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Frost PA, Chen S, Rodriguez-Ayala E, Laviada-Molina HA, Vaquera Z, Gaytan-Saucedo JF, Li WH, Haack K, Grayburn PA, Sayers K, Cole SA, Bastarrachea RA. Research methodology for in vivo measurements of resting energy expenditure, daily body temperature, metabolic heat and non-viral tissue-specific gene therapy in baboons. Res Vet Sci 2020; 133:136-145. [PMID: 32979746 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A large number of studies have shown that the baboon is one of the most commonly used non-human primate (NHP) research model for the study of immunometabolic complex traits such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), insulin resistance (IR), adipose tissue dysfunction (ATD), dyslipidemia, obesity (OB) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). This paper reports on innovative technologies and advanced research strategies for energetics and translational medicine with this NHP model. This includes the following: measuring resting energy expenditure (REE) with the mobile indirect calorimeter Breezing®; monitoring daily body temperature using subcutaneously implanted data loggers; quantifying metabolic heat with veterinary infrared thermography (IRT) imaging, and non-viral non-invasive, tissue-specific ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) gene-based therapy. These methods are of broad utility; for example, they may facilitate the engineering of ectopic overexpression of brown adipose tissue (BAT) mUCP-1 via UTMD-gene therapy into baboon SKM to achieve weight loss, hypophagia and immunometabolic improvement. These methods will be valuable to basic and translational research, and human clinical trials, in the areas of metabolism, cardiovascular health, and immunometabolic and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice A Frost
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), San Antonio, TX 78227-0549, USA
| | - Shuyuan Chen
- Departments of Cell Biology and of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, United States of America
| | - Ernesto Rodriguez-Ayala
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Norte, Naucalpan de Juárez 52786, Mexico
| | - Hugo A Laviada-Molina
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Marista de Mérida, Mérida 97300, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Zoila Vaquera
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), San Antonio, TX 78227-0549, USA
| | - Janeth F Gaytan-Saucedo
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), San Antonio, TX 78227-0549, USA
| | - Wen-Hong Li
- Departments of Cell Biology and of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, United States of America
| | - Karin Haack
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), San Antonio, TX 78227-0549, USA
| | - Paul A Grayburn
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor University Medical Center and the Baylor Scott and White Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Ken Sayers
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), San Antonio, TX 78227-0549, USA
| | - Shelley A Cole
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), San Antonio, TX 78227-0549, USA
| | - Raul A Bastarrachea
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), San Antonio, TX 78227-0549, USA.
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2
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McInnis K, Haman F, Doucet É. Humans in the cold: Regulating energy balance. Obes Rev 2020; 21:e12978. [PMID: 31863637 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
For humans to maintain a stable core temperature in cold environments, an increase in energy expenditure (EE) is required. However, little is known about how cold stimulus impacts energy balance as a whole, as energy intake (EI) has been largely overlooked. This review focuses on the current state of knowledge regarding how cold exposure (CE) impacts both EE and EI, while highlighting key gaps and shortcomings in the literature. Animal models clearly reveal that CE produces large increases in EE, while decreasing environmental temperatures results in a significant negative dose-response effect in EI (r=-.787, P<.001), meaning animals eat more as temperature decreases. In humans, multiple methods are used to administer cold stimuli, which result in consistent yet quantitatively small increases in EE. However, only two studies have measured ad libitum food intake in combination with acute CE in humans. Chronic CE (i.e., cold acclimation) studies have been shown to produce minimal changes in body weight, with an average compensation of ~126%. Although more studies are required to investigate how cold impacts EI in humans, results presented in this review warrant caution before presenting or considering CE as a potential adjunct to weight loss strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt McInnis
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - François Haman
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Éric Doucet
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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3
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Lu WH, Chang YM, Huang YS. Alternative Polyadenylation and Differential Regulation of Ucp1: Implications for Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis Across Species. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:612279. [PMID: 33634052 PMCID: PMC7899972 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.612279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a thermogenic organ owing to its unique expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), which is a proton channel in the inner mitochondrial membrane used to dissipate the proton gradient and uncouple the electron transport chain to generate heat instead of adenosine triphosphate. The discovery of metabolically active BAT in human adults, especially in lean people after cold exposure, has provoked the "thermogenic anti-obesity" idea to battle weight gain. Because BAT can expend energy through UCP1-mediated thermogenesis, the molecular mechanisms regulating UCP1 expression have been extensively investigated at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Of note, the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of Ucp1 mRNA is differentially processed between mice and humans that quantitatively affects UCP1 synthesis and thermogenesis. Here, we summarize the regulatory mechanisms underlying UCP1 expression, report the number of poly(A) signals identified or predicted in Ucp1 genes across species, and discuss the potential and caution in targeting UCP1 for enhancing thermogenesis and metabolic fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsin Lu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Ming Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shuian Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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4
