Narrow-band UVB phototherapy and psoralen-ultraviolet A photochemotherapy in the treatment of cutaneous mastocytosis: a study in 20 patients

Mastocytosis in the Skin: Approach to Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Management in Adult and Pediatric Patients

Mastocytosis is characterized by the clonal infiltration and proliferation of neoplastic mast cells into target organs. Clinical features of mastocytosis are based in large part on dysregulated mast cell mediator release. Affected individuals may present with isolated skin involvement or multisystemic disease with a spectrum of symptoms including anaphylaxis, pathologic fractures, and chronic gastrointestinal, neurocognitive, musculoskeletal, and constitutional symptoms. The term "mastocytosis in the skin" refers to individuals with cutaneous infiltration and encompasses both localized and systemic forms of disease. Cutaneous involvement is further categorized into cutaneous mastocytoma, diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis, and maculopapular cutaneous mastocytosis based on morphology. In ~95% of patients with systemic mastocytosis, the disease is driven by the KIT D816V somatic variant. The aim of this clinical review is to highlight the diagnostic considerations, management complexities, and evolving treatment landscape that must be considered when evaluating a patient presenting with mastocytosis in their skin. Clinical manifestations, histopathology, and laboratory parameters are essential to diagnosis and determining the disease burden in those with known or suspected systemic mastocytosis. Once appropriately staged, both skin-directed therapy as well as novel systemic treatment options, including selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors, can be considered with the potential to improve patient outcomes.

Mastocytosis

Mastocytosis is a spectrum of clonal myeloid disorders defined by abnormal growth and accumulation of mast cells in various organ systems. The disease is divided into cutaneous mastocytosis, systemic mastocytosis (SM) and mast cell sarcoma. SM is further categorized into several non-advanced and advanced forms. The prognosis of cutaneous mastocytosis and non-advanced SM is mostly favourable, whereas prognosis and survival in advanced SM and mast cell sarcoma are poor. During the past 15 years, major advances have been made in the diagnosis, prognosis and management of patients with mast cell neoplasms. Management of mastocytosis consists of symptomatic therapy, including anti-mast cell mediator drugs, and cytoreductive agents for patients with advanced disease and selected individuals with non-advanced disease, as well as recognition and prevention of comorbidities such as osteoporosis and anaphylaxis. The preclinical and clinical development of KIT-D816V-targeting drugs, such as midostaurin or avapritinib, mark a milestone in improving management, the quality of life and survival in patients with SM. These agents induce major responses or even remission in people with advanced SM and lead to rapid improvement of mediator-related symptoms and quality of life in symptomatic patients.

Case Report: Multidisciplinary management of a patient with indolent systemic mastocytosis and refractory symptoms

Systemic mastocytosis (SM) is a rare hematologic condition characterized by the proliferation and accumulation in tissue of clonal mast cells in multiple organ systems. The release of mast cell mediators in the indolent disease type and the predominant mast cell infiltration of tissues in advanced disease contribute to the heterogeneous clinical presentation. The disease driver in >90% of adult cases is an activating KIT mutation, with D816V being the most frequent. Here we describe a case of a young adult male presenting with osteoporosis with associated symptoms of reflux and a history of bee sting anaphylaxis. A multidisciplinary approach to the diagnosis and management was required to minimize morbidities and prevent complications. Current best supportive care was inadequate to control the patient's disease, and a selective KIT D816V inhibitor (avapritinib) was initiated. Conventional, and advanced therapies, including those in the treatment pipeline for SM are discussed.

The realistic positioning of UVA1 phototherapy after 25 years of clinical experience and the availability of new biologics and small molecules: a retrospective clinical study

BACKGROUND

Since the early 1990s, Ultraviolet (UV) A1 phototherapy has been described as an effective and safe treatment of a multitude of skin disorders. However, after 30 years, its use has remained limited to few dermatological centers.

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the changes over the years and the current position of UVA1 phototherapy through a Real-World Evidence (RWE) study at a single tertiary referral center.

METHODS

We reviewed the medical files of 740 patients treated between 1998 and 2022. Treatment results were collected, efficacy was assessed by a grading scale and acute adverse effects were registered.

