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Mukherjee S, Perveen S, Negi A, Sharma R. Evolution of tuberculosis diagnostics: From molecular strategies to nanodiagnostics. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2023; 140:102340. [PMID: 37031646 PMCID: PMC10072981 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2023.102340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis has remained a global concern for public health affecting the lives of people for ages. Approximately 10 million people are affected by the disease and 1.5 million succumb to the disease worldwide annually. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the role of early diagnosis to win the battle against such infectious diseases. Thus, advancement in the diagnostic approaches to provide early detection forms the foundation to eradicate and manage contagious diseases like tuberculosis. The conventional diagnostic strategies include microscopic examination, chest X-ray and tuberculin skin test. The limitations associated with sensitivity and specificity of these tests demands for exploring new techniques like probe-based assays, CRISPR-Cas and microRNA detection. The aim of the current review is to envisage the correlation between both the conventional and the newer approaches to enhance the specificity and sensitivity. A significant emphasis has been placed upon nanodiagnostic approaches manipulating quantum dots, magnetic nanoparticles, and biosensors for accurate diagnosis of latent, active and drug-resistant TB. Additionally, we would like to ponder upon a reliable method that is cost-effective, reproducible, require minimal infrastructure and provide point-of-care to the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Summaya Perveen
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Anjali Negi
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Rashmi Sharma
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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2
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Chemical Exploration of a Highly Selective Scaffold with Activity against Intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0116122. [PMID: 35612308 PMCID: PMC9241686 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01161-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified a phenylthiourea series with activity against intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis using a high-throughput, high-content assay. We conducted a catalog structure-activity relationship study with a collection of 35 analogs. We identified several thiourea derivatives with excellent potency against intracellular bacteria and good selectivity over eukaryotic cells. Compounds had much lower activity against extracellular bacteria, which was not increased by using cholesterol as the sole carbon source. Compounds were equally active against strains with mutations in QcrB or MmpL3, thereby excluding common, promiscuous targets as the mode of action. The phenylthiourea series represents a good starting point for further exploration to develop novel antitubercular agents. IMPORTANCEMycobacterium tuberculosis is responsible for the highest number of deaths from a bacterial pathogen, with >1.5 million in 2020. M. tuberculosis is a sophisticated pathogen that can replicate inside immune cells. There is an urgent need for new drugs to combat M. tuberculosis and to shorten therapy from 6 to 24 months. We have identified a series of molecules that inhibit the growth of M. tuberculosis inside macrophages; we tested a number of derivatives to link structural features to biological activity. The compounds are likely to have novel mechanism of action and so could be developed as new agents for drug-resistant tuberculosis.
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Snizhko AD, Kyrychenko AV, Gladkov ES. Synthesis of Novel Derivatives of 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroquinazolines Using α-Aminoamidines and In Silico Screening of Their Biological Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073781. [PMID: 35409144 PMCID: PMC8999073 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Aminoamidines are promising reagents for the synthesis of a diverse family of pyrimidine ring derivatives. Here, we demonstrate the use of α-aminoamidines for the synthesis of a new series of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazolines by their reaction with bis-benzylidene cyclohexanones. The reaction occurs in mild conditions and is characterized by excellent yields. It has easy workup, as compared to the existing methods of tetrahydroquinazoline preparation. Newly synthesized derivatives of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazoline bear protecting groups at the C2-tert-butyl moiety of a quinazoline ring, which can be easily cleaved, opening up further opportunities for their functionalization. Moreover, molecular docking studies indicate that the synthesized compounds reveal high binding affinity toward some essential enzymes of Mycobacterial tuberculosis, such as dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), pantothenate kinase (MtPanK), and FAD-containing oxidoreductase DprE1 (MtDprE1), so that they may be promising candidates for the molecular design and the development of new antitubercular agents against multidrug-resistant strains of the Tubercle bacillus. Finally, the high inhibition activity of the synthesized compounds was also predicted against β-glucosidase, suggesting a novel tetrahydroquinazoline scaffold for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsenii D. Snizhko
- Institute of Chemistry and School of Chemistry, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, 4 Svobody Sq., 61022 Kharkiv, Ukraine; (A.D.S.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Alexander V. Kyrychenko
- Institute of Chemistry and School of Chemistry, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, 4 Svobody Sq., 61022 Kharkiv, Ukraine; (A.D.S.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Eugene S. Gladkov
- Institute of Chemistry and School of Chemistry, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, 4 Svobody Sq., 61022 Kharkiv, Ukraine; (A.D.S.); (A.V.K.)
