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Li Y, Grotewold E, Dudareva N. Enough is enough: feedback control of specialized metabolism. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 29:514-523. [PMID: 37625949 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of plant metabolism have highlighted the significance of specialized metabolites in the regulation of gene expression associated with biosynthetic networks. This opinion article focuses on the molecular mechanisms of small-molecule-mediated feedback regulation at the transcriptional level and its potential modes of action, including metabolite signal perception, the nature of the sensor, and the signaling transduction mechanisms leading to transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation, based on evidence available from plants and other kingdoms of life. We also discuss the challenges associated with identifying the occurrences, effects, and localization of small molecule-protein interactions. Further understanding of small-molecule-controlled metabolic fluxes will enable rational design of transcriptional regulation systems in metabolic engineering to produce high-value specialized metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Erich Grotewold
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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2
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Kumari A, Kumar V, Ovadia R, Oren-Shamir M. Phenylalanine in motion: A tale of an essential molecule with many faces. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 68:108246. [PMID: 37652145 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Phenylalanine has a unique role in plants as a source of a wide range of specialized metabolites, named phenylpropanoids that contribute to the adjustment of plants to changing developmental and environmental conditions. The profile of these metabolites differs between plants and plant organs. Some of the prominent phenylpropanoids include anthocyanins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, stilbenes, lignins, glucosinolates and benzenoid phenylpropanoid volatiles. Phenylalanine biosynthesis, leading to increased phenylpropanoid levels, is induced under stress. However, high availability of phenylalanine in plants under non-stressed conditions can be achieved either by genetically engineering plants to overproduce phenylalanine, or by external treatment of whole plants or detached plant organs with phenylalanine solutions. The objective of this review is to portray the many effects that increased phenylalanine availability has in plants under non-stressed conditions, focusing mainly on external applications. These applications include spraying and drenching whole plants with phenylalanine solutions, postharvest treatments by dipping fruit and cut flower stems, and addition of phenylalanine to cell suspensions. The results of these treatments include increased fragrance in flowers, increased aroma and pigmentation in fruit, increased production of health promoting metabolites in plant cell cultures, and increased resistance of plants, pre- and post-harvest, to a wide variety of pathogens. These effects suggest that plants can very efficiently uptake phenylalanine from their roots, leaves, flowers and fruits, translocate it from one organ to the other and between cell compartments, and metabolize it into phenylpropanoids. The mechanisms by which Phe treatment increases plant resistance to pathogens reveal new roles of phenylpropanoids in induction of genes related to the plant immune system. The simplicity of treatments with phenylalanine open many possibilities for industrial use. Many of the phenylalanine-treatment effects on increased resistance to plant pathogens have also been successful in commercial field trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Kumari
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel.
| | - Varun Kumar
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel.
| | - Rinat Ovadia
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel.
| | - Michal Oren-Shamir
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel.
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Wang Y, Xia J, Wang Z, Ying Z, Xiong Z, Wang C, Shi R. Combined analysis of multi-omics reveals the potential mechanism of flower color and aroma formation in Macadamia integrifolia. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1095644. [PMID: 36816481 PMCID: PMC9931397 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1095644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche is a domesticated high-value nut crop. The development of nut flower affects the fruit setting rate, yield and quality of nuts. Therefore, in this experiment, two varieties with different flower color, flowering time, flowering quantity and nut yield (single fruit weight) were selected as the research objects. METHODS Transcriptome (RNA-Seq) and metabolome (LC-MS/MS, GC-MS) analyses were performed to study the regulatory mechanisms of nut flower development, color and aroma. RESULTS The results indicated that plant hormone signal transduction, starch sucrose metabolism, phenylpropanoid metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, and anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways were related to nut flower development and flower color formation. In the early stage of flowering, most of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are involved in the IAA signal transduction pathway, while in the later stage, the brassinolide signal pathway is mainly involved. In starch and sugar metabolism, DEGs are mainly involved in regulating and hydrolyzing stored starch into small molecular sugars in flower tissues. In the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway, DEGs are mainly related to the color and aroma (volatile organic compounds, VOCs) formation of nut flowers. Four color formation metabolites (anthocyanins) in nut flowers were found by LC-MS/MS detection. In addition, the VOCs showed no significant difference between red nut flowers (R) and white nut flowers (W), which was mainly reflected in the aroma formation stage (flowering time). And 12 common differentially accumulation metabolites (DAMs) were detected by GC-MS and LC-MS/MS. At the same time, the DEGs, AAT, LOX and PAL genes, were also identified to regulate key metabolite synthesis during nut flower development. These genes were further verified by qRT-PCR. CONCLUSION Our results provide insights to clarify the molecular mechanism of color and aroma formation during M. integrifolia flower development that pave the way for nut quality and yield breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, International Ecological Forestry Research Center of Kunming, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Jing Xia