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Dulloo AG, Miles-Chan J, Schutz Y, Montani JP. Targeting lifestyle energy expenditure in the management of obesity and health: from biology to built environment. Obes Rev 2018; 19 Suppl 1:3-7. [PMID: 30511502 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Increasing lifestyle energy expenditure has long been advocated in the prevention and treatment of obesity, as embodied in the ancient prescription of Hippocrates (the 'father of modern medicine') that people with obesity should eat less and exercise more. However, the long-term outcome of exercise alone or in combination with dieting in obesity management is poor. To understand the reasons underlying these failures and to develop novel strategies that target lifestyle energy expenditure in both prevention and treatment of obesity, research over the past decades has focused on (i) the interactions between physical activity and body weight (and its composition) throughout the lifespan; (ii) the influence of biology and potential compensatory changes in energy expenditure, food intake and food assimilation in response to energy deficits; and (iii) the impact of the built environment (outdoor and indoor) and smart technology on physical activity behaviours, thermoregulatory thermogenesis and metabolic health. It is against this background that recent advances relevant to the theme of 'Targeting Lifestyle Energy Expenditure in the Management of Obesity and Health: From Biology to Built Environment' are addressed in this overview and the nine review articles in this supplement, reporting the proceedings of the 9th Fribourg Obesity Research Conference.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Dulloo
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System, Faculty of Sciences and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - J Miles-Chan
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Y Schutz
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System, Faculty of Sciences and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - J-P Montani
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System, Faculty of Sciences and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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5
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Chen HF, Hsu CM, Huang YS. CPEB2-dependent translation of long 3'-UTR Ucp1 mRNA promotes thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201899071. [PMID: 30177570 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of mitochondrial proton transporter uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in brown adipose tissue (BAT) is essential for mammalian thermogenesis. While human UCP1 mRNA exists in a long form only, alternative polyadenylation creates two different isoforms in mice with 10% of UCP1 mRNA found in the long form (Ucp1L) and ~90% in the short form (Ucp1S). We generated a mouse model expressing only Ucp1S and found that it showed impaired thermogenesis due to a 60% drop in UCP1 protein levels, suggesting that Ucp1L is more efficiently translated than Ucp1S. In addition, we found that β3 adrenergic receptor signaling promoted the translation of mouse Ucp1L and human Ucp1 in a manner dependent on cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein 2 (CPEB2). CPEB2-knockout mice showed reduced UCP1 levels and impaired thermogenesis in BAT, which was rescued by ectopic expression of CPEB2. Hence, long 3'-UTR Ucp1 mRNA translation activated by CPEB2 is likely conserved and important in humans to produce UCP1 for thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Feng Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Ming Hsu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shuian Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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6
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Ectopic BAT mUCP-1 overexpression in SKM by delivering a BMP7/PRDM16/PGC-1a gene cocktail or single PRMD16 using non-viral UTMD gene therapy. Gene Ther 2018; 25:497-509. [PMID: 30072816 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-018-0036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Here we present our progress in inducing an ectopic brown adipose tissue (BAT) phenotype in skeletal muscle (SKM) as a potential gene therapy for obesity and its comorbidities. We used ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD), a novel targeted, non-viral approach to gene therapy, to deliver genes in the BAT differentiation pathway into rodent SKM to engineer a thermogenic BAT phenotype with ectopic mUCP-1 overexpression. In parallel, we performed a second protocol using wild-type Ucp-1-null knockout mice to test whether the effects of the gene therapy are UCP-1 dependent. Our main findings were a robust cellular presence of mUCP-1 immunostaining (IHC), significantly higher expression levels of mUCP-1 measured by qRT-PCR, and highest temperature elevation measured by infrared thermography in the treated thigh, achieved in rats after delivering the UTMD-PRDM16/PGC-1a/BMP7/hyPB gene cocktail. Interestingly, the weight loss obtained in the treated rats with the triple gene delivery, never recovered the levels observed in the controls in spite of food intake recovery. Our results establish the feasibility of minimally invasive UTMD gene-based therapy administration in SKM, to induce overexpression of ectopic mUCP-1 after delivery of the thermogenic BAT gene program, and describe systemic effects of this intervention on food intake, weight loss, and thermogenesis.