- State Scientific Institution “Institute for Single Crystals”, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 60 Nauky Ave, 61072 Kharkiv, Ukraine
- Correspondence:
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Ejalonibu MA, Elrashedy AA, Lawal MM, Mhlongo NN, Kumalo HM. Pharmacophore mapping of the crucial mediators of dual inhibitor activity of PanK and PyrG in tuberculosis disease. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2021.2019251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Murtala A. Ejalonibu
- Biomolecular Modeling Research Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ahmed A. Elrashedy
- Natural and Microbial Product Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Monsurat M. Lawal
- Biomolecular Modeling Research Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ndumiso N. Mhlongo
- Biomolecular Modeling Research Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Hezekiel M. Kumalo
- Biomolecular Modeling Research Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Ejalonibu MA, Elrashedy AA, Lawal MM, Kumalo HM, Mhlongo NN. Probing the dual inhibitory mechanisms of novel thiophenecarboxamide derivatives against Mycobacterium tuberculosis PyrG and PanK: an insight from biomolecular modeling study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:2978-2990. [PMID: 33155869 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1844055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The growing occurrence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains underscores an urgent need for new antibiotics. The development of more bioactive antibiotics against drug-resistant organisms with a different mode of action could be a game-changer for the cure and eradication of tuberculosis (TB). Pantothenate Kinase (PanK) and CTP synthetase (PyrG) are both essential for RNA, DNA, and Lipids biosynthesis pathways. Given the extensive knowledge on these biosynthesis pathways inhibition of Mtb growth and survival, these enzymes present a fascinating opportunity for anti-mycobacterial drug discovery. Recently, it was experimentally established that the active metabolite 11426026 of compound 7947882 (a prodrug activated by EthA monooxygenase, 5-methyl-N-(4-nitrophenyl) thiophene-2-carboxamide) inhibits the activities of PyrG and PanK to indicate novel multitarget therapy aimed at discontinuing Mtb growth. However, the molecular mechanisms of their selective inhibition remain subtle. In this work, molecular dynamics simulations were employed to investigate the inhibitory mechanism as well as the selectivity impact of the active metabolite inhibitor of these enzymes. Computational modeling of the studied protein-ligand systems reveals that the active metabolite can potentially inhibit both PanK and PyrG, thereby creating a pathway as a double target approach in tuberculosis treatment.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murtala A Ejalonibu
- Biomolecular Modeling Research Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ahmed A Elrashedy
- Natural and Microbial Product Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Monsurat M Lawal
- Biomolecular Modeling Research Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Hezekiel M Kumalo
- Biomolecular Modeling Research Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ndumiso N Mhlongo
- Biomolecular Modeling Research Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Kumar G, Siva Krishna V, Sriram D, Jachak SM. Pyrazole–coumarin and pyrazole–quinoline chalcones as potential antitubercular agents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2020; 353:e2000077. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Kumar
- Department of Natural ProductsNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Mohali Punjab India
| | - Vagolu Siva Krishna
- Medicinal Chemistry and Antimycobacterial Research Laboratory, Pharmacy GroupBirla Institute of Technology & Science–Pilani Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Dharmarajan Sriram
- Medicinal Chemistry and Antimycobacterial Research Laboratory, Pharmacy GroupBirla Institute of Technology & Science–Pilani Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Sanjay M. Jachak
- Department of Natural ProductsNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Mohali Punjab India
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7
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Qasaymeh RM, Rotondo D, Oosthuizen CB, Lall N, Seidel V. Predictive Binding Affinity of Plant-Derived Natural Products Towards the Protein Kinase G Enzyme of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( MtPknG). PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8110477. [PMID: 31698813 PMCID: PMC6918344 DOI: 10.3390/plants8110477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a growing public health concern worldwide, especially with the emerging challenge of drug resistance to the current drugs. Efforts to discover and develop novel, more effective, and safer anti-TB drugs are urgently needed. Products from natural sources, such as medicinal plants, have played an important role in traditional medicine and continue to provide some inspiring templates for the design of new drugs. Protein kinase G, produced by M. tuberculosis (MtPKnG), is a serine/threonine kinase, that has been reported to prevent phagosome-lysosome fusion and help prolong M. tuberculosis survival within the host’s macrophages. Here, we used an in silico, target-based approach (docking) to predict the interactions between MtPknG and 84 chemical constituents from two medicinal plants (Pelargonium reniforme and Pelargonium sidoides) that have a well-documented historical use as natural remedies for TB. Docking scores for ligands towards the target protein were calculated using AutoDock Vina as the predicted binding free energies. Ten flavonoids present in the aerial parts of P. reniforme and/or P.sidoides showed docking scores ranging from −11.1 to −13.2 kcal/mol. Upon calculation of all ligand efficiency indices, we observed that the (−ΔG/MW) ligand efficiency index for flavonoids (4), (5) and (7) was similar to the one obtained for the AX20017 control. When taking all compounds into account, we observed that the best (−ΔG/MW) efficiency index was obtained for coumaric acid, coumaraldehyde, p-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol. We found that methyl gallate and myricetin had ligand efficiency indices superior and equal to the AX20017 control efficiency, respectively. It remains to be seen if any of the compounds screened in this study exert an effect in M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana M. Qasaymeh
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK; (R.M.Q.); (D.R.)