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, International Ecological Forestry Research Center of Kunming, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Zile Wang
- Yunnan Agricultural University College of Plant Protection, Kunming, China
| | - Zhiping Ying
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, International Ecological Forestry Research Center of Kunming, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhi Xiong
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, International Ecological Forestry Research Center of Kunming, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Changming Wang
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, International Ecological Forestry Research Center of Kunming, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Rui Shi
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, International Ecological Forestry Research Center of Kunming, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
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Selma S, Gianoglio S, Uranga M, Vázquez‐Vilar M, Espinosa‐Ruiz A, Drapal M, Fraser PD, Daròs J, Orzáez D. Potato virus X-delivered CRISPR activation programs lead to strong endogenous gene induction and transient metabolic reprogramming in Nicotiana benthamiana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:1550-1564. [PMID: 35822533 PMCID: PMC9541417 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Programmable transcriptional regulators based on CRISPR architecture are promising tools for the induction of plant gene expression. In plants, CRISPR gene activation is effective with respect to modulating development processes, such as the flowering time or customizing biochemical composition. The most widely used method for delivering CRISPR components into the plant is Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation, either transient or stable. However, as a result of their versatility and their ability to move, virus-derived systems have emerged as an interesting alternative for supplying the CRISPR components to the plant, in particular guide RNA (gRNA), which represents the variable component in CRISPR strategies. In the present study, we describe a Potato virus X-derived vector that, upon agroinfection in Nicotiana benthamiana, serves as a vehicle for delivery of gRNAs, producing highly specific virus-induced gene activation. The system works in combination with a N. benthamiana transgenic line carrying the remaining complementary CRISPR gene activation components, specifically the dCasEV2.1 cassette, which has been shown previously to mediate strong programmable transcriptional activation in plants. Using an easily scalable, non-invasive spraying method, we show that gRNA-mediated activation programs move locally and systemically, generating a strong activation response in different target genes. Furthermore, by activating three different endogenous MYB transcription factors, we demonstrate that this Potato virus X-based virus-induced gene reprogramming strategy results in program-specific metabolic fingerprints in N. benthamiana leaves characterized by distinctive phenylpropanoid-enriched metabolite profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Selma
- Instituto Biología Molecular y celular de PlantasCSIC‐Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaValencia46022Spain
| | - Silvia Gianoglio
- Instituto Biología Molecular y celular de PlantasCSIC‐Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaValencia46022Spain
| | - Mireia Uranga
- Instituto Biología Molecular y celular de PlantasCSIC‐Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaValencia46022Spain
| | - Marta Vázquez‐Vilar
- Instituto Biología Molecular y celular de PlantasCSIC‐Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaValencia46022Spain
| | - Ana Espinosa‐Ruiz
- Instituto Biología Molecular y celular de PlantasCSIC‐Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaValencia46022Spain
| | | | | | - José‐Antonio Daròs
- Instituto Biología Molecular y celular de PlantasCSIC‐Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaValencia46022Spain
| | - Diego Orzáez
- Instituto Biología Molecular y celular de PlantasCSIC‐Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaValencia46022Spain
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Skaliter O, Livneh Y, Agron S, Shafir S, Vainstein A. A whiff of the future: functions of phenylalanine-derived aroma compounds and advances in their industrial production. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:1651-1669. [PMID: 35638340 PMCID: PMC9398379 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce myriad aroma compounds-odorous molecules that are key factors in countless aspects of the plant's life cycle, including pollinator attraction and communication within and between plants. For humans, aroma compounds convey accurate information on food type, and are vital for assessing the environment. The phenylpropanoid pathway is the origin of notable aroma compounds, such as raspberry ketone and vanillin. In the last decade, great strides have been made in elucidating this pathway with the identification of numerous aroma-related biosynthetic enzymes and factors regulating metabolic shunts. These scientific achievements, together with public acknowledgment of aroma compounds' medicinal benefits and growing consumer demand for natural products, are driving the development of novel biological sources for wide-scale, eco-friendly, and inexpensive production. Microbes and plants that are readily amenable to metabolic engineering are garnering attention as suitable platforms for achieving this goal. In this review, we discuss the importance of aroma compounds from the perspectives of humans, pollinators and plant-plant interactions. Focusing on vanillin and raspberry ketone, which are of high interest to the industry, we present key knowledge on the biosynthesis and regulation of phenylalanine-derived aroma compounds, describe advances in the adoption of microbes and plants as platforms for their production, and propose routes for improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oded Skaliter
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and EnvironmentThe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| | - Yarin Livneh
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and EnvironmentThe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| | - Shani Agron
- Department of NeurobiologyThe Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Sharoni Shafir
- B. Triwaks Bee Research Center, Department of Entomology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and EnvironmentThe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| | - Alexander Vainstein
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and EnvironmentThe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
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Liu S, Jiang J, Ma Z, Xiao M, Yang L, Tian B, Yu Y, Bi C, Fang A, Yang Y. The Role of Hydroxycinnamic Acid Amide Pathway in Plant Immunity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:922119. [PMID: 35812905 PMCID: PMC9257175 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.922119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The compounds involved in the hydroxycinnamic acid amide (HCAA) pathway are an important class of metabolites in plants. Extensive studies have reported that a variety of plant hydroxycinnamamides exhibit pivotal roles in plant-pathogen interactions, such as p-coumaroylagmatine and ferulic acid. The aim of this review is to discuss the emerging findings on the functions of hydroxycinnamic acid amides (HCAAs) accumulation associated with plant defenses against plant pathologies, antimicrobial activity of HCAAs, and the mechanism of HCAAs involved in plant immune responses (such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell wall response, plant defense hormones, and stomatal immunity). However, these advances have also revealed the complexity of HCAAs participation in plant defense reactions, and many mysteries remain to be revealed. This review provides an overview of the mechanistic and conceptual insights obtained so far and highlights areas for future exploration of phytochemical defense metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saifei Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jincheng Jiang
- Committee on Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Yongchuan District, Chongqing, China
| | - Zihui Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Muye Xiao
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lan Yang
- Analytical and Testing Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Binnian Tian
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chaowei Bi
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Anfei Fang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuheng Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Yoo H, Shrivastava S, Lynch JH, Huang XQ, Widhalm JR, Guo L, Carter BC, Qian Y, Maeda HA, Ogas JP, Morgan JA, Marshall-Colón A, Dudareva N. Overexpression of arogenate dehydratase reveals an upstream point of metabolic control in phenylalanine biosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:737-751. [PMID: 34403557 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Out of the three aromatic amino acids, the highest flux in plants is directed towards phenylalanine, which is utilized to synthesize proteins and thousands of phenolic metabolites contributing to plant fitness. Phenylalanine is produced predominantly in plastids via the shikimate pathway and subsequent arogenate pathway, both of which are subject to complex transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. Previously, it was shown that allosteric feedback inhibition of arogenate dehydratase (ADT), which catalyzes the final step of the arogenate pathway, restricts flux through phenylalanine biosynthesis. Here, we show that in petunia (Petunia hybrida) flowers, which typically produce high phenylalanine levels, ADT regulation is relaxed, but not eliminated. Moderate expression of a feedback-insensitive ADT increased flux towards phenylalanine, while high overexpression paradoxically reduced phenylalanine formation. This reduction could be partially, but not fully, recovered by bypassing other known metabolic flux control points in the aromatic amino acid network. Using comparative transcriptomics, reverse genetics, and metabolic flux analysis, we discovered that transcriptional regulation of the d-ribulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase gene in the pentose phosphate pathway controls flux into the shikimate pathway. Taken together, our findings reveal that regulation within and upstream of the shikimate pathway shares control over phenylalanine biosynthesis in the plant cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejin Yoo
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, 625 Agriculture Mall Dr, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2010, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2063, USA
| | - Stuti Shrivastava
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 265 Morrill Hall, MC-116, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Joseph H Lynch
