterior isometric pressure (MAIP), maximum posterior isometric pressure (MPIP), lingual swallowing pressure (LSP) and radiographic physiological components of the oral and pharyngeal phases of swallowing in patients who are post remote sub-total esophagectomy (SE). Patient perception of dysphagia was assessed using the Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10). MAIP, MPIP, and LSP were measured using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument. Videofluoroscopy was used to assess the physiologic components of swallowing with the Modified Barium Swallow Impairment Profile (MBSImP) and the Penetration-Aspiration Scale (PAS). Ten patients were included in the study (53.2% male; mean age 54.5 ± 18.0). The mean postoperative time was 30 months (range, 5.0-72 months). Seven patients had elevated EAT-10 scores (> 3). All patients demonstrated impaired oropharyngeal swallowing on at least three MBSImP components (range 3-12) and two patients aspirated (PAS 8). There was a significant difference in MAIP values when comparing patients with normal versus impaired laryngeal elevation and epiglottic movement (p < 0.001). MPIP values were significantly different in patients with normal versus impaired epiglottic movement as well as normal versus elevated PAS scores (p < 0.001). Decreased lingual pressure and physiological changes in swallowing coexist after SE. Our results indicate that the decrease in tongue strength may be one of the factors related to unsafe swallow. The assessment of lingual pressure provides diagnostic value and should be incorporated as part of a comprehensive assessment in this population.

Oropharyngeal Dysphagia Phenotypes Across Huntington's Disease Stages: Endoscopic Findings and Tongue Pressure Analysis

Background

Oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) is a common symptom in Huntington's disease (HD) and is associated with severe health and psychosocial consequences. Different OD phenotypes are defined on the basis of characteristic patterns at fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES), and they may vary during disease progression.

Objective

To describe OD phenotypes in different HD stages and to analyze their association with neurological data and tongue pressure measurements.

Methods

Twenty-four patients with HD at different stages of disease progression underwent a FEES. Data on penetration/aspiration, pharyngeal residue, and OD phenotypes were gained. Neurological examination was performed with the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS). Patient Maximum tongue pressure (MTP) and tongue endurance were measured.

Results

We confirmed that the occurrence of penetration/aspiration increased with disease duration and pharyngeal residue increased from 16.7% to 100%, respectively. The most common OD phenotypes were oropharyngeal dyspraxia (91.7%), posterior oral incontinence (87.5%), and delayed pharyngeal phase (87.5%). These types of dysfunctions are already detectable in >80% of patients in the early disease stages. In more advanced stages, we also observed propulsion deficit (66.7%), resistive issue (54.2%), and protective deficit (37.5%). Propulsion deficit was associated with higher disease stage, greater motor dysfunction (UHDRS-I), and lower MTP and tongue endurance (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

OD in HD results from a combination of different swallowing phenotypes. Early assessment of swallowing and periodical follow-ups are necessary to monitor OD severity and phenotypes and to revise diet recommendations.

Functional Lingual Pressure Thresholds for Swallowing Safety and Efficiency Impairments in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Although reductions in lingual strength are reported in individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) that are associated with dysphagia; determination of a functional lingual pressure threshold (FLPT) has not yet been established. The present study therefore sought to identify an FLPT for impaired swallowing safety and efficiency in individuals with ALS.Thirty individuals with ALS completed a standardized videofluoroscopic swallowing examination and maximum anterior isometric lingual pressure testing using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument. Duplicate, blinded ratings of the validated Penetration-Aspiration Scale (PAS) scores and Analysis of Swallowing Physiology: Events, Kinematics and Timing (ASPEKT) were performed. Binary classifications of safety (unsafe: PAS: ≥ 3) and efficiency (inefficient: ≥ 3% worst total pharyngeal residue) were derived. Descriptives and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses (AUC, sensitivity, specificity) were performed.Unsafe and inefficient swallowing were instrumentally confirmed in 57% and 70% of ALS patients, respectively. Across the entire cohort, the mean maximum lingual physiologic capacity was 32.1 kilopascals ('kPa'; SD: 18.1 kPa). The identified FLPT for radiographically confirmed unsafe swallowing was 43 kPa (sensitivity: 94%, specificity: 62%, AUC 0.82, p = 0.003). FLPT for inefficient swallowing was 46 kPa (sensitivity: 86%, specificity: 56%, AUC = 0.77, p = 0.02).These data provide preliminary FLPT data in a small cohort of individuals with ALS that need to be further investigated in larger cohorts to inform clinical screening practices.