| | - Dino Rotondo
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK; (R.M.Q.); (D.R.)
| | - Carel B. Oosthuizen
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; (C.B.O.); (N.L.)
| | - Namrita Lall
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; (C.B.O.); (N.L.)
- School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka 570015, India
| | - Veronique Seidel
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK; (R.M.Q.); (D.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-141-548-2751
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8
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Dual targeting approach for Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug discovery: insights from DFT calculations and molecular dynamics simulations. Struct Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-019-01422-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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9
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NU-6027 Inhibits Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Targeting Protein Kinase D and Protein Kinase G. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00996-19. [PMID: 31285226 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00996-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a global health concern, and this situation has further worsened due to the emergence of drug-resistant strains and the failure of BCG vaccine to impart protection. There is an imperative need to develop highly sensitive, specific diagnostic tools, novel therapeutics, and vaccines for the eradication of TB. In the present study, a chemical screen of a pharmacologically active compound library was performed to identify antimycobacterial compounds. The phenotypic screen identified a few novel small-molecule inhibitors, including NU-6027, a known CDK-2 inhibitor. We demonstrate that NU-6027 inhibits Mycobacterium bovis BCG growth in vitro and also displayed cross-reactivity with Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein kinase D (PknD) and protein kinase G (PknG). Comparative structural and sequence analysis along with docking simulation suggest that the unique binding site stereochemistry of PknG and PknD accommodates NU-6027 more favorably than other M. tuberculosis Ser/Thr protein kinases. Further, we also show that NU-6027 treatment induces the expression of proapoptotic genes in macrophages. Finally, we demonstrate that NU-6027 inhibits M. tuberculosis growth in both macrophage and mouse tissues. Taken together, these results indicate that NU-6027 can be optimized further for the development of antimycobacterial agents.
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10
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Alsayed SSR, Beh CC, Foster NR, Payne AD, Yu Y, Gunosewoyo H. Kinase Targets for Mycolic Acid Biosynthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2019; 12:27-49. [PMID: 30360731 DOI: 10.2174/1874467211666181025141114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycolic acids (MAs) are the characteristic, integral building blocks for the mycomembrane belonging to the insidious bacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). These C60-C90 long α-alkyl-β-hydroxylated fatty acids provide protection to the tubercle bacilli against the outside threats, thus allowing its survival, virulence and resistance to the current antibacterial agents. In the post-genomic era, progress has been made towards understanding the crucial enzymatic machineries involved in the biosynthesis of MAs in M.tb. However, gaps still remain in the exact role of the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of regulatory mechanisms within these systems. To date, a total of 11 serine-threonine protein kinases (STPKs) are found in M.tb. Most enzymes implicated in the MAs synthesis were found to be phosphorylated in vitro and/or in vivo. For instance, phosphorylation of KasA, KasB, mtFabH, InhA, MabA, and FadD32 downregulated their enzymatic activity, while phosphorylation of VirS increased its enzymatic activity. These observations suggest that the kinases and phosphatases system could play a role in M.tb adaptive responses and survival mechanisms in the human host. As the mycobacterial STPKs do not share a high sequence homology to the human's, there have been some early drug discovery efforts towards developing potent and selective inhibitors. OBJECTIVE Recent updates to the kinases and phosphatases involved in the regulation of MAs biosynthesis will be presented in this mini-review, including their known small molecule inhibitors. CONCLUSION Mycobacterial kinases and phosphatases involved in the MAs regulation may serve as a useful avenue for antitubercular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahinda S R Alsayed
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Chau C Beh
- Western Australia School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Bentley 6102 WA, Australia.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Neil R Foster
- Western Australia School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Bentley 6102 WA, Australia
| | - Alan D Payne
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Yu Yu
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Hendra Gunosewoyo
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
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11