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2063, USA
| | - Xing-Qi Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2063, USA
| | - Joshua R Widhalm
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, 625 Agriculture Mall Dr, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2010, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Longyun Guo
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2063, USA
| | - Benjamin C Carter
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2063, USA
| | - Yichun Qian
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, 625 Agriculture Mall Dr, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2010, USA
| | - Hiroshi A Maeda
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Joseph P Ogas
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2063, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - John A Morgan
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2063, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2100, USA
| | - Amy Marshall-Colón
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 265 Morrill Hall, MC-116, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, 625 Agriculture Mall Dr, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2010, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2063, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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Andargie M, Vinas M, Rathgeb A, Möller E, Karlovsky P. Lignans of Sesame ( Sesamum indicum L.): A Comprehensive Review. Molecules 2021; 26:883. [PMID: 33562414 PMCID: PMC7914952 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Major lignans of sesame sesamin and sesamolin are benzodioxol--substituted furofurans. Sesamol, sesaminol, its epimers, and episesamin are transformation products found in processed products. Synthetic routes to all lignans are known but only sesamol is synthesized industrially. Biosynthesis of furofuran lignans begins with the dimerization of coniferyl alcohol, followed by the formation of dioxoles, oxidation, and glycosylation. Most genes of the lignan pathway in sesame have been identified but the inheritance of lignan content is poorly understood. Health-promoting properties make lignans attractive components of functional food. Lignans enhance the efficiency of insecticides and possess antifeedant activity, but their biological function in plants remains hypothetical. In this work, extensive literature including historical texts is reviewed, controversial issues are critically examined, and errors perpetuated in literature are corrected. The following aspects are covered: chemical properties and transformations of lignans; analysis, purification, and total synthesis; occurrence in Seseamum indicum and related plants; biosynthesis and genetics; biological activities; health-promoting properties; and biological functions. Finally, the improvement of lignan content in sesame seeds by breeding and biotechnology and the potential of hairy roots for manufacturing lignans in vitro are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mebeaselassie Andargie
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Goettingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37073 Goettingen, Germany; (A.R.); (E.M.)
| | - Maria Vinas
- Centro para Investigaciones en Granos y Semillas (CIGRAS), University of Costa Rica, 2060 San Jose, Costa Rica;
| | - Anna Rathgeb
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Goettingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37073 Goettingen, Germany; (A.R.); (E.M.)
| | - Evelyn Möller
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Goettingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37073 Goettingen, Germany; (A.R.); (E.M.)
| | - Petr Karlovsky
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Goettingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37073 Goettingen, Germany; (A.R.); (E.M.)
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Martina M, Tikunov Y, Portis E, Bovy AG. The Genetic Basis of Tomato Aroma. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020226. [PMID: 33557308 PMCID: PMC7915847 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) aroma is determined by the interaction of volatile compounds (VOCs) released by the tomato fruits with receptors in the nose, leading to a sensorial impression, such as "sweet", "smoky", or "fruity" aroma. Of the more than 400 VOCs released by tomato fruits, 21 have been reported as main contributors to the perceived tomato aroma. These VOCs can be grouped in five clusters, according to their biosynthetic origins. In the last decades, a vast array of scientific studies has investigated the genetic component of tomato aroma in modern tomato cultivars and their relatives. In this paper we aim to collect, compare, integrate and summarize the available literature on flavour-related QTLs in tomato. Three hundred and 5ifty nine (359) QTLs associated with tomato fruit VOCs were physically mapped on the genome and investigated for the presence of potential candidate genes. This review makes it possible to (i) pinpoint potential donors described in literature for specific traits, (ii) highlight important QTL regions by combining information from different populations, and (iii) pinpoint potential candidate genes. This overview aims to be a valuable resource for researchers aiming to elucidate the genetics underlying tomato flavour and for breeders who aim to improve tomato aroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Martina
- DISAFA, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy;
| | - Yury Tikunov
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Ezio Portis
- DISAFA, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy;
- Correspondence: (E.P.); (A.G.B.); Tel.: +39-011-6708807 (E.P.); +31-317-480762 (A.G.B.)
| | - Arnaud G. Bovy
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: (E.P.); (A.G.B.); Tel.: +39-011-6708807 (E.P.); +31-317-480762 (A.G.B.)
