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Gaudy-Marqueste C, Macagno N, Loundou A, Pellegrino E, Ouafik L, Budden T, Mundra P, Gremel G, Akhras V, Lin L, Cook M, Kumar R, Grob JJ, Nagore E, Marais R, Virós A. Molecular characterization of fast-growing melanomas. J Am Acad Dermatol 2022; 86:312-321. [PMID: 34280484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rate of growth of primary melanoma is a robust predictor of aggressiveness, but the mutational profile of fast-growing melanomas (FGMM) and the potential to stratify patients at high risk of death has not been comprehensively studied. OBJECTIVE To investigate the epidemiologic, clinical, and mutational profile of primary cutaneous melanomas with a thickness ≥ 1 mm, stratified by rate of growth. METHODS Observational prospective study. Deep-targeted sequencing of 40 melanoma driver genes on formalin fixed, paraffin-embedded primary melanoma samples. Comparison of FGMM (rate of growth > 0.5 mm/month) and nonFGMM (rate of growth ≤ 0.5 mm/month). RESULTS Two hundred patients were enrolled, among wom 70 had FGMM. The relapse-free survival was lower in the FGMM group (P = .014). FGMM had a higher number of predicted deleterious mutations within the 40 genes than nonFGMM (P = .033). Ulceration (P = .032), thickness (P = .006), lower sun exposure (P = .049), and fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) mutations (P = .037) were significantly associated with fast growth. LIMITATIONS Single-center study, cohort size, potential memory bias, number of investigated genes. CONCLUSION Fast growth is linked to specific tumor biology and environmental factors. Ulceration, thickness, and FGFR2 mutations are associated with fast growth. Screening for FGFR2 mutations might provide an additional tool to better identify FGMM, which are probably good candidates for adjuvant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Gaudy-Marqueste
- Aix Marseille University, Assistance Publique des Hopitaux de Marseille, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille Insitut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale U1068, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique U7258, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Timone, Dermatology and Skin Cancer Department, Marseille, France.
| | - Nicolas Macagno
- Aix Marseille University, Assistance Publique des Hopitaux de Marseille, Insitut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Marseille Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Timone, Department of Pathology, Marseille, France
| | - Anderson Loundou
- Aix Marseille University, Santé Publique et Maladie Chroniques EA3279, Clinical Research Unit, Department of Public Health, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Pellegrino
- Aix Marseille Univ, Assistance Publique des Hopitaux de Marseille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institute of NeuroPhysiopathology, Faculté de Médecine Secteur Nord, Service de Transfert d'Oncologie Biologique, Marseille, France
| | - L'houcine Ouafik
- Aix Marseille Univ, Assistance Publique des Hopitaux de Marseille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institute of NeuroPhysiopathology, Faculté de Médecine Secteur Nord, Service de Transfert d'Oncologie Biologique, Marseille, France
| | - Timothy Budden
- Skin Cancer and Ageing Lab, Cancer Research United Kingdom Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Piyushkumar Mundra
- Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriela Gremel
- Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Akhras
- Department of Dermatology, St. George's National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lijing Lin
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Cook
- Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Functional Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jean-Jacques Grob
- Aix Marseille University, Assistance Publique des Hopitaux de Marseille, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille Insitut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale U1068, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique U7258, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Timone, Dermatology and Skin Cancer Department, Marseille, France
| | - Eduardo Nagore
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto Valenciano Oncología, València, Spain
| | - Richard Marais
- Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Amaya Virós
- Skin Cancer and Ageing Lab, Cancer Research United Kingdom Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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Bustos B DU, Torralba A S, Poveda P M, Simó G P, Farinos J S, Ros M L, Suela S P, Estrada R B. Telomerase Expression in a Series of Melanocytic Neoplasms. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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3
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Estudio de la expresión de telomerasa en una serie de neoplasias melanocíticas. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2019; 110:212-219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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4
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de Unamuno Bustos B, Murria Estal R, Pérez Simó G, Simarro Farinos J, Pujol Marco C, Navarro Mira M, Alegre de Miquel V, Ballester Sánchez R, Sabater Marco V, Llavador Ros M, Palanca Suela S, Botella Estrada R. Aberrant DNA methylation is associated with aggressive clinicopathological features and poor survival in cutaneous melanoma. Br J Dermatol 2018; 179:394-404. [PMID: 29278418 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Promoter methylation of tumour suppressor genes (TSGs) has recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of several types of cancer. Regarding melanoma, over 100 genes that contribute to its pathogenesis have been identified to be aberrantly hypermethylated. OBJECTIVES This is a retrospective observational study that aims to analyse the prevalence of CpG island methylation in a series of primary melanomas, to identify the associations with the main clinicopathological features, and to explore the prognostic significance of methylation in melanoma survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS DNA methylation was analysed using methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification in a series of 170 melanoma formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumour samples. The relationship between the methylation status, known somatic mutations and clinicopathological features was evaluated. Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were displayed by the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS In the entire cohort, one or more genes were detected to be methylated in 55% of the patients. The most prevalent methylated genes were RARB 31%, PTEN 24%, APC 16%, CDH13 16%, ESR1 14%, CDKN2A 6% and RASSF1 5%. An association between aberrant methylation and aggressive clinicopathological features was observed (older age, increased Breslow thickness, presence of mitosis and ulceration, fast-growing melanomas, advancing stage and TERT mutations). Furthermore, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed a correlation of methylation and poorer DFS and OS. CONCLUSIONS Aberrant methylation of TSGs is a frequent event in melanoma. It is associated with aggressive clinicopathological features and poorer survival. Epigenetic alterations may represent a significant prognostic marker with utility in routine practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- B de Unamuno Bustos
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari i Politecnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - R Murria Estal
- Department of Molecular Biology Laboratory, Service of Clinical Analysis, Hospital Universitari i Politecnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - G Pérez Simó
- Department of Molecular Biology Laboratory, Service of Clinical Analysis, Hospital Universitari i Politecnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Simarro Farinos
- Department of Molecular Biology Laboratory, Service of Clinical Analysis, Hospital Universitari i Politecnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - C Pujol Marco
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari i Politecnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Navarro Mira
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari i Politecnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - V Alegre de Miquel
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - V Sabater Marco
- Department of Pathology, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Llavador Ros
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari i Politecnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - S Palanca Suela
- Department of Molecular Biology Laboratory, Service of Clinical Analysis, Hospital Universitari i Politecnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - R Botella Estrada
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari i Politecnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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5
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Thomas NE, Edmiston SN, Alexander A, Groben PA, Parrish E, Kricker A, Armstrong BK, Anton-Culver H, Gruber SB, From L, Busam KJ, Hao H, Orlow I, Kanetsky PA, Luo L, Reiner AS, Paine S, Frank JS, Bramson JI, Marrett LD, Gallagher RP, Zanetti R, Rosso S, Dwyer T, Cust AE, Ollila DW, Begg CB, Berwick M, Conway K. Association Between NRAS and BRAF Mutational Status and Melanoma-Specific Survival Among Patients With Higher-Risk Primary Melanoma. JAMA Oncol 2016; 1:359-68. [PMID: 26146664 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.0493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE NRAS and BRAF mutations in melanoma inform current treatment paradigms, but their role in survival from primary melanoma has not been established. Identification of patients at high risk of melanoma-related death based on their primary melanoma characteristics before evidence of recurrence could inform recommendations for patient follow-up and eligibility for adjuvant trials. OBJECTIVE To determine tumor characteristics and survival from primary melanoma by somatic NRAS and BRAF status. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A population-based study with a median follow-up of 7.6 years (through 2007), including 912 patients from the United States and Australia in the Genes, Environment, and Melanoma (GEM) Study, with first primary cutaneous melanoma diagnosed in the year 2000 and analyzed for NRAS and BRAF mutations. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Tumor characteristics and melanoma-specific survival of primary melanoma by NRAS and BRAF mutational status. RESULTS The melanomas were 13% NRAS+, 30% BRAF+, and 57% with neither NRAS nor BRAF mutation (wildtype [WT]). In a multivariable model including clinicopathologic characteristics, relative to WT melanoma (with results reported as odds ratios [95% CIs]), NRAS+ melanoma was associated with presence of mitoses (1.8 [1.0-3.3]), lower tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) grade (nonbrisk, 0.5 [0.3-0.8]; and brisk, 0.3 [0.5-0.7] [vs absent TILs]), and anatomic site other than scalp/neck (0.1 [0.01-0.6] for scalp/neck vs trunk/pelvis), and BRAF+ melanoma was associated with younger age (ages 50-69 years, 0.7 [0.5-1.0]; and ages >70 years, 0.5 [0.3-0.8] [vs <50 years]), superficial spreading subtype (nodular, 0.5 [0.2-1.0]; lentigo maligna, 0.4 [0.2-0.7]; and unclassified/other, 0.2 [0.1-0.5] [vs superficial spreading]), and presence of mitoses (1.7 [1.1-2.6]) (P < .05 for all). There was no significant difference in melanoma-specific survival (reported as hazard ratios [95% CIs]) for melanoma harboring mutations in NRAS (1.7 [0.8-3.4]) or BRAF (1.5 [0.8-2.9]) compared with WT melanoma, as adjusted for age, sex, site, American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) tumor stage, TIL grade, and study center. However, melanoma-specific survival was significantly poorer for higher-risk (T2b or higher stage) tumors with NRAS (2.9 [1.1-7.7]) or BRAF (3.1 [1.2-8.5]) mutations (P = .04) but not for lower-risk (T2a or lower) tumors with NRAS (0.9 [0.3-3.0]) or BRAF (0.6 [0.2-1.7]) (P = .65), as adjusted for age, sex, site, AJCC tumor stage, TIL grade, and study center. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Lower TIL grade for NRAS+ melanoma suggests it has a more immunosuppressed microenvironment, which may affect its response to immunotherapies. The approximate 3-fold increased risk of death for higher-risk tumors harboring NRAS or BRAF mutations after adjusting for other prognostic factors compared with WT melanomas indicates that the prognostic implication of these mutations deserves further investigation, particularly in higher–AJCC stage primary melanomas.
