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Lown M, Miles EA, Fisk HL, Smith KA, Muller I, Maund E, Rogers K, Becque T, Hayward G, Moore M, Little P, Glogowska M, Hay AD, Stuart B, Mantzourani E, Butler C, Bostock J, Davies F, Dickerson I, Thompson N, Francis N. Self-sampling to identify pathogens and inflammatory markers in patients with acute sore throat: Feasibility study. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1016181. [PMID: 36275691 PMCID: PMC9582425 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1016181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sore throat is a common reason for overuse of antibiotics. The value of inflammatory or biomarkers in throat swab or saliva samples in predicting benefit from antibiotics is unknown. Methods We used the ‘person-based approach’ to develop an online tool to support self-swabbing and recruited adults and children with sore throats through participating general practices and social media. Participants took bacterial and viral swabs and a saliva sponge swab and passive drool sample. Bacterial swabs were cultured for streptococcus (Group A, B, C, F and G). The viral swab and saliva samples were tested using a routine respiratory panel PCR and Covid-19 PCR testing. We used remaining viral swab and saliva sample volume for biomarker analysis using a panel of 13 biomarkers. Results We recruited 11 asymptomatic participants and 45 symptomatic participants. From 45 symptomatic participants, bacterial throat swab, viral throat swab, saliva sponge and saliva drool samples were returned by 41/45 (91.1%), 43/45 (95.6%), 43/45 (95.6%) and 43/45 (95.6%) participants respectively. Three saliva sponge and 6 saliva drool samples were of insufficient quantity. Two adult participants had positive bacterial swabs. Six participants had a virus detected from at least one sample (swab or saliva). All of the biomarkers assessed were detectable from all samples where there was sufficient volume for testing. For most biomarkers we found higher concentrations in the saliva samples. Due to low numbers, we were not able to compare biomarker concentrations in those who did and did not have a bacterial pathogen detected. We found no evidence of a difference between biomarker concentrations between the symptomatic and asymptomatic participants but the distributions were wide. Conclusions We have demonstrated that it is feasible for patients with sore throat to self-swab and provide saliva samples for pathogen and biomarker analysis. Typical bacterial and viral pathogens were detected but at low prevalence rates. Further work is needed to determine if measuring biomarkers using oropharyngeal samples can help to differentiate between viral and bacterial pathogens in patients classified as medium or high risk using clinical scores, in order to better guide antibiotic prescribing and reduce inappropriate prescriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lown
- Primary Care Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Mark Lown,
| | - Elizabeth A. Miles
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Helena L. Fisk
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsten A. Smith
- Primary Care Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ingrid Muller
- Primary Care Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Maund
- Primary Care Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty Rogers
- Primary Care Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Taeko Becque
- Primary Care Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Gail Hayward
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Moore
- Primary Care Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Little
- Primary Care Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Glogowska
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair D. Hay
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) School for Primary Care Research, Bristol Medical School: Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Beth Stuart
- Primary Care Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Efi Mantzourani
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Butler
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Bostock
- Southampton Primary Care Research Centre, Patient and Public Involvement Representative, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Firoza Davies
- Southampton Primary Care Research Centre, Patient and Public Involvement Representative, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Dickerson
- Southampton Primary Care Research Centre, Patient and Public Involvement Representative, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Thompson
- Primary Care Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Francis
- Primary Care Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Shen L, Sun M, Song S, Hu Q, Wang N, Ou G, Guo Z, Jing D, Shao Z, Bai Y, Liu K. The impact of anti‐COVID‐19 non‐pharmaceutical interventions on hand, foot, and mouth disease—a spatiotemporal perspective in Xi'an, northwestern China. J Med Virol 2022; 94:3121-3132. [PMID: 35277880 PMCID: PMC9088661 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence has shown that anti‐COVID‐19 nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) can support prevention and control of various infectious diseases, including intestinal diseases. However, most studies focused on the short‐term mitigating impact and neglected the dynamic impact over time. This study is aimed to investigate the dynamic impact of anti‐COVID‐19 NPIs on hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) over time in Xi'an City, northwestern China. Based on the surveillance data of HFMD, meteorological and web search data, Bayesian Structural Time Series model and interrupted time series analysis were performed to quantitatively measure the impact of NPIs in sequent phases with different intensities and to predict the counterfactual number of HFMD cases. From 2013 to 2021, a total number of 172,898 HFMD cases were reported in Xi'an. In 2020, there appeared a significant decrease in HFMD incidence (−94.52%, 95% CI: −97.54% to −81.95%) in the first half of the year and the peak period shifted from June to October by a small margin of 6.74% compared to the previous years of 2013 to 2019. In 2021, the seasonality of HFMD incidence gradually returned to the bimodal temporal variation pattern with a significant average decline of 61.09%. In particular, the impact of NPIs on HFMD was more evident among young children (0–3 years), and the HFMD incidence reported in industrial areas had an unexpected increase of 51.71% in 2020 autumn and winter. Results suggested that both direct and indirect NPIs should be implemented as effective public health measures to reduce infectious disease and improve surveillance strategies, and HFMD incidence in Xi'an experienced a significant rebound to the previous seasonality after a prominent decline influenced by the anti‐COVID‐19 NPIs. HFMD transmission changed during the COVID‐19 pandemic; The impact of anti‐COVID‐19 NPIs on HFMD varied between different populations; The responsive NPIs indeed affected the HFMD incidence at different stages with potential long‐term impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shen