Ultrasonographic and manometric study of the tongue as biomarkers of dysphagia in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

BACKGROUND

The possibility of having methods to assess dysphagia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients in a minimally invasive manner could facilitate follow-up and allow performing of therapeutic interventions at earlier stages of the disease. The aim of the study was to analyze the role of tongue strength and thickness in ALS patients and their correlation with dysphagia and bulbar function.

METHODS

A sample of outpatients with ALS was evaluated for demographic and clinical features. Tongue thickness and strength have been measured for each patient, and quantitative and qualitative data of the videofluoroscopy swallow study have been analyzed.

RESULTS

Of the 38 ALS patients studied, 47.4% were women, and 26.3% had bulbar onset. The median time between symptom onset and the study was 24 months (IQR 11.5-48), and 55.3% of the patients were carriers of non-invasive mechanical ventilation. Tongue strength identified patients with impaired oral and pharyngeal transit and those with bolus residue scale (BRS) > 1 or penetration-aspiration scale (PAS) ≥ 3. In contrast, tongue thickness is only associated with impaired oral transit. Finally, anterior tongue strength ≤ 34 kPa and posterior tongue strength ≤ 34.5 kPa detected ALS penetrators/aspirators (PAS ≥ 3) and patients with ALS with post-swallow residue (BRS > 1).

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that measures that assess the functionality (strength) of the tongue are more valuable than morphological measurements (thickness) for the follow-up of patients with ALS. Alterations of the anterior and posterior lingual strength correlate with the presence of bronchoaspiration and post-swallowing residue (BRS > 1).

Comparison of Lingual Pressure Generation Capacity in Parkinson Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Healthy Aging

PURPOSE

The tongue plays a key role in bolus propulsion during swallowing, with reduced lingual pressure generation representing a risk factor for impaired swallowing safety and efficiency. We compared lingual pressure generation capacity in people with Parkinson disease (PwPD), people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (PwALS), and healthy older adults. We hypothesized that both patient cohorts would demonstrate reduced maximum anterior isometric pressure (MAIP) and regular effort saliva swallow (RESS) pressures compared with healthy controls, with the greatest reductions expected in the ALS cohort.

METHOD

We enrolled 20 PwPD, 18 PwALS, and 20 healthy adults over 60 years of age. The Iowa Oral Performance Instrument was used to measure MAIP, RESS, and lingual functional reserve (LFR, i.e., MAIP - RESS). Descriptive statistics were calculated; between-groups differences were explored using univariate analyses of variance and post hoc Sidak tests with alpha set at .05.

RESULTS

Mean MAIPs for the PD, ALS, and heathy cohorts were 54.7, 33.5, and 47.4 kPa, respectively. Significantly lower MAIP was found in PwALS compared with PwPD and healthy controls. RESS values did not differ significantly across groups. LFR was significantly higher in PwPD versus PwALS and healthy controls.

CONCLUSIONS

Lingual pressure generation capacity and functional reserve were reduced in PwALS, but not in PwPD, beyond changes seen with healthy aging. Both patient cohorts displayed preserved lingual pressure during saliva swallows. Future studies exploring longitudinal changes in tongue pressure generation on isometric and saliva swallowing tasks will be needed to confirm whether tongue pressure measures serve as noninvasive clinical biomarkers of swallowing impairment.

Phoniatricians and otorhinolaryngologists approaching oropharyngeal dysphagia: an update on FEES

PURPOSE

Oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) is a common phenomenon in otorhinolaryngology and phoniatrics. As both sub-disciplines have a strong tradition and clinical experience in endoscopic assessment of the upper aerodigestive tract, the implementation of fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) was an almost self-evident evolution. This review aims to provide an update on FEES and the role of phoniatricians and otorhinolaryngologists using FEES in Europe.

METHODS

A narrative review of the literature was performed by experts in the field of FEES both in the clinical context and in the field of scientific research.

RESULTS

FEES is the first-choice OD assessment technique for both phoniatricians and otorhinolaryngologists. FEES is becoming increasingly popular because of its usefulness, safety, low costs, wide applicability, and feasibility in different clinical settings. FEES can be performed by health professionals of varying disciplines, once adequate knowledge and skills are acquired. FEES aims to determine OD nature and severity and can provide diagnostic information regarding the underlying etiology. The direct effect of therapeutic interventions can be evaluated using FEES, contributing to design the OD management plan. Standardization of FEES protocols and metrics is still lacking. Technological innovation regarding image resolution, frame rate frequency, endoscopic light source specifications, and endoscopic rotation range has contributed to an increased diagnostic accuracy.