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6
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Mar VJ, Liu W, Devitt B, Wong SQ, Dobrovic A, McArthur GA, Wolfe R, Kelly JW. The role of BRAF mutations in primary melanoma growth rate and survival. Br J Dermatol 2015; 173:76-82. [PMID: 25752325 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical behaviour and prognosis of primary melanomas harbouring BRAF mutations is not fully understood. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of mutation status on primary melanoma growth rate and melanoma-specific survival (MSS). METHODS A prospective cohort of 196 patients with stage I-III primary cutaneous melanoma were followed for a median of 92 months, pre-dating the institution of BRAF inhibitor therapy. Clinicopathological variables were correlated with mutation status and hazard ratios (HRs) estimated for MSS. RESULTS Of 196 tumours, 77 (39.2%) were BRAF V600E, 10 (5.1%) BRAF V600K and 33 (16.8%) were NRAS mutant. BRAF V600E mutant melanomas were associated with favourable clinical characteristics and tended to be slower growing compared with BRAF V600K, NRAS mutant or BRAF/NRAS wild-type tumours (0.12 mm per month, 0.61 mm per month, 0.36 mm per month and 0.23 mm per month, respectively; P = 0.05). There were 39 melanoma deaths, and BRAF mutant melanomas were associated with poorer MSS in stage I-III disease [HR 2.60, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.20-5.63; P = 0.02] and stage I-II disease (HR 3.39, 95% CI 1.12-10.22; P = 0.03) after adjusting for other prognostic variables. Considered separately, BRAF V600E mutant melanomas were strongly associated with MSS independently of thickness and nodal status (HR 3.89, 95% CI 1.67-9.09; P < 0.01) but BRAF V600K mutant tumours were not (HR 1.19, 95% CI 0.36-3.92; P = 0.77). CONCLUSIONS The presence of a BRAF mutation does not necessarily 'drive' more rapid tumour growth but is associated with poorer MSS in patients with early-stage disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Mar
- Victorian Melanoma Service, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., 3181, Australia.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., 3181, Australia.,Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, Vic., 3002, Australia
| | - W Liu
- Victorian Melanoma Service, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., 3181, Australia
| | - B Devitt
- Department of Oncology, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Vic., 3065, Australia
| | - S Q Wong
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, Vic., 3002, Australia
| | - A Dobrovic
- Translational Genomics and Epigenomics Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Wellness Centre, Heidelberg, Vic., 3084, Australia
| | - G A McArthur
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, Vic., 3002, Australia
| | - R Wolfe
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., 3181, Australia
| | - J W Kelly
- Victorian Melanoma Service, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., 3181, Australia
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7
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Tejera-Vaquerizo A, Arias-Santiago S, Nagore E, Martín-Cuevas P, Orgaz-Molina J, Traves V, Herrera-Acosta E, Naranjo-Sintes R, Guillén C, Herrera-Ceballos E. Defining the dermoscopic characteristics of fast-growing cutaneous melanomas. Melanoma Res 2015; 25:269-72. [PMID: 25919929 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A high growth rate in melanomas has been associated with a more aggressive phenotype and worse survival. The aim of this study was to define the dermoscopic characteristics associated with this type of cutaneous melanoma. We carried out a retrospective study of 132 cutaneous melanomas, analyzing certain clinical characteristics and the most important dermoscopic variables related to the melanomas. Fast-growing melanomas were considered to be those with a growth rate of more than 0.5 mm per month. Fast-growing melanomas more often lacked an atypical network, were symmetrical, presented ulceration, and were hypopigmented. The dermoscopic vascular pattern often showed atypical irregular vessels and milky-red areas. The association of these two is a specific characteristic. Fast-growing melanomas have a characteristic phenotype and dermoscopy can be useful for their identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Tejera-Vaquerizo
- aUnidad de Gestión Clínica de Dermatología, Instituto de Biomedicina de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria/Universidad de Málaga, Málaga bServicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio cServicio de Dermatología dServicio de Anatomía Patológica, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
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8
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An objective measure of growth rate using partial biopsy specimens of melanomas that were initially misdiagnosed. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 71:691-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2014.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Mathur A, Zeiger MA. Genomic medicine for cancer prognosis. J Surg Oncol 2014; 111:31-7. [PMID: 25111527 DOI: 10.1002/jso.23734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
There is a heavy research emphasis on prognostic and predictive approaches based on genomic data, which has in turn challenged standard paradigms for the management of patients with malignant disease. This review will highlight the recent advances made in genomic medicine, specifically with regard to prognosis associated with thyroid cancer, cutaneous melanoma, and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Although none of the markers reviewed have been incorporated into routine clinical practice, this review covers the most promising ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Mathur
- Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287
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10
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Carlino MS, Haydu LE, Kakavand H, Menzies AM, Hamilton AL, Yu B, Ng CC, Cooper WA, Thompson JF, Kefford RF, O'Toole SA, Scolyer RA, Long GV. Correlation of BRAF and NRAS mutation status with outcome, site of distant metastasis and response to chemotherapy in metastatic melanoma. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:292-9. [PMID: 24918823 PMCID: PMC4102942 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognostic significance of BRAF and NRAS mutations in metastatic melanoma patients remains uncertain, with several studies reporting conflicting results, often biased by the inclusion of patients treated with BRAF and MEK (MAPK) inhibitors. We therefore interrogated a historical cohort of patients free of the confounding influence of MAPK inhibitor therapy. METHODS Patients with available archival tissue first diagnosed with metastatic melanoma between 2002 and 2006 were analysed. Mutational analysis was performed using the OncoCarta Panel. Patient characteristics, treatment outcome and survival were correlated with BRAF/NRAS mutation status. RESULTS In 193 patients, 92 (48%) melanomas were BRAF-mutant, 39 (20%) were NRAS-mutant and 62 (32%) were wild-type for BRAF/NRAS mutations (wt). There was no difference in response to chemotherapy based on mutation status (35-37%). The distant disease-free interval (DDFI) was significantly shorter in patients with wt melanoma (27.9 months vs 35.1 for BRAF and 49.1 for NRAS) although this was not significant in multivariate analysis. Survival from stage IV melanoma diagnosis was not significantly different based on mutation status. The DDFI was significantly shorter in patients with BRAF(V600K/R) versus BRAF(V600E) melanoma in univariate and multivariate analyses. CONCLUSIONS BRAF and NRAS mutation status does not influence survival in metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Carlino
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - L E Haydu
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Surgery, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - H Kakavand
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - A M Menzies
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - A L Hamilton
- Discipline of Medicine, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - B Yu
- Discipline of Medicine, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Medical Genomics, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C C Ng
- Department of Medical Genomics, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - W A Cooper
- Department of Medical Genomics, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J F Thompson
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Surgery, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Melanoma and Surgical Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R F Kefford
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S A O'Toole
- Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre and Cancer Program Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R A Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - G V Long
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Mandalà M, Merelli B, Massi D. Nras in melanoma: targeting the undruggable target. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2014; 92:107-22. [PMID: 24985059 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS belongs to the guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins' family, and oncogenic mutations in codons 12, 13, or 61 of RAS family occur in approximately one third of all human cancers with N-RAS mutations found in about 15-20% of melanomas. The importance of RAS signaling as a potential target in cancer is emphasized not only by the prevalence of RAS mutations, but also by the high number of RAS activators and effectors identified in mammalian cells that places the RAS proteins at the crossroads of several, important signaling networks. Ras proteins are crucial crossroads of signaling pathways that link the activation of cell surface receptors with a wide variety of cellular processes leading to the control of proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation. Furthermore, oncogenic ras proteins interfere with metabolism of tumor cells, microenvironment's remodeling, evasion of the immune response, and finally contributes to the metastatic process. After 40 years of basic, translational and clinical research, much is now known about the molecular mechanisms by which these monomeric guanosine triphosphatase-binding proteins promote cellular malignancy, and it is clear that they regulate signaling pathways involved in the control of cell proliferation, survival, and invasiveness. In this review we summarize the biological role of RAS in cancer by focusing our attention on the biological rational and strategies to target RAS in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mandalà
- Unit of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy.
| | - Barbara Merelli
- Unit of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Daniela Massi
- Division of Pathological Anatomy, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Italy
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