- School of Remote Sensing and Information EngineeringWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Minghao Sun
- School of Remote Sensing and Information EngineeringWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Shuxuan Song
- Department of EpidemiologyMinistry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Qingwu Hu
- School of Remote Sensing and Information EngineeringWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Nuoya Wang
- School of Remote Sensing and Information EngineeringWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Guangyu Ou
- School of Remote Sensing and Information EngineeringWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Zhaohui Guo
- School of Remote Sensing and Information EngineeringWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Du Jing
- School of Resource and Environmental ScienceWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Zhongjun Shao
- Department of EpidemiologyMinistry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Yao Bai
- Department of Infectious Disease Control and PreventionXi'an Center for Disease Prevention and ControlXi'anChina
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of EpidemiologyMinistry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical UniversityXi'anChina
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Ghaznavi C, Sakamoto H, Kawashima T, Horiuchi S, Ishikane M, Abe SK, Yoneoka D, Eguchi A, Tanoue Y, Hashizume M, Nomura S. Decreased incidence followed by comeback of pediatric infections during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. World J Pediatr 2022; 18:564-567. [PMID: 35641696 PMCID: PMC9154026 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-022-00575-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus Ghaznavi
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan. .,Medical Education Program, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Saint Louis, USA.
| | - Haruka Sakamoto
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan ,Tokyo Foundation for Policy Research, Tokyo, Japan ,grid.410818.40000 0001 0720 6587Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kawashima
- grid.26091.3c0000 0004 1936 9959Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582 Japan ,grid.32197.3e0000 0001 2179 2105Department of Mathematical and Computing Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayaka Horiuchi
- grid.267500.60000 0001 0291 3581Center for Birth Cohort Studies, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ishikane
- grid.45203.300000 0004 0489 0290Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sarah Krull Abe
- grid.272242.30000 0001 2168 5385Division of Prevention, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yoneoka
- grid.26091.3c0000 0004 1936 9959Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582 Japan ,grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan ,Tokyo Foundation for Policy Research, Tokyo, Japan ,grid.410795.e0000 0001 2220 1880Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akifumi Eguchi
- grid.136304.30000 0004 0370 1101Department of Sustainable Health Science, Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuta Tanoue
- grid.5290.e0000 0004 1936 9975Institute for Business and Finance, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hashizume
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuhei Nomura
- grid.26091.3c0000 0004 1936 9959Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582 Japan ,grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan ,Tokyo Foundation for Policy Research, Tokyo, Japan
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Lu Y, Long M, Gao Z, Liu C, Dong K, Zhang H. Long non-coding RNA ENST00000469812 promotes Enterovirus type 71 replication via targeting the miR-4443/NUPR1 axis in rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Arch Virol 2022; 167:2601-2611. [PMID: 36269411 PMCID: PMC9589540 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05596-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) caused by Enterovirus type 71 (EV71) is a serious threat to children's health. However, the pathogenic mechanism of EV71 is still unclear. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), some of which bind to miRNA as competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNA) and weaken the silencing effect on the mRNA of downstream target genes, play a key role in regulating the viral infection process. In this study, through experimental verification, we found miR-4443 to be downregulated in cells infected with EV71. Next, by predicting lncRNAs that potentially regulate miR-4443, we found that EV71 infection induced upregulation of lncRNA ENST00000469812 and then further downregulated miR-4443 expression by direct interaction. We also demonstrated that nuclear protein 1 (NUPR1) is one of the target genes of miR-4443 and is involved in the ENST00000469812/miR-4443/NUPR1 regulatory axis. Finally, the ENST00000469812/miR-4443/NUPR1 regulatory axis exhibited a positive effect on EV71 replication. Here, we lay a foundation for exploring the pathogenic mechanism of EV71 and identify potential targets for HFMD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhi Lu
- Department of Clinical Diagnosis, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China ,Department of Microbiology and Pathogen Biology, Basic Medical School, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Min Long
- Department of Clinical Diagnosis, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhaowei Gao
- Department of Clinical Diagnosis, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Clinical Diagnosis, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ke Dong
- Department of Clinical Diagnosis, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Huizhong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Diagnosis, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
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