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Arora G, Chaudhary D, Kidwai S, Sharma D, Singh R. CitE Enzymes Are Essential for Mycobacterium tuberculosis to Establish Infection in Macrophages and Guinea Pigs. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:385. [PMID: 30460206 PMCID: PMC6232273 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial citrate lyase activity has been demonstrated in various eukaryotes, bacteria and archaea, underscoring their importance in energy metabolism of the cell. While the bacterial citrate lyase comprises of three different subunits, M. tuberculosis genome lacks CitD and CitF subunits of citrate lyase complex but encodes for 2 homologs of CitE subunits, Rv2498c and Rv3075c. Using temperature sensitive mycobacteriophages, we were able to generate both single and double citE mutant strains of M. tuberculosis. The survival experiments revealed increased susceptibility of the double mutant strain to oxidative stress in comparison to the parental strain. Also, simultaneous deletion of both citE1 and citE2 in M. tuberculosis genome resulted in impairment of intracellular replication in macrophages. The double mutant strain displayed reduced growth in lungs and spleens of guinea pigs. This is the first study demonstrating that M. tuberculosis critically requires CitE subunits of citrate lyase for pathogenesis. Taken together, these findings position these enzymes as potential targets for development of anti-tubercular small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Arora
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India.,Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International University, Lavale, India
| | - Deepika Chaudhary
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Saqib Kidwai
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
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12
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Drug targets exploited in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Pitfalls and promises on the horizon. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:1733-1747. [PMID: 29864964 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is an ever evolving infectious disease that still claims about 1.8 million human lives each year around the globe. Although modern chemotherapy has played a pivotal role in combating TB, the increasing emergence of drug-resistant TB aligned with HIV pandemic threaten its control. This highlights both the need to understand how our current drugs work and the need to develop new and more effective drugs. TB drug discovery is revisiting the clinically validated drug targets in Mycobacterium tuberculosis using whole-cell phenotypic assays in search of better therapeutic scaffolds. Herein, we review the promises of current TB drug regimens, major pitfalls faced, key drug targets exploited so far in M. tuberculosis along with the status of newly discovered drugs against drug resistant forms of TB. New antituberculosis regimens that use lesser number of drugs, require shorter duration of treatment, are equally effective against susceptible and resistant forms of disease, have acceptable toxicity profiles and behave friendly with anti-HIV regimens remains top most priority in TB drug discovery.
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Foo CS, Lupien A, Kienle M, Vocat A, Benjak A, Sommer R, Lamprecht DA, Steyn AJC, Pethe K, Piton J, Altmann KH, Cole ST. Arylvinylpiperazine Amides, a New Class of Potent Inhibitors Targeting QcrB of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. mBio 2018; 9:e01276-18. [PMID: 30301850 PMCID: PMC6178619 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01276-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
New drugs are needed to control the current tuberculosis (TB) pandemic caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis We report here on our work with AX-35, an arylvinylpiperazine amide, and four related analogs, which are potent antitubercular agents in vitro All five compounds showed good activity against M. tuberculosisin vitro and in infected THP-1 macrophages, while displaying only mild cytotoxicity. Isolation and characterization of M. tuberculosis-resistant mutants to the arylvinylpiperazine amide derivative AX-35 revealed mutations in the qcrB gene encoding a subunit of cytochrome bc1 oxidase, one of two terminal oxidases of the electron transport chain. Cross-resistance studies, allelic exchange, transcriptomic analyses, and bioenergetic flux assays provided conclusive evidence that the cytochrome bc1-aa3 is the target of AX-35, although the compound appears to interact differently with the quinol binding pocket compared to previous QcrB inhibitors. The transcriptomic and bioenergetic profiles of M. tuberculosis treated with AX-35 were similar to those generated by other cytochrome bc1 oxidase inhibitors, including the compensatory role of the alternate terminal oxidase cytochrome bd in respiratory adaptation. In the absence of cytochrome bd oxidase, AX-35 was bactericidal against M. tuberculosis Finally, AX-35 and its analogs were active in an acute mouse model of TB infection, with two analogs displaying improved activity over the parent compound. Our findings will guide future lead optimization to produce a drug candidate for the treatment of TB and other mycobacterial diseases, including Buruli ulcer and leprosy.IMPORTANCE New drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis are urgently needed to deal with the current global TB pandemic. We report here on the discovery of a series of arylvinylpiperazine amides (AX-35 to AX-39) that represent a promising new family of compounds with potent in vitro and in vivo activities against M. tuberculosis AX compounds target the QcrB subunit of the cytochrome bc1 terminal oxidase with a different mode of interaction compared to those of known QcrB inhibitors. This study provides the first multifaceted validation of QcrB inhibition by recombineering-mediated allelic exchange, gene expression profiling, and bioenergetic flux studies. It also provides further evidence for the compensatory role of cytochrome bd oxidase upon QcrB inhibition. In the absence of cytochrome bd oxidase, AX compounds are bactericidal, an encouraging property for future antimycobacterial drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline S Foo
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andréanne Lupien
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maryline Kienle
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Vocat
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrej Benjak