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Li Q, Xu J, Zheng Y, Zhang Y, Cai Y. Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Reveals That Exogenous Methyl Jasmonate Regulates Galanthamine Biosynthesis in Lycoris longituba Seedlings. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:713795. [PMID: 34659286 PMCID: PMC8514708 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.713795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The Amaryllidaceae alkaloid galanthamine (Gal) in Lycoris longituba is a secondary metabolite that has been used to treat Alzheimer's disease. Plant secondary metabolism is affected by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) exposure, although the regulatory mechanisms of MeJA on L. longituba seedlings remains largely unknown. In the present study, 75, 150, and 300 μM MeJA were used as treatments on L. longituba seedlings for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, while 0 μM MeJA was used as the control (MJ-0). The effect of exogenous MeJA on Gal synthesis in L. longituba was then investigated using transcriptomic sequencing and metabolite profiling via GC-MS and LC-MS analysis. Galanthamine (Gal), lycorine (Lyc), and lycoramine (Lycm) abundances were 2. 71-, 2. 01-, and 2.85-fold higher in 75 μM MeJA (MJ-75) treatment plants compared to MJ-0 treatment plants after 7 days of cultivation. Transcriptomic analysis further showed that MJ-75 treatment significantly induced the expression of norbelladine synthase (NBS) and norbelladine 4'-O-methyltransferase (OMT), which are involved in the Gal biosynthesis pathway. In addition, increased expression was observed in MJ-75 treatment plants for genes in the JA synthesis and JA signaling pathways including those of allene oxide cyclase (AOC), 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid reductase (OPR), jasmonic acid amino acid synthase (JAR), and transcription factor MYC. The L. longituba tyrosine decarboxylase (LlTYDC) enzyme was identified and proposed to be involved in the Gal biosynthetic pathway. Metabolomics results demonstrated that the accumulation of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, and especially alkaloids in the Gal biosynthesis pathway, could be induced by MJ-75 treatment. Interestingly, metabolites in the JA synthesis pathway were also affected by MeJA treatment. Overall, this multi-omics study suggests that both the JA synthesis/JA signaling and Gal biosynthesis pathways were affected by exogenous MeJA treatment. This comprehensive study of gene expression and metabolite contents can help us better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying MeJA-mediated Gal biosynthesis in L. longituba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhu Li
- Forestry and Pomology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Co-Elite Agricultural Sci-Tech (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Junxu Xu
- Forestry and Pomology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhong Zheng
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing Botanical Garden, Memorial Sun Yat-sen, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongchun Zhang
- Forestry and Pomology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yongchun Zhang,
| | - Youming Cai
- Forestry and Pomology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Youming Cai,
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11
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Lynch JH, Dudareva N. Aromatic Amino Acids: A Complex Network Ripe for Future Exploration. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:670-681. [PMID: 32526172 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In plants, high carbon flux is committed to the biosynthesis of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, owing to their roles not only in the production of proteins, but also as precursors to thousands of primary and specialized metabolites. The core plastidial pathways that supply the majority of aromatic amino acids (AAAs) have previously been described in detail. More recently, the discovery of cytosolic enzymes contributing to overall AAA biosynthesis, as well as the identification of intracellular transporters and the continuing elucidation of transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms, have revealed the complexity of this intercompartmental metabolic network. Here, we review the latest breakthroughs in AAA production and use the newest findings to highlight both longstanding and newly developed questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Lynch
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907-2063, USA
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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12
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Li Q, Xu J, Yang L, Zhou X, Cai Y, Zhang Y. Transcriptome Analysis of Different Tissues Reveals Key Genes Associated With Galanthamine Biosynthesis in Lycoris longituba. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:519752. [PMID: 33042169 PMCID: PMC7525064 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.519752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
L ycoris longituba is a traditional medicinal plant containing the bioactive compound galanthamine (Gal), a type of Amaryllidaceae alkaloid and can be used to treat Alzheimer's disease. However, research on its genome or transcriptome and associated genes in the biosynthetic pathway is incomplete. In this study, we estimated the nuclear genome size of this species to be 29.33 Gb by flow cytometry. Then, RNA sequencing of the leaves, roots, and bulbs of L. longituba was carried out. After de novo assembly, 474,589 all-transcripts and 333,440 all-unigenes were finally generated. In addition, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and genes involved in the galanthamine metabolic pathway encoding tyrosine decarboxylase (TYDC), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase (C3H), norbelladine synthase (NBS), norbelladine 4'-O-methyltransferase (OMT), and noroxomaritidine synthase (CYP96T1) were detected and validated by real-time quantitative PCR analysis. One candidate gene, Lycoris longituba O-Methyltransferase (LlOMT), was identified in the proposed galanthamine biosynthetic pathway. Sequence analysis showed that LlOMT is a class I OMT. LlOMT is localized in the cytoplasm, and biochemical analysis indicated that the recombinant LlOMT catalyzes norbelladine to generate 4'-O-methylnorbelladine. The protoplast transformation result showed that the overexpression of LlOMT could increase the Gal content. Our results indicate that LlOMT may play a role in galanthamine biosynthesis in L. longituba. This work provides a useful resource for the metabolic engineering of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Youming Cai