RESULTS

We treated patients with 26 different diseases. We registered marked improvement (MI) or complete remission (CR) in 42.8% of patients with morphea, 50% with Urticaria Pigmentosa, 40.7% with Granuloma annulare and 85.7% with skin sarcoidosis. Good results were obtained also in the treatment of chronic Graft Versus Host Disease (GVHD), Eosinophilic Fasciitis, Sclero-atrophic Lichen, skin manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus and psoriasis of HIV+ patients. Systemic Sclerosis, Romberg's Syndrome, Bushke's Scleredema, Nephrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy, REM Syndrome, Follicular Mucinosis, Pretibial Myxedema, Scleromyxedema, pemphigus foliaceus, chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus, erythroderma of Netherton Syndrome and Necrobiosis Lipoidica were no or poorly responsive. In clinical indications where UVA1 was used as a second line phototherapy after narrow-band (NB)-UVB, we saw good MI or CR rates in Mycosis Fungoides (57% of patients), Atopic Dermatitis (33.9%), Pitiryasis Lichenoides chronica (50%), Pityriasis Lichenoides et varioliformis acute (75%) and Lymphomatod Papulosis (62.5%). Short-term adverse events were uncommon and mild.

CONCLUSION

Over the past decade, the annual number of treated patients has progressively declined for several reasons. Firstly, UVA1 phototherapy has taken a backseat to the cheaper and more practical NB-UVB phototherapy, which has proven effective for common indications. Secondly, the emergence of new, safe, and effective drugs for conditions such as atopic dermatitis, GVHD, and connective tissue disorders. Finally, our research has shown that UVA1 therapy is often ineffective or minimally effective for some rare diseases, contrary to previous case reports and small case series. Nonetheless, UVA1 continues to be a valuable treatment option for patients with specific skin disorders.

Diagnosis and treatment of systemic mastocytosis in Brazil: Recommendations of a multidisciplinary expert panel

INTRODUCTION

Systemic Mastocytosis comprises a group of neoplastic diseases characterized by clonal expansion and infiltration of mast cells into several organs. The diagnosis and treatment of this disease may be challenging for non-specialists.

OBJECTIVE

Make suggestions or recommendations in Systemic Mastocytosis based in a panel of Brazilian specialists.

METHOD AND RESULTS

An online expert panel with 18 multidisciplinary specialists was convened to propose recommendations on the diagnosis and treatment of Systemic Mastocytosis in Brazil. Recommendations were based on discussions of topics and multiple-choice questions and were graded using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine 2011 Levels of Evidence Chart.

CONCLUSION

Twenty-two recommendations or suggestions were proposed based on a literature review and graded according to the findings.

Clinical challenge for gastroenterologists-Gastrointestinal manifestations of systemic mastocytosis: A comprehensive review

Mastocytosis is a rare and heterogeneous disease characterized by various clinical and biological features that affect different prognoses and treatments. The disease is usually divided into 2 principal categories: cutaneous and systemic disease (SM). Clinical features can be related to mast cell (MC) mediator release or pathological MC infiltration. SM is a disease often hard to identify, and the diagnosis is based on clinical, biological, histological, and molecular criteria with different specialists involved in the patient's clinical work-up. Among all manifestations of the disease, gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are common, being present in 14%-85% of patients, and can significantly impair the quality of life. Here we review the data regarding GI involvement in SM, in terms of clinical presentations, histological and endoscopic features, the pathogenesis of GI symptoms, and their treatment.