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Sommer
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Kevin Pethe
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Jérémie Piton
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Altmann
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stewart T Cole
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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14
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Tuyiringire N, Tusubira D, Munyampundu JP, Tolo CU, Muvunyi CM, Ogwang PE. Application of metabolomics to drug discovery and understanding the mechanisms of action of medicinal plants with anti-tuberculosis activity. Clin Transl Med 2018; 7:29. [PMID: 30270413 PMCID: PMC6165828 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-018-0208-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Human tuberculosis (TB) is amongst the oldest and deadliest human bacterial diseases that pose major health, social and economic burden at a global level. Current regimens for TB treatment are lengthy, expensive and ineffective to emerging drug resistant strains. Thus, there is an urgent need for identification and development of novel TB drugs and drug regimens with comprehensive and specific mechanisms of action. Many medicinal plants are traditionally used for TB treatment. While some of their phytochemical composition has been elucidated, their mechanisms of action are not well understood. Insufficient knowledge on Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) biology and the complex nature of its infection limit the effectiveness of current screening-based methods used for TB drug discovery. Nonetheless, application of metabolomics tools within the 'omics' approaches, could provide an alternative method of elucidating the mechanism of action of medicinal plants. Metabolomics aims at high throughput detection, quantification and identification of metabolites in biological samples. Changes in the concentration of specific metabolites in a biological sample indicate changes in the metabolic pathways. In this paper review and discuss novel methods that involve application of metabolomics to drug discovery and the understanding of mechanisms of action of medicinal plants with anti-TB activity. Current knowledge on TB infection, anti-TB drugs and mechanisms of action are also included. We further highlight metabolism of M. tuberculosis and the potential drug targets, as well as current approaches in the development of anti-TB drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naasson Tuyiringire
- Pharm-BioTechnology and Traditional Medicine Centre (PHARMBIOTRAC), Mbarara University of Science & Technology, P.O. Box, 1410 Mbarara, Uganda
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, University Avenue, P.O. Box 56, Butare, Rwanda
| | - Deusdedit Tusubira
- Pharm-BioTechnology and Traditional Medicine Centre (PHARMBIOTRAC), Mbarara University of Science & Technology, P.O. Box, 1410 Mbarara, Uganda
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies Vei 91, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Jean-Pierre Munyampundu
- School of Science, College of Science and Technology, University of Rwanda, Avenue de l’Armée, P.O. Box 3900, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Casim Umba Tolo
- Pharm-BioTechnology and Traditional Medicine Centre (PHARMBIOTRAC), Mbarara University of Science & Technology, P.O. Box, 1410 Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Claude M. Muvunyi
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, University Avenue, P.O. Box 56, Butare, Rwanda
| | - Patrick Engeu Ogwang
- Pharm-BioTechnology and Traditional Medicine Centre (PHARMBIOTRAC), Mbarara University of Science & Technology, P.O. Box, 1410 Mbarara, Uganda
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15
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Sawicki R, Golus J, Przekora A, Ludwiczuk A, Sieniawska E, Ginalska G. Antimycobacterial Activity of Cinnamaldehyde in a Mycobacterium tuberculosis(H37Ra) Model. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092381. [PMID: 30231479 PMCID: PMC6225461 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the antimycobacterial activity and the possible action mode of cinnamon bark essential oil and its main constituent-cinnamaldehyde-against the Mycobacterium tuberculosis ATCC 25177 strain. Cinnamaldehyde was proved to be the main bioactive compound responsible for mycobacterial growth inhibition and bactericidal effects. The antimycobacterial activity of cinnamaldehyde was found to be comparable with that of ethambutol, one of the first-line anti-TB antibiotics. The selectivity index determined using cell culture studies in vitro showed a high biological potential of cinnamaldehyde. In M. tuberculosis cells exposed to cinnamaldehyde the cell membrane stress sensing and envelope preserving system are activated. Overexpression of clgR gene indicates a threat to the stability of the cell membrane and suggests a possible mechanism of action. No synergism was detected with the basic set of antibiotics used in tuberculosis treatment: ethambutol, isoniazid, streptomycin, rifampicin, and ciprofloxacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Sawicki
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, PL-20093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Joanna Golus
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, PL-20093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Agata Przekora
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, PL-20093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Ludwiczuk
- Medical Plant Unit, Chair and Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, PL-20093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Elwira Sieniawska
- Medical Plant Unit, Chair and Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, PL-20093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Grazyna Ginalska
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, PL-20093 Lublin, Poland.
