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Mittelberger C, Moser M, Hause B, Janik K. 'Candidatus Phytoplasma mali' SAP11-Like protein modulates expression of genes involved in energy production, photosynthesis, and defense in Nicotiana occidentalis leaves. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:393. [PMID: 38741080 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05087-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 'Candidatus Phytoplasma mali', the causal agent of apple proliferation disease, exerts influence on its host plant through various effector proteins, including SAP11CaPm which interacts with different TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/ CYCLOIDEA/ PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR 1 and 2 (TCP) transcription factors. This study examines the transcriptional response of the plant upon early expression of SAP11CaPm. For that purpose, leaves of Nicotiana occidentalis H.-M. Wheeler were Agrobacterium-infiltrated to induce transient expression of SAP11CaPm and changes in the transcriptome were recorded until 5 days post infiltration. RESULTS The RNA-seq analysis revealed that presence of SAP11CaPm in leaves leads to downregulation of genes involved in defense response and related to photosynthetic processes, while expression of genes involved in energy production was enhanced. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that early SAP11CaPm expression might be important for the colonization of the host plant since phytoplasmas lack many metabolic genes and are thus dependent on metabolites from their host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Mittelberger
- Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Group of Functional Genomics, Laimburg Research Centre, Pfatten (Vadena), South Tyrol, 39051, Italy
| | - Mirko Moser
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'Adige, Trentino, 39098, Italy
| | - Bettina Hause
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120, Halle (Saale), Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
| | - Katrin Janik
- Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Group of Functional Genomics, Laimburg Research Centre, Pfatten (Vadena), South Tyrol, 39051, Italy.
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Der C, Courty PE, Recorbet G, Wipf D, Simon-Plas F, Gerbeau-Pissot P. Sterols, pleiotropic players in plant-microbe interactions. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 29:524-534. [PMID: 38565452 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Plant-microbe interactions (PMIs) are regulated through a wide range of mechanisms in which sterols from plants and microbes are involved in numerous ways, including recognition, transduction, communication, and/or exchanges between partners. Phytosterol equilibrium is regulated by PMIs through expression of genes involved in phytosterol biosynthesis, together with their accumulation. As such, PMI outcomes also include plasma membrane (PM) functionalization events, in which phytosterols have a central role, and activation of sterol-interacting proteins involved in cell signaling. In spite (or perhaps because) of such multifaceted abilities, an overall mechanism of sterol contribution is difficult to determine. However, promising approaches exploring sterol diversity, their contribution to PMI outcomes, and their localization would help us to decipher their crucial role in PMIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Der
- Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro, University of Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | | | - Ghislaine Recorbet
- Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro, University of Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Daniel Wipf
- Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro, University of Bourgogne, Dijon, France
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Wang S, McLellan H, Boevink PC, Birch PRJ. RxLR Effectors: Master Modulators, Modifiers and Manipulators. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:754-763. [PMID: 37750829 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-23-0054-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic effectors with an Arg-any amino acid-Arg-Leu (RxLR) motif are encoded by hundreds of genes within the genomes of oomycete Phytophthora spp. and downy mildew pathogens. There has been a dramatic increase in our understanding of the evolution, function, and recognition of these effectors. Host proteins with a wide range of subcellular localizations and functions are targeted by RxLR effectors. Many processes are manipulated, including transcription, post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination, secretion, and intracellular trafficking. This involves an array of RxLR effector modes-of-action, including stabilization or destabilization of protein targets, altering or disrupting protein complexes, inhibition or utility of target enzyme activities, and changing the location of protein targets. Interestingly, approximately 50% of identified host proteins targeted by RxLR effectors are negative regulators of immunity. Avirulence RxLR effectors may be directly or indirectly detected by nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat resistance (NLR) proteins. Direct recognition by a single NLR of RxLR effector orthologues conserved across multiple Phytophthora pathogens may provide wide protection of diverse crops. Failure of RxLR effectors to interact with or appropriately manipulate target proteins in nonhost plants has been shown to restrict host range. This knowledge can potentially be exploited to alter host targets to prevent effector interaction, providing a barrier to host infection. Finally, recent evidence suggests that RxLR effectors, like cytoplasmic effectors from fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, may enter host cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, U.S.A
| | - Hazel McLellan
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, U.K
| | - Petra C Boevink
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, U.K
| | - Paul R J Birch
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, U.K
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, U.K
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Chepsergon J, Moleleki LN. "Order from disordered": Potential role of intrinsically disordered regions in phytopathogenic oomycete intracellular effector proteins. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 75:102402. [PMID: 37329857 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