Cutaneous mastocytosis in childhood

Mastocytoses are characterized by clonal proliferation of mast cells in various tissues. In childhood, cutaneous mastocytosis (CM) occurs almost exclusively. It is confined to the skin, and has a good prognosis. The most common form is the maculopapular cutaneous mastocytosis (MPCM), formerly called urticaria pigmentosa. A distinction is made between a monomorphic variant of MPCM with multiple small, roundish maculopapular skin lesions and the - more common - polymorphic variant with larger lesions of variable size. One quarter of CM diagnosed in childhood are mastocytomas, which often occur solitary or at multiple sites. The diffuse variant of CM (DCM), which affects 5% of children with CM, should be distinguished from these forms. Systemic mastocytoses (SM) with mast cell infiltrates in the bone marrow or other extracutaneous tissues, such as the gastrointestinal tract, occur predominantly in adults. The diagnosis of CM is usually made clinically: Manifestation in infancy, typical morphology and distribution, pathognomonic Darier sign. Basal serum tryptase is determined if DCM or systemic mastocytosis are to be diagnosed. Children with mastocytosis should be managed in a specialized outpatient clinic. For affected families, detailed information about the clinical picture including prognosis assessment is essential. Mast cell mediated symptoms are controlled by oral non-sedating antihistamines if needed.

Role of Mast Cells in the Pathogenesis of Pruritus in Mastocytosis

Pruritus can be defined as an unpleasant sensation that evokes a desire to scratch and significantly impairs patients' quality of life. Pruritus is widely observed in many dermatoses, including mastocytosis, a rare disease characterized by abnormal accumulation of mast cells, which can involve skin, bone marrow, and other organs. Increasing evidence highlights the role of mast cells in neurogenic inflammation and itching. Mast cells release various pruritogenic mediators, initiating subsequent mutual communication with specific nociceptors on sensory nerve fibres. Among important mediators released by mast cells that induce pruritus, one can distinguish histamine, serotonin, proteases, as well as various cytokines. During neuronal-induced inflammation, mast cells may respond to numerous mediators, including neuropeptides, such as substance P, neurokinin A, calcitonin gene-related peptide, endothelin 1, and nerve growth factor. Currently, treatment of pruritus in mastocytosis is focused on alleviating the effects of mediators secreted by mast cells. However, a deeper understanding of the intricacies of the neurobiology of this disease could help to provide better treatment options for patients.

Mastocytosis and Mast Cell Activation Disorders: Clearing the Air

Mast cells are derived from hematopoietic stem cell precursors and are essential to the genesis and manifestations of the allergic response. Activation of these cells by allergens leads to degranulation and elaboration of inflammatory mediators, responsible for regulating the acute dramatic inflammatory response seen. Mast cells have also been incriminated in such diverse disorders as malignancy, arthritis, coronary artery disease, and osteoporosis. There has been a recent explosion in our understanding of the mast cell and the associated clinical conditions that affect this cell type. Some mast cell disorders are associated with specific genetic mutations (such as the D816V gain-of-function mutation) with resultant clonal disease. Such disorders include cutaneous mastocytosis, systemic mastocytosis (SM), its variants (indolent/ISM, smoldering/SSM, aggressive systemic mastocytosis/ASM) and clonal (or monoclonal) mast cell activation disorders or syndromes (CMCAS/MMAS). Besides clonal mast cell activations disorders/CMCAS (also referred to as monoclonal mast cell activation syndromes/MMAS), mast cell activation can also occur secondary to allergic, inflammatory, or paraneoplastic disease. Some disorders are idiopathic as their molecular pathogenesis and evolution are unclear. A genetic disorder, referred to as hereditary alpha-tryptasemia (HαT) has also been described recently. This condition has been shown to be associated with increased severity of allergic and anaphylactic reactions and may interact variably with primary and secondary mast cell disease, resulting in complex combined disorders. The role of this review is to clarify the classification of mast cell disorders, point to molecular aspects of mast cell signaling, elucidate underlying genetic defects, and provide approaches to targeted therapies that may benefit such patients.

Medical, neurobiological, and psychobehavioral perspectives of mastocytosis: a case report

Background

Cutaneous mastocytosis is a rare pathology characterized by an abnormal proliferation and degranulation of mast cells, affecting the skin. Here we present the case of a patient suffering from chronic resistant mastocytosis. An original integrative method of evaluation was tested in this patient, to improve therapeutic management. It integrated the interactions between stressful life events and medical history as well as psychobehavioral components and neurobiological factors.