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16
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Investigation of the anti-TB potential of selected propolis constituents using a molecular docking approach. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12238. [PMID: 30116003 PMCID: PMC6095843 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30209-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is the leading bacterial killer disease worldwide and new anti-TB drugs are urgently needed. Natural remedies have long played an important role in medicine and continue to provide some inspiring templates for drug design. Propolis, a substance naturally-produced by bees upon collection of plant resins, is used in folk medicine for its beneficial anti-TB activity. In this study, we used a molecular docking approach to investigate the interactions between selected propolis constituents and four ‘druggable’ proteins involved in vital physiological functions in M. tuberculosis, namely MtPanK, MtDprE1, MtPknB and MtKasA. The docking score for ligands towards each protein was calculated to estimate the binding free energy, with the best docking score (lowest energy value) indicating the highest predicted ligand/protein affinity. Specific interactions were also explored to understand the nature of intermolecular bonds between the most active ligands and the protein binding site residues. The lignan (+)-sesamin displayed the best docking score towards MtDprE1 (−10.7 kcal/mol) while the prenylated flavonoid isonymphaeol D docked strongly with MtKasA (−9.7 kcal/mol). Both compounds showed docking scores superior to the control inhibitors and represent potentially interesting scaffolds for further in vitro biological evaluation and anti-TB drug design.
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17
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Dhiman R, Singh R. Recent advances for identification of new scaffolds and drug targets for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. IUBMB Life 2018; 70:905-916. [PMID: 29761628 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity with an estimated 1.7 billion people latently infected with the pathogen worldwide. Clinically, TB infection presents itself as an asymptomatic infection, which gradually manifests to life threatening disease. The emergence of various drug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and lengthy duration of chemotherapy are major challenges in the field of TB drug development. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop scaffolds that possess a novel mechanism of action, can shorten the duration of therapy, and are active against both drug resistant and susceptible strains. In this review, we will discuss recent progress made in the field of TB drug development with emphasis on screening methods and drug targets from M. tuberculosis. The current review provides insights into mechanism of action of new scaffolds that are being evaluated in various stages of clinical trials. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(9):905-916, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Dhiman
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Haryana, India
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18
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Mishra SK, Tripathi G, Kishore N, Singh RK, Singh A, Tiwari VK. Drug development against tuberculosis: Impact of alkaloids. Eur J Med Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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19
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Fernandes GFDS, Man Chin C, Dos Santos JL. Advances in Drug Discovery of New Antitubercular Multidrug-Resistant Compounds. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:ph10020051. [PMID: 28587160 PMCID: PMC5490408 DOI: 10.3390/ph10020051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), a disease caused mainly by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is according to the World Health Organization (WHO) the infectious disease responsible for the highest number of deaths worldwide. The increased number of multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR-TB) strains, and the ineffectiveness of the current treatment against latent tuberculosis are challenges to be overcome in the coming years. The scenario of drug discovery becomes alarming when it is considered that the number of new drugs does not increase proportionally to the emergence of drug resistance. In this review, we will demonstrate the current advances in antitubercular drug discovery, focusing on the research of compounds with potent antituberculosis activity against MDR-TB strains. Herein, active compounds against MDR-TB with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) less than 11 µM and low toxicity published in the last 4 years in the databases PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus will be presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Felipe Dos Santos Fernandes
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800060, Brazil.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800903, Brazil.
| | - Chung Man Chin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800903, Brazil.
| | - Jean Leandro Dos Santos
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800060, Brazil.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800903, Brazil.
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20
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Kumar A, Chettiar S, Parish T. Current challenges in drug discovery for tuberculosis. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 12:1-4. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1255604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Kumar
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Tanya Parish
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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21
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Bioluminescent Reporters for Rapid Mechanism of Action Assessment in Tuberculosis Drug Discovery. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:6748-6757. [PMID: 27572410 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01178-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tuberculosis (TB) drug discovery pipeline is fueled by compounds identified in whole-cell screens against the causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis Phenotypic screening enables the selection of molecules that inhibit essential cellular functions in live, intact bacilli grown under a chosen in vitro condition. However, deducing the mechanism of action (MOA), which is important to avoid promiscuous targets, often requires significant biological resources in a lengthy process that risks decoupling medicinal chemistry and biology efforts. Therefore, there is a need to develop methods enabling rapid MOA assessment of putative "actives" for triage decisions. Here, we describe a modified version of a bioluminescence reporter assay that allows nondestructive detection of compounds targeting either of two macromolecular processes in M. tuberculosis: cell wall biosynthesis or maintenance of DNA integrity. Coupling the luxCDABE operon from Photorhabdus luminescens to mycobacterial promoters driving expression of the iniBAC operon (PiniB-LUX) or the DNA damage-inducible genes, recA (PrecA-LUX) or radA (PradA-LUX), provided quantitative detection in real time of compounds triggering expression of any of these promoters over an extended 10- to 12-day incubation. Testing against known anti-TB agents confirmed the specificity of each reporter in registering the MOA of the applied antibiotic in M. tuberculosis, independent of bactericidal or bacteriostatic activity. Moreover, profiles obtained for experimental compounds indicated the potential to infer complex MOAs in which multiple cellular processes are disrupted. These results demonstrate the utility of the reporters for early triage of compounds based on the provisional MOA and suggest their application to investigate polypharmacology in known and experimental anti-TB agents.