There is a continuous arms race between pathogens and their host plants. However, successful pathogens, such as phytopathogenic oomycetes, secrete effector proteins to manipulate host defense responses for disease development. Structural analyses of these effector proteins reveal the existence of regions that fail to fold into three-dimensional structures, intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs). Because of their flexibility, these regions are involved in important biological functions of effector proteins, such as effector-host protein interactions that perturb host immune responses. Despite their significance, the role of IDRs in phytopathogenic oomycete effector-host protein interactions is not clear. This review, therefore, searched the literature for functionally characterized oomycete intracellular effectors with known host interactors. We further classify regions that mediate effector-host protein interactions into globular or disordered binding sites in these proteins. To fully appreciate the potential role of IDRs, five effector proteins encoding potential disordered binding sites were used as case studies. We also propose a pipeline that can be used to identify, classify as well as characterize potential binding regions in effector proteins. Understanding the role of IDRs in these effector proteins can aid in the development of new disease-control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Chepsergon
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Lucy Novungayo Moleleki
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
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Balotf S, Wilson R, Nichols DS, Tegg RS, Wilson CR. Multi-omics reveals mechanisms of resistance to potato root infection by Spongospora subterranea. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10804. [PMID: 35752627 PMCID: PMC9233701 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14606-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogen Spongospora subterranea infects potato roots and developing tubers resulting in tuber yield and quality losses. Currently, there are no fully effective treatments for disease control. Host resistance is an important tool in disease management and understanding the molecular mechanisms of defence responses in roots of potato plants is required for the breeding of novel resistant cultivars. Here, we integrated transcriptomic and proteomic datasets to uncover these mechanisms underlying S. subterranea resistance in potato roots. This multi-omics approach identified upregulation of glutathione metabolism at the levels of RNA and protein in the resistant cultivar but not in the susceptible cultivar. Upregulation of the lignin metabolic process, which is an important component of plant defence, was also specific to the resistant cultivar at the transcriptome level. In addition, the inositol phosphate pathway was upregulated in the susceptible cultivar but downregulated in the resistant cultivar in response to S. subterranea infection. We provide large-scale multi-omics data of Spongospora-potato interaction and suggest an important role of glutathione metabolism in disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Balotf
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, New Town Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania, 13 St Johns Avenue, New Town, TAS, 7008, Australia
| | - Richard Wilson
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - David S Nichols
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Robert S Tegg
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, New Town Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania, 13 St Johns Avenue, New Town, TAS, 7008, Australia
| | - Calum R Wilson
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, New Town Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania, 13 St Johns Avenue, New Town, TAS, 7008, Australia.
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Balotf S, Wilson CR, Tegg RS, Nichols DS, Wilson R. Large-Scale Protein and Phosphoprotein Profiling to Explore Potato Resistance Mechanisms to Spongospora subterranea Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:872901. [PMID: 35498715 PMCID: PMC9047998 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.872901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Potato is one of the most important food crops for human consumption. The soilborne pathogen Spongospora subterranea infects potato roots and tubers, resulting in considerable economic losses from diminished tuber yields and quality. A comprehensive understanding of how potato plants respond to S. subterranea infection is essential for the development of pathogen-resistant crops. Here, we employed label-free proteomics and phosphoproteomics to quantify systemically expressed protein-level responses to S. subterranea root infection in potato foliage of the susceptible and resistant potato cultivars. A total of 2,669 proteins and 1,498 phosphoproteins were quantified in the leaf samples of the different treatment groups. Following statistical analysis of the proteomic data, we identified oxidoreductase activity, electron transfer, and photosynthesis as significant processes that differentially changed upon root infection specifically in the resistant cultivar and not in the susceptible cultivar. The phosphoproteomics results indicated increased activity of signal transduction and defense response functions in the resistant cultivar. In contrast, the majority of increased phosphoproteins in the susceptible cultivar were related to transporter activity and sub-cellular localization. This study provides new insight into the molecular mechanisms and systemic signals involved in potato resistance to S. subterranea infection and has identified new roles for protein phosphorylation in the regulation of potato immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Balotf
- New Town Research Laboratories, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, New Town, TAS, Australia
| | - Calum R. Wilson
- New Town Research Laboratories, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, New Town, TAS, Australia
| | - Robert S. Tegg
- New Town Research Laboratories, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, New Town, TAS, Australia
| | - David S. Nichols
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Richard Wilson
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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