Case presentation

The patient was a 65-year-old Caucasian woman. The cutaneous symptoms of mastocytosis had progressively evolved over the past 36 years, increasingly affecting the patient’s quality of life. At the time of the evaluation, psoralen and ultraviolet A therapy had reduced pruritus, but very unsightly brown-red maculopapules persisted on the chest, back, and arms. We proposed an integrative diagnosis that combined a semistructured interview, a psychometric assessment with the Millon Behavioral Medicine Diagnostic tool, and the collection of medical data. The medical data were compared with the analysis of the significant events in the patient’s life, to determine the threshold of tolerance to stress beyond which the skin symptoms led to profuse thrusts of pruritus. At the same time, the psychobehavioral profile of the patient was determined; this highlighted how social isolation, the denigrated coping style, and problematic compliance could influence the extension of dermatological symptoms. The effects of stressors on the infiltration and degranulation of skin mast cells have been discussed in light of the neurobiological processes currently known. At the end of the evaluation, a new therapeutic strategy was proposed.

Conclusion

This case report reveals the mind–body relationship of a patient suffering from mastocytosis. It highlights the points of vulnerability and the adaptative strategies specific to each patient to be considered in therapeutic management of other resistant chronic diseases.

Mediator-Related Symptoms and Anaphylaxis in Children with Mastocytosis

Mastocytosis is characterized by the pathological accumulation of mast cells (MC) in various organs. In these patients, MC may degranulate and thereby contribute to clinical symptoms, especially when a concomitant allergy is present. However, MC activation can not only be induced by high-affinity receptors for IgE, but also by anaphylatoxins, neuropeptides, IgG immune complexes, complement-components, drugs, products of bacteria or parasites, as well as physical factors such as heat, cold, vibration, stress, sun, or physical effort. Symptoms due to mediators released by activated MC may develop in adults suffering from systemic mastocytosis, but also evolve in children who usually have cutaneous mastocytosis (CM). Clinically, CM is otherwise characterized by typical brown, maculopapular skin lesions or mastocytoma associated with a positive Darier's sign. Pruritus and flushing are common and blistering may also be recorded, especially in diffuse CM (DCM). Pediatric patients with mastocytosis may also have gastrointestinal, respiratory, and neurologic complaints. Although anaphylaxis is not a typical finding, pediatric patients with massive skin involvement and high tryptase levels have a relatively high risk to develop anaphylaxis. This paper reviews MC mediator-related symptoms and anaphylaxis in children with mastocytosis, with special emphasis on risk factors, triggers, and management.

Molecular Background, Clinical Features and Management of Pediatric Mastocytosis: Status 2021

Pediatric mastocytosis is a heterogeneous disease characterized by accumulation of mast cells in the skin and less frequently in other organs. Somatic or germline mutations in the KIT proto-oncogene are detected in most patients. Cutaneous mastocytosis is the most common form of the disease in children. In the majority of cases, skin lesions regress spontaneously around puberty. However, in few patients, mastocytosis is not a self-limiting disease, but persists into adulthood and can show signs of systemic involvement, especially when skin lesions are small-sized and monomorphic. Children with mastocytosis often suffer from mast cell mediator-related symptoms. Severe hypersensitivity reactions can also occur, mostly in patients with extensive skin lesions and blistering. In a substantial number of these cases, the triggering factor of anaphylaxis remains unidentified. Management of pediatric mastocytosis is mainly based on strict avoidance of triggers, treatment with H1 and H2 histamine receptor blockers, and equipment of patients and their families with epinephrine auto-injectors for use in severe anaphylactic reactions. Advanced systemic mastocytosis occurs occasionally. All children with mastocytosis require follow-up examinations. A bone marrow investigation is performed when advanced systemic mastocytosis is suspected and has an impact on therapy or when cutaneous disease persists into adulthood.