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22
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Phummarin N, Boshoff HI, Tsang PS, Dalton J, Wiles S, Barry Rd CE, Copp BR. SAR and identification of 2-(quinolin-4-yloxy)acetamides as Mycobacterium tuberculosis cytochrome bc1 inhibitors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016; 7:2122-2127. [PMID: 28337336 PMCID: PMC5292992 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00236f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
New antimycobacterial 2-(quinoline-4-yloxy)acetamides were prepared, and using gene deletion and resistant mutants, we conclude that the compound class inhibits the mycobacterial cytochrome bc1 complex.
A previous phenotypic screen by GSK identified 2-(quinolin-4-yloxy)acetamides as potent growth inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). We report the results of a preliminary structure–activity relationship (SAR) study of the compound class which has yielded more potent inhibitors. An Mtb cytochrome bd oxidase deletion mutant (cydKO) was found to be hypersensitive to most members of the compound library, while strains carrying single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the qcrB gene, which encodes a subunit of the menaquinol cytochrome c oxidoreductase (bc1) complex, were resistant to the library. These results identify that the 2-(quinolin-4-yloxy)acetamide class of Mtb growth inhibitors can be added to the growing number of scaffolds that target the M. tuberculosis bc1 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narisa Phummarin
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand . ; ; Tel: +64 9 3737599
| | - Helena I Boshoff
- Tuberculosis Research Section , Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases , National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland , USA
| | - Patricia S Tsang
- Tuberculosis Research Section , Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases , National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland , USA
| | - James Dalton
- Bioluminescent Superbugs Lab , Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology , University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand
| | - Siouxsie Wiles
- Bioluminescent Superbugs Lab , Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology , University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand ; Te Pūnaha Matatini , c/o University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand
| | - Clifton E Barry Rd
- Tuberculosis Research Section , Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases , National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland , USA
| | - Brent R Copp
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand . ; ; Tel: +64 9 3737599
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23
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A Flow Cytometry Method for Rapidly Assessing Mycobacterium tuberculosis Responses to Antibiotics with Different Modes of Action. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:3869-83. [PMID: 26902767 PMCID: PMC4914659 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02712-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Current methods for assessing the drug susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are lengthy and do not capture information about viable organisms that are not immediately culturable under standard laboratory conditions as a result of antibiotic exposure. We have developed a rapid dual-fluorescence flow cytometry method using markers for cell viability and death. We show that the fluorescent marker calcein violet with an acetoxy-methyl ester group (CV-AM) can differentiate between populations of M. tuberculosis growing at different rates, while Sytox green (SG) can differentiate between live and dead mycobacteria. M. tuberculosis was exposed to isoniazid or rifampin at different concentrations over time and either dual stained with CV-AM and SG and analyzed by flow cytometry or plated to determine the viability of the cells. Although similar trends in the loss of viability were observed when the results of flow cytometry and the plate counting methods were compared, there was a lack of correlation between these two approaches, as the flow cytometry analysis potentially captured information about cell populations that were unable to grow under standard conditions. The flow cytometry approach had an additional advantage in that it could provide insights into the mode of action of the drug: antibiotics targeting the cell wall gave a flow cytometry profile distinct from those inhibiting intracellular processes. This rapid drug susceptibility testing method could identify more effective antimycobacterials, provide information about their potential mode of action, and accelerate their progress to the clinic.
