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MacRae CA, Peterson RT. Zebrafish as a Mainstream Model for In Vivo Systems Pharmacology and Toxicology. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 63:43-64. [PMID: 36151053 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-051421-105617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacology and toxicology are part of a much broader effort to understand the relationship between chemistry and biology. While biomedicine has necessarily focused on specific cases, typically of direct human relevance, there are real advantages in pursuing more systematic approaches to characterizing how health and disease are influenced by small molecules and other interventions. In this context, the zebrafish is now established as the representative screenable vertebrate and, through ongoing advances in the available scale of genome editing and automated phenotyping, is beginning to address systems-level solutions to some biomedical problems. The addition of broader efforts to integrate information content across preclinical model organisms and the incorporation of rigorous analytics, including closed-loop deep learning, will facilitate efforts to create systems pharmacology and toxicology with the ability to continuously optimize chemical biological interactions around societal needs. In this review, we outline progress toward this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum A MacRae
- Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
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Morningstar J, Lee J, Hendry-Hofer T, Witeof A, Lyle LT, Knipp G, MacRae CA, Boss GR, Peterson RT, Davisson VJ, Gerszten RE, Bebarta VS, Mahon S, Brenner M, Nath AK. Intramuscular administration of hexachloroplatinate reverses cyanide-induced metabolic derangements and counteracts severe cyanide poisoning. FASEB Bioadv 2018; 1:81-92. [PMID: 31355359 PMCID: PMC6660183 DOI: 10.1096/fba.1024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanide is a highly toxic industrial chemical that is widely used by manufactures. Smoke inhalation during household fires is the most common source of cyanide poisoning while additional risks to civilians include industrial accidents and terrorist attacks. Despite the risks to large numbers of individuals, an antidote capable of administration at scale adequate for a mass casualty, prehospital scenario does not yet exist. Previously, we demonstrated that intravenous cisplatin analogues accelerate recovery from cyanide poisoning in mice and rabbits. Of the dozens of platinum‐based organometallic complexes tested, hexachloroplatinate (HCP) emerged as a promising lead compound, exhibiting strong affinity for cyanide and efficacy across model systems. Here, we show HCP is an antidote to lethal cyanide exposure and is importantly effective when delivered intramuscularly. The pharmacokinetic profile of HCP exhibited bioavailability in the systemic circulation 2.5 minutes post‐treatment and subsequent renal clearance of HCP‐cyanide. HCP restored parameters of cellular physiology including cytochrome c oxidase redox state and TCA cycle metabolism. We next validated these findings in a large animal model (swine). Finally, preclinical safety studies in mice revealed minimal toxicity. Cumulatively, these findings demonstrate that HCP is a promising lead compound for development of an intramuscular injectable cyanide antidote for mass casualty scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Morningstar
- Department of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jangwoen Lee
- Beckman Laser Institute and Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Tara Hendry-Hofer
- Deparment of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Alyssa Witeof
- Deparment of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - L Tiffany Lyle
- Department of Comparative Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Gregg Knipp
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Calum A MacRae
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gerry R Boss
- Deparment of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Randall T Peterson
- Deparment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
| | - Vincent J Davisson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Robert E Gerszten
- Department of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Vikhyat S Bebarta
- Deparment of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sari Mahon
- Beckman Laser Institute and Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Matt Brenner
- Beckman Laser Institute and Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Anjali K Nath
- Department of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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Identification of specific metabolic pathways as druggable targets regulating the sensitivity to cyanide poisoning. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193889. [PMID: 29879736 PMCID: PMC5991913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanide is a potent toxic agent, and the few available antidotes are not amenable to rapid deployment in mass exposures. As a result, there are ongoing efforts to exploit different animal models to identify novel countermeasures. We have created a pipeline that combines high-throughput screening in zebrafish with subsequent validation in two mammalian small animal models as well as a porcine large animal model. We found that zebrafish embryos in the first 3 days post fertilization (dpf) are highly resistant to cyanide, becoming progressively more sensitive thereafter. Unbiased analysis of gene expression in response to several hours of ultimately lethal doses of cyanide in both 1 and 7 dpf zebrafish revealed modest changes in iron-related proteins associated with the age-dependent cyanide resistance. Metabolomics measurements demonstrated significant age-dependent differences in energy metabolism during cyanide exposure which prompted us to test modulators of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and related metabolic processes as potential antidotes. In cyanide-sensitive 7 dpf larvae, we identified several such compounds that offer significant protection against cyanide toxicity. Modulators of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, as well as the small molecule sodium glyoxylate, consistently protected against cyanide toxicity in 7 dpf zebrafish larvae. Together, our results indicate that the resistance of zebrafish embryos to cyanide toxicity during early development is related to an altered regulation of cellular metabolism, which we propose may be exploited as a potential target for the development of novel antidotes against cyanide poisoning.
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