CONCLUSION

The rising number of phoniatricians and otorhinolaryngologists performing FEES contributes to the early detection and treatment of OD in an aging European population. Nevertheless, a multidisciplinary approach together with other disciplines is crucial for the success of OD management.

Tongue measurements and pharyngeal residue in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Aim: We aimed to analyze the relationship between tongue measurements and vallecular residue in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Materials & methods: Twenty-one patients with ALS were assessed for posterior maximum tongue isometric pressure (PMTIP) and posterior tongue isometric endurance (PTIE) by the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument; vallecular residue after 10 ml of moderately thickened consistency by Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing; and tongue thickness (TT) by ultrasonography. Results: PMTIP, PTIE and TT were decreased compared with the reference values for healthy individuals and were not different between patients with and without vallecular residue. Conclusion: In ALS, PMTIP, PTIE and TT are not good predictors of vallecular residue in the tested volume and food consistency.

Tongue pressure waveform analysis for ascertaining the influence of tongue muscle composition on articulation

BACKGROUND

Rate force development is associated with performance and muscle composition in whole-body muscle. Although rate force development on tongue muscle can be examined using tongue pressure waveform, there have been only few investigations on this topic.

OBJECTIVES

This study's main purpose was to investigate the reliability of tongue pressure waveform analysis and its relationship with articulation and tongue muscle composition. In addition, we also investigated the association between tongue muscle composition and articulation.

METHODS

Forty-five community-dwelling individuals aged >20 years participated. We analysed tongue pressure waveform, including maximum tongue pressure (MTP), time to peak, mean rate of tongue force development and peak rate of tongue force development (PRTFD). We also assessed oral diadochokinesis. Magnetic resonance imaging of the tongue provided data on tongue muscle composition, including tongue volume, fat mass, lean muscle mass and fat percentage. We evaluated the reliability of tongue pressure waveform analysis. Moreover, we examined the coefficients between tongue pressure waveform analysis, oral diadochokinesis and tongue composition.

RESULTS

We detected a high reliability of MTP and PRTFD. MTP and PRTFD were significantly correlated with tongue muscle composition. MTP was not significantly correlated with oral diadochokinesis. PRTFD was significantly positively correlated with oral diadochokinesis. Tongue fat mass and fat percentage were negatively correlated with oral diadochokinesis of /ta/ and /ka/.

CONCLUSIONS

Peak rate of tongue force development is a highly reliable method for tongue pressure analysis and is useful for elucidating the functional importance of tongue muscle function on articulation. We speculated that fatty infiltration of the tongue adversely affects articulation.

Longitudinal Changes of Tongue Thickness and Tongue Pressure in Neuromuscular Disorders

Background

Swallowing dysfunction is related to major cause of adverse events and an indicator of shorter survival among patients with neuromuscular disorders (NMD). It is critical to assess the swallowing function during disease progression, however, there are limited tools that can easily evaluate swallowing function without using videofluoroscopic or videoendoscopic examination. Here, we evaluated the longitudinal changes in tongue thickness (TT) and maximum tongue pressure (MTP) among patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1), and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).

Methods

Between 2010 and 2020, TT and MTP were measured from 21 ALS, 30 DM1, and 14 DMD patients (mean ages of 66.9, 44.5, and 21.4 years, respectively) at intervals of more than half a year. TT was measured, by ultrasonography, as the distance from the mylohyoid muscle raphe to the tongue dorsum, and MTP was determined by measuring the maximum compression on a small balloon when pressing the tongue against the palate. Then we examined the relationship between these evaluations and patient background and swallowing function.

Results

Mean follow-up periods were 24.0 months in the ALS group, 47.2 months in the DM1group, and 61.1 months in the DMD group. The DMD group demonstrated larger first TT than the other groups, while the DM1 group had lower first MTP than the ALS group. The ALS group showed a greater average monthly reduction in mean TT than the DM1 group and greater monthly reductions in mean body weight (BW) and MTP than the other groups. Significant differences between the first and last BW, TT, and MTP measures were found only in the ALS group.

Conclusions

This study suggests that ALS is associated with more rapid degeneration of tongue function over several years compared to DMD and DM1.