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7
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Zhao J, Yang Q, Zhang L, Liang X, Sun X, Wang B, Chen Y, Zhu M, Du M. AMPKα1 deficiency suppresses brown adipogenesis in favor of fibrogenesis during brown adipose tissue development. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 491:508-514. [PMID: 28668388 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.06.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) dissipates energy for thermogenesis which reduces or prevents obesity and metabolic dysfunction. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a master regulator of energy metabolism and its activity is inhibited in the developing BAT due to obesity. We previously found that AMPK is required for brown fat development and thermogenic function, but the non-brown adipogenic differentiation of progenitor cells due to AMPKα1 deficiency has not been defined. We found that, in vivo, the thermogenic capacity and morphology of BAT were compromised due to AMPK deficiency, which was correlated with decreased progenitor density in BAT. In addition, the expression of fibrogenic markers was higher in AMPK deficient compared to wild-type mice. Furthermore, we transplanted AMPKα1 wild-type (WT) and floxed BAT into the same recipient mice; following tamoxifen induced AMPKα1 knockout in floxed BAT, the fibrogenesis was enhanced compared to WT mice. Taken together, our data demonstrated that AMPKα1 deficiency suppressed brown adipogenesis in favor of fibrogenesis during BAT development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxing Zhao
- Department of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030800, China; Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Qiyuan Yang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Lupei Zhang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA; Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xingwei Liang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Xiaofei Sun
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Yanting Chen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Meijun Zhu
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Min Du
- Department of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030800, China; Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
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8
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Dulloo AG, Miles-Chan JL, Montani JP. Nutrition, movement and sleep behaviours: their interactions in pathways to obesity and cardiometabolic diseases. Obes Rev 2017; 18 Suppl 1:3-6. [PMID: 28164454 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Among the multitude of dietary and lifestyle behaviours that have been proposed to contribute to the obesity epidemic, those that have generated considerable research scrutiny in the past decade are centred upon sleep behaviours, sedentary behaviours (sitting or lying while awake) and diminished low-level physical activities of everyday life, with each category of behaviours apparently presenting an independent risk for obesity and/or cardiometabolic diseases. These behaviours are highly complex, operate in synergy with each other, disrupt the link between regulation of the circadian clock and metabolic physiology and impact on various components of daily energy expenditure and feeding behaviours to promote obesity and hinder the outcome of obesity therapy. As such, this behavioural triad (nutrition, movement and sleep) presents plenty of scope for intervention and optimization in the context of body weight regulation and lifestyle-related disease prevention. It is against this background that recent advances relevant to the theme of 'Nutrition, Movement & Sleep Behaviors: their interactions in pathways to obesity and cardiometabolic diseases' are addressed in this overview and the nine review articles in this supplement reporting the proceedings of the 8th Fribourg Obesity Research Conference.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Dulloo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - J L Miles-Chan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - J-P Montani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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9
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Cold-induced thermogenesis in humans. Eur J Clin Nutr 2016; 71:345-352. [PMID: 27876809 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A basic property of endothermic thermoregulation is the ability to generate heat by increasing metabolism in response to cold ambient temperatures to maintain a stable core body temperature. This process, known as cold-induced thermogenesis (CIT), has been measured in humans as early as 1780 by Antoine Lavoisier, but has found renewed interest because of the recent 'rediscovery' of thermogenic, cold-activated brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans. In this review, we summarize some of the key findings of the work involving CIT over the past two centuries and highlight some of the seminal studies focused on this topic. There has been a substantial range of variability in the reported CIT in these studies, from 0 to 280% above basal metabolism. We identify and discuss several potential sources of this variability, including both methodological (measurement device, cold exposure temperature and duration) and biological (age and body composition of subject population) discrepancies. These factors should be considered when measuring CIT going forward to better assess whether BAT or other thermogenic organs are viable targets to combat chronic positive energy balance based on their relative capacities to elevate human metabolism.