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24
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Everts M, Suto MJ, Painter GR, Whitley RJ. Consortia's critical role in developing medical countermeasures for re-emerging viral infections: a USA perspective. Future Virol 2016; 11:187-195. [PMID: 27325914 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2015-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections, such as Ebola, severe acute respiratory syndrome/Middle East respiratory syndrome and West Nile virus have emerged as a serious health threat with no effective therapies. These infections have little commercial potential and are not a high priority for the pharmaceutical industry. However, the academic community has been active in this area for many years. The challenge is how to take this academic virology knowledge into a drug discovery and development domain. One approach is the use of consortia and public-private partnerships - this article highlights ongoing efforts in the USA. Public funds, such as those from government sources, can support research efforts that do not to appear to have commercial value. The key to success is finding a way to combine the different cultural and operational values and reward systems into a productive collaboration to identify new antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Everts
- School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Mark J Suto
- Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - George R Painter
- Drug Innovation Ventures at Emory, LLC (DRIVE) & the Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30309, USA
| | - Richard J Whitley
- School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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25
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Nguta JM, Appiah-Opong R, Nyarko AK, Yeboah-Manu D, Addo PGA. Current perspectives in drug discovery against tuberculosis from natural products. Int J Mycobacteriol 2015; 4:165-83. [PMID: 27649863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmyco.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, one third of the world's population is latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), while 8.9-9.9 million new and relapse cases of tuberculosis (TB) are reported yearly. The renewed research interests in natural products in the hope of discovering new and novel antitubercular leads have been driven partly by the increased incidence of multidrug-resistant strains of MTB and the adverse effects associated with the first- and second-line antitubercular drugs. Natural products have been, and will continue to be a rich source of new drugs against many diseases. The depth and breadth of therapeutic agents that have their origins in the secondary metabolites produced by living organisms cannot be compared with any other source of therapeutic agents. Discovery of new chemical molecules against active and latent TB from natural products requires an interdisciplinary approach, which is a major challenge facing scientists in this field. In order to overcome this challenge, cutting edge techniques in mycobacteriology and innovative natural product chemistry tools need to be developed and used in tandem. The present review provides a cross-linkage to the most recent literature in both fields and their potential to impact the early phase of drug discovery against TB if seamlessly combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Mwanzia Nguta
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Ghana; Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Regina Appiah-Opong
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Ghana
| | - Alexander K Nyarko
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Ghana
| | - Dorothy Yeboah-Manu
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Ghana
| | - Phyllis G A Addo
- Department of Animal Experimentation, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Ghana
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26
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Mugumbate G, Abrahams KA, Cox JAG, Papadatos G, van Westen G, Lelièvre J, Calus ST, Loman NJ, Ballell L, Barros D, Overington JP, Besra GS. Mycobacterial dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors identified using chemogenomic methods and in vitro validation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121492. [PMID: 25799414 PMCID: PMC4370846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of success in target-based screening approaches to the discovery of antibacterial agents has led to reemergence of phenotypic screening as a successful approach of identifying bioactive, antibacterial compounds. A challenge though with this route is then to identify the molecular target(s) and mechanism of action of the hits. This target identification, or deorphanization step, is often essential in further optimization and validation studies. Direct experimental identification of the molecular target of a screening hit is often complex, precisely because the properties and specificity of the hit are not yet optimized against that target, and so many false positives are often obtained. An alternative is to use computational, predictive, approaches to hypothesize a mechanism of action, which can then be validated in a more directed and efficient manner. Specifically here we present experimental validation of an in silico prediction from a large-scale screen performed against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis. The two potent anti-tubercular compounds studied in this case, belonging to the tetrahydro-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine (THT) family, were predicted and confirmed to be an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), a known essential Mtb gene, and already clinically validated as a drug target. Given the large number of similar screening data sets shared amongst the community, this in vitro validation of these target predictions gives weight to computational approaches to establish the mechanism of action (MoA) of novel screening hit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Mugumbate
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine A. Abrahams
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection (IMI), School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan A. G. Cox
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection (IMI), School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - George Papadatos
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gerard van Westen
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joël Lelièvre
- Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Szymon T. Calus
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection (IMI), School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Loman
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection (IMI), School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lluis Ballell
- Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Barros
- Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - John P. Overington
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (JPO); (GSB)
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection (IMI), School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (JPO); (GSB)
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27
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Bush K. Introduction to Antimicrobial therapeutics reviews: infectious diseases of current and emerging concern. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1323:v-vi. [PMID: 25195941 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bush
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
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28
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Dutta NK, Karakousis PC. Thioridazine for treatment of tuberculosis: promises and pitfalls. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2014; 94:708-11. [PMID: 25293998 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The articles by De Knegt et al. and Singh et al. in a recent issue of this Journal address one of the current debates regarding the potential role of thioridazine in the treatment of tuberculosis. This commentary presents a summary of the available evidence, and, emphasizing the need for further research, asks the question: "How far can we go in repurposing thioridazine?"
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Affiliation(s)
- Noton K Dutta
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Petros C Karakousis
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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