- *Correspondence: Youming Cai, ; Yongchun Zhang,
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13
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Pott DM, Osorio S, Vallarino JG. From Central to Specialized Metabolism: An Overview of Some Secondary Compounds Derived From the Primary Metabolism for Their Role in Conferring Nutritional and Organoleptic Characteristics to Fruit. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:835. [PMID: 31316537 PMCID: PMC6609884 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fruit flavor and nutritional characteristics are key quality traits and ones of the main factors influencing consumer preference. Central carbon metabolism, also known as primary metabolism, contributes to the synthesis of intermediate compounds that act as precursors for plant secondary metabolism. Specific and specialized metabolic pathways that evolved from primary metabolism play a key role in the plant's interaction with its environment. In particular, secondary metabolites present in the fruit serve to increase its attractiveness to seed dispersers and to protect it against biotic and abiotic stresses. As a consequence, several important organoleptic characteristics, such as aroma, color, and fruit nutritional value, rely upon secondary metabolite content. Phenolic and terpenoid compounds are large and diverse classes of secondary metabolites that contribute to fruit quality and have their origin in primary metabolic pathways, while the delicate aroma of ripe fruits is formed by a unique combination of hundreds of volatiles that are derived from primary metabolites. In this review, we show that the manipulation of primary metabolism is a powerful tool to engineer quality traits in fruits, such as the phenolic, terpenoid, and volatile content. The enzymatic reactions responsible for the accumulation of primary precursors are bottlenecks in the transfer of metabolic flux from central to specialized metabolism and should be taken into account to increase the yield of the final products of the biosynthetic pathways. In addition, understanding the connection and regulation of the carbon flow between primary and secondary metabolism is a key factor for the development of fruit cultivars with enhanced organoleptic and nutritional traits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Osorio
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Málaga, Spain
| | - José G. Vallarino
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Málaga, Spain
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14
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Liu Z, Alseekh S, Brotman Y, Zheng Y, Fei Z, Tieman DM, Giovannoni JJ, Fernie AR, Klee HJ. Identification of a Solanum pennellii Chromosome 4 Fruit Flavor and Nutritional Quality-Associated Metabolite QTL. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1671. [PMID: 27881988 PMCID: PMC5101573 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A major resource for tomato quality improvement and gene discovery is the collection of introgression lines (ILs) of cultivated Solanum lycopersicum that contain different, defined chromosomal segments derived from the wild tomato relative, S. pennellii. Among these lines, IL4-4, in which the bottom of S. lycopersicum (cv. M82) chromosome 4 is replaced by the corresponding S. pennellii segment, is altered in many primary and secondary metabolites, including many related to fruit flavor and nutritional quality. Here, we provide a comprehensive profile of IL4-4 ripe fruit metabolites, the transcriptome and fine mapping of sub-ILs. Remarkably, out of 327 quantified metabolites, 185 were significantly changed in IL4-4 fruit, compared to the control. These altered metabolites include volatile organic compounds, primary and secondary metabolites. Partial least squares enhanced discriminant analysis of the metabolite levels among sub-ILs indicated that a genome region encompassing 20 putative open reading frames is responsible for most of the metabolic changes in IL4-4 fruit. This work provides comprehensive insights into IL4-4 fruit biochemistry, identifying a small region of the genome that has major effects on a large and diverse set of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Liu
- Horticultural Sciences Department, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, GainesvilleFL, USA
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Yariv Brotman
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam-Golm, Germany
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevBeersheba, Israel
| | - Yi Zheng
- US Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Cornell University, IthacaNY, USA
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Cornell University and US Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, IthacaNY, USA
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- US Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Cornell University, IthacaNY, USA
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Cornell University and US Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, IthacaNY, USA
| | - Denise M. Tieman
- Horticultural Sciences Department, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, GainesvilleFL, USA
| | - James J. Giovannoni
- US Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Cornell University, IthacaNY, USA
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Cornell University and US Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, IthacaNY, USA
| | | | - Harry J. Klee
- Horticultural Sciences Department, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, GainesvilleFL, USA
- *Correspondence: Harry J. Klee,
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