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10
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Thoonen R, Hindle AG, Scherrer-Crosbie M. Brown adipose tissue: The heat is on the heart. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 310:H1592-605. [PMID: 27084389 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00698.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The study of brown adipose tissue (BAT) has gained significant scientific interest since the discovery of functional BAT in adult humans. The thermogenic properties of BAT are well recognized; however, data generated in the last decade in both rodents and humans reveal therapeutic potential for BAT against metabolic disorders and obesity. Here we review the current literature in light of a potential role for BAT in beneficially mediating cardiovascular health. We focus mainly on BAT's actions in obesity, vascular tone, and glucose and lipid metabolism. Furthermore, we discuss the recently discovered endocrine factors that have a potential beneficial role in cardiovascular health. These BAT-secreted factors may have a favorable effect against cardiovascular risk either through their metabolic role or by directly affecting the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robrecht Thoonen
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Allyson G Hindle
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Marielle Scherrer-Crosbie
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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11
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Iyer A, Brown L, Whitehead JP, Prins JB, Fairlie DP. Nutrient and immune sensing are obligate pathways in metabolism, immunity, and disease. FASEB J 2015; 29:3612-25. [PMID: 26065858 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-271155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The growth and survival of multicellular organisms depend upon their abilities to acquire and metabolize nutrients, efficiently store and harness energy, and sense and fight infection. Systems for sensing and using nutrients have consequently coevolved alongside systems for sensing and responding to danger signals, including pathogens, and share many of the same cell signaling proteins and networks. Diets rich in carbohydrates and fats can overload these systems, leading to obesity, metabolic dysfunction, impaired immunity, and cardiovascular disease. Excessive nutrient intake promotes adiposity, typically altering adipocyte function and immune cell distribution, both of which trigger metabolic dysfunction. Here, we discuss novel mechanistic links between metabolism and immunity that underlie metabolic dysfunction in obesity. We aim to stimulate debate about how the endocrine and immune systems are connected through autocrine, paracrine, and neuroendocrine signaling in sophisticated networks that are only now beginning to be resolved. Understanding the expression and action of signaling proteins, together with modulating their receptors or pattern recognition using agonists or antagonists, will enable rational intervention in immunometabolism that may lead to novel treatments for obesity and metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abishek Iyer
- *Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia; and Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lindsay Brown
- *Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia; and Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jonathan P Whitehead
- *Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia; and Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Johannes B Prins
- *Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia; and Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- *Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia; and Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
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12
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Dulloo AG, Schutz Y. Adaptive Thermogenesis in Resistance to Obesity Therapies: Issues in Quantifying Thrifty Energy Expenditure Phenotypes in Humans. Curr Obes Rep 2015; 4:230-40. [PMID: 26627218 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-015-0156-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Dieting and exercise are likely to remain the core approaches in the management of obesity in the foreseeable future despite their well-documented failures for achieving long-term weight loss. Explanations for such poor prognosis are centered on patient's self-regulatory failure and lack of compliance to the prescribed diet or exercise regimen. While a role for physiological adaptations leading to diminished rates of heat production has also been advocated, there are considerable uncertainties about the quantitative importance of such regulated heat production (i.e., adaptive thermogenesis) to the less-than-expected weight loss and ease for weight regain. This paper first reviews the most compelling evidence of what is often considered as weight loss-induced adaptive thermogenesis in various compartments of daily energy expenditure. It then discusses the major limitations and issues in quantifying such thrifty energy expenditure phenotypes and underscores the plausibility of diminished core temperature as a thrifty metabolic trait in resistance to weight loss. Although an accurate quantification of adaptive thermogenesis will have to await the applications of deep body composition phenotyping and better discrimination of physical activity energy expenditures, the magnitude of diminished energy expenditure in response to weight loss in certain individuals is large enough to support the concept that adaptive thermogenesis contribute importantly to their resistance to obesity therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul G Dulloo
- Department of Medicine/Physiology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du musée 5, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Yves Schutz
- Department of Medicine/Physiology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du musée 5, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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13