Decreased Tongue Pressure Associated with Aging, Chewing and Swallowing Difficulties of Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Taiwan

Personalized tongue pressure (TP) training focuses on improving swallowing. This study aims to establish the TP values of different age levels and compare changes between different swallowing status among community-dwelling elders. In this cross-sectional study, 1000 participants, aged 60 years old and above, were recruited from community care centers. All participants were classified into non chewing and/or swallowing difficulties (NCSD) and with chewing and/or swallowing difficulties (CSD) groups and their diseases and dieting status were recorded using a structured questionnaire. A disposable oral probe was used to measure TP by asking participants to compress it against the hard palate with maximum voluntary effort. Among 1000 elders, 63.10% had CSD and their TP (from 31.76 to 18.20 kPa) was lower than the NCSD group (from 33.56 to 24.51 kPa). Both groups showed the same tendency for TP decline with increasing age. Decline of TP makes CSD elderly have a poor appetite, eat a soft or liquid diet, and take longer to eat a meal (all p < 0.050). The secondary risk factor dominating TP decline for NCSD and CSD elders is having an education level less than primary school and an abnormal eating assessment, respectively. Our results demonstrated that TP decline has a significant relationship with age changes. Education level and an abnormal eating assessment score are closely associated with TP decline. A series of TP values can be used as a reference indicator of personalized medicine during the aging process among community-dwelling older adults.

Validation of the Italian Version of the Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS-It) Against Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing and Nutritional Status

The Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) is a reliable and valid tool to assess functional oral intake of food and liquids in patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD). Its validity was established for stroke patients against Videofluoroscopic Swallowing Study in English and Chinese and against Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES) in German. FOIS was cross-culturally validated into Italian (FOIS-It), but construct validity against instrumental assessment and nutritional status was not investigated. The study aims at contributing to the validation of the FOIS-It, by performing convergent and known-group validity against FEES and nutritional status in patients with OD of different etiologies. Overall, 220 adult patients with OD of etiological heterogeneity were recruited. FOIS-It score and Body Mass Index (BMI) were collected. FEES was performed to assess swallowing safety and efficiency based on the Penetration-Aspiration Scale (PAS) and the Yale Pharyngeal Residue Severity Rating Scale (YPRSRS). Moderate to weak associations with PAS (ρ = - .37, p < .01), YPRSRS in the pyriform sinuses (ρ = - .20, p < .01), and BMI (ρ = .24, p < .01) were detected with Spearman's correlation. FOIS-It distribution was compared with the Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Significantly lower FOIS-It scores were detected among patients with penetration/aspiration (PAS > 2) and penetration (PAS > 2 ≤ 5) for all consistencies (p < .01), aspiration (PAS > 5) of liquids and semisolids (p < .001), residue in the pyriform sinuses (YPRSRS > 3) with semisolids (p < .001) and solids (p = .02), and malnutrition (BMI ≤ 18.5; p = .019). FOIS-It appears as a valid tool to assess functional oral intake against FEES' measures of swallowing safety and efficiency and nutritional status in patients with OD of etiological heterogeneity.

Effects of Tongue-Strengthening Self-Exercises in Healthy Older Adults: A Non-Randomized Controlled Trial

Tongue-strengthening exercises (TSE) using a device have been proposed as an intervention for improving tongue strength and endurance. However, devices for TSE have been expensive and difficult to manipulate and are not commonly used in home or clinical settings. This study therefore aimed to investigate whether tongue-strengthening self-exercises (TSsE) using a tongue-strengthening self-exercise tool at home can improve tongue strength in healthy older adults. This study included 27 participants (exercise group, η = 16, 7 men, 9 women, median age 84.5 years; control group, n = 11, 2 men, 9 women, median age 79.0 years). Exercises in the exercise group consisted of pushing the anterior tongue against the hard palate 30 times, 3 times a day, 5 days a week, for 8 weeks using a tongue-strengthening self-exercise tool. This tool is available in five levels of hardness. The most suitable hardness of the tool for each participant was calculated based on 60% of maximum tongue pressure (MTP) during the first 2 weeks of the training period and 80% of MTP for the remainder of the training period, as assessed using a tongue pressure-measuring device. The exercise group showed a significant improvement of 4.1 kPa in MTP (an 11.53% increase) and 4.53 s in endurance of tongue pressure (ETP) (a 99.86% increase). Furthermore, adherence in the exercise group was 99.2%. In conclusion, performing TSsE for 8 weeks was effective for increasing MTP and ETP in healthy older adults. This indicates that TSsE may be useful in older individuals at home to prevent age-related tongue muscle weakness.