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Blondin DP, Labbé SM, Turcotte EE, Haman F, Richard D, Carpentier AC. A critical appraisal of brown adipose tissue metabolism in humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.15.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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14
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Honek J, Lim S, Fischer C, Iwamoto H, Seki T, Cao Y. Brown adipose tissue, thermogenesis, angiogenesis: pathophysiological aspects. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2015; 19:5-11. [PMID: 25390012 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2014-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The number of obese and overweight individuals is globally rising, and obesity-associated disorders such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer are among the most common causes of death. While white adipose tissue is the key player in the storage of energy, active brown adipose tissue expends energy due to its thermogenic capacity. Expanding and activating brown adipose tissue using pharmacological approaches therefore might offer an attractive possibility for therapeutic intervention to counteract obesity and its consequences for metabolic health.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/blood supply
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/physiopathology
- Adipose Tissue, White/blood supply
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/physiopathology
- Animals
- Cardiovascular Diseases/metabolism
- Cardiovascular Diseases/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology
- Humans
- Ion Channels/metabolism
- Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Physiologic
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/physiopathology
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Thermogenesis/physiology
- Uncoupling Protein 1
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15
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Celi FS, Le TN, Ni B. Physiology and relevance of human adaptive thermogenesis response. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015; 26:238-47. [PMID: 25869212 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In homoeothermic organisms, the preservation of core temperature represents a primal function, and its costs in terms of energy expenditure can be considerable. In modern humans, the endogenous thermoregulation mechanisms have been replaced by clothing and environmental control, and the maintenance of thermoneutrality has been successfully achieved by manipulation of the micro- and macroenvironment. The rediscovery of the presence and activity of brown adipose tissue in adult humans has renewed the interest on adaptive thermogenesis (AT) as a means to facilitate weight loss and improve carbohydrate metabolism. The aim of this review is to describe the recent advancements in the study of this function, and to assess the potential and limitations of exploiting AT for environmental/behavioral, and pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco S Celi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Trang N Le
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Bin Ni
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Zhu Y, Yang R, McLenithan J, Yu D, Wang H, Wang Y, Singh D, Olson J, Sztalryd C, Zhu D, Gong DW. Direct conversion of human myoblasts into brown-like adipocytes by engineered super-active PPARγ. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:1014-21. [PMID: 25919922 PMCID: PMC4413469 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether super-activation of PPARγ can reprogram human myoblasts into brown-like adipocytes and to establish a new cell model for browning research. METHODS To enhance the PPARγ signaling, M3, the transactivation domain of MyoD, was fused to PPARγ. PPARγ and M3-PPARγ-lentiviral vectors were used to convert human myoblasts into adipocytes. Brown adipocyte markers of the reprogrammed adipocytes were assessed by qPCR and protein analyses. White adipocytes differentiated from subcutaneous stromal vascular cells and perithyroid brown fat tissues were used as references. RESULTS In transient transfections, M3-PPARγ had a stronger constitutive activity than PPARγ by reporter assay. Although the transduction of either PPARγ or M3-PPARγ induced adipogenesis in myoblasts, M3-PPARγ drastically induced the brown adipocyte markers of UCP1, CIDEA, and PRDM16 by 1,050, 2.4, and 5.0 fold, respectively and increased mitochondria contents by 4 fold, compared to PPARγ. CONCLUSIONS Super-activation of PPARγ can effectively convert human myoblasts into brown-like adipocytes and a new approach to derive brown-like adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbei Zhu
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine at Baltimore
| | - Rongze Yang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine at Baltimore
| | - John McLenithan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine at Baltimore
| | - Daozhan Yu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine at Baltimore
| | - Hong Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine at Baltimore
| | - Yaping Wang
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Devinder Singh
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine at Baltimore
| | - John Olson
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine at Baltimore
| | - Carole Sztalryd
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine at Baltimore
- VA Research Service, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore
| | - Dalong Zhu
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Da-Wei Gong, M.D., Ph.D. Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition University of Maryland School of Medicine, ; Dalong Zhu, M.D. Ph.D. Department of Endocrinology, Medical School of Nanjing University,
| | - Da-Wei Gong
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine at Baltimore
- VA Research Service, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore
- Da-Wei Gong, M.D., Ph.D. Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition University of Maryland School of Medicine, ; Dalong Zhu, M.D. Ph.D. Department of Endocrinology, Medical School of Nanjing University,
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