Pediatric Mastocytosis: Recognition and Management

Mastocytosis is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by the accumulation of clonal mast cells in organs such as the skin and bone marrow. In contrast to adults, most affected children have only cutaneous involvement. This article reviews the molecular pathogenesis, skin findings, mast cell mediator-related symptoms, evaluation, and management of childhood-onset mastocytosis, noting differences from adult-onset disease. Current classification of cutaneous mastocytosis and the natural histories of different variants in pediatric patients are highlighted, with a focus on clinical manifestations with prognostic implications. A practical algorithm is provided to guide clinical assessment, laboratory and other investigations, and longitudinal monitoring, including recognition of hepatosplenomegaly as a marker of systemic disease and utilization of allele-specific quantitative PCR (ASqPCR) to detect KIT mutations in the peripheral blood. Updated information and consensus-based recommendations regarding possible triggers of mast-cell degranulation (e.g., physical, medications) are discussed, with an emphasis on patient-specific factors and avoiding excessive parental concern. Lastly, an individualized, stepwise approach to treatment of symptoms, skin-directed therapy, and potential use of kinase inhibitors for severe systemic disease is outlined.

Ethnopharmacology of Fruit Plants: A Literature Review on the Toxicological, Phytochemical, Cultural Aspects, and a Mechanistic Approach to the Pharmacological Effects of Four Widely Used Species

Fruit plants have been widely used by the population as a source of food, income and in the treatment of various diseases due to their nutritional and pharmacological properties. The aim of this study was to review information from the most current research about the phytochemical composition, biological and toxicological properties of four fruit species widely used by the world population in order to support the safe medicinal use of these species and encourage further studies on their therapeutic properties. The reviewed species are: Talisia esculenta, Brosimum gaudichaudii, Genipa americana, and Bromelia antiacantha. The review presents the botanical description of these species, their geographical distribution, forms of use in popular medicine, phytochemical studies and molecules isolated from different plant organs. The description of the pharmacological mechanism of action of secondary metabolites isolated from these species was detailed and toxicity studies related to them were reviewed. The present study demonstrates the significant concentration of phenolic compounds in these species and their anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, photosensitizing properties, among others. Such species provide important molecules with pharmacological activity that serve as raw materials for the development of new drugs, making further studies necessary to elucidate mechanisms of action not yet understood and prove the safety for use in humans.

Fluorescent Donor-Acceptor Psoralen Cruciforms by Consecutive Suzuki-Suzuki and Sonogashira-Sonogashira One-Pot Syntheses

Two novel donor-acceptor cruciform topologies are efficiently synthesized by site-selective Suzuki-Suzuki and Sonogashira-Sonogashira multicomponent reactions starting from a bromo-triflato-functionalized psoralen scaffold. In addition to tunability of photophysical properties, such as absorption and emission, many derivatives possess partially high relative fluorescence quantum yields in solution and fluoresce strongly in the solid state. Additionally, the promising compounds show solvatochromism and acidochromic effects. In addition, 8-p-anisyl-5-p-cyanophenyl-substituted psoralen exhibits aggregation-induced emission properties. Experimentally (applying the Lippert-Mataga model) and computationally (TD-DFT calculations), the pronounced charge transfer character of the longest wavelength absorption band was confirmed.

How It Works: The Immunology Underlying Phototherapy

Phototherapeutic modalities induce apoptosis of keratinocytes and immune cells, impact cytokine production, downregulate the IL-23/Th17 axis, and induce regulatory T cells. As in anti-IL-17 or anti-IL-23 antibody treatment, the dual action of phototherapy on skin and the immune system is likely responsible for sustained resolution of lesions in diseases such as psoriasis. In cutaneous T cell lymphoma, phototherapy may function by causing tumor cell apoptosis and eliminating the neoplastic and inflammatory infiltrate. Further research on phototherapeutic mechanisms will help advance, optimize, and refine dermatologic treatments and may open up novel avenues for treatment strategies in dermatology and beyond.

Electronic Finetuning of 8-Methoxy Psoralens by Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling: Acidochromicity and Solvatochromicity

Differently 5‐substituted 8‐methoxypsoralens can be synthesized by an efficient synthetic route with various cross‐coupling methodologies, such as Suzuki, Sonogashira and Heck reaction. Compared to previously synthesized psoralens, thereby promising daylight absorbing compounds as potentially active agents against certain skin diseases can be readily accessed. Extensive investigations of all synthesized psoralen derivatives reveal fluorescence in the solid state as well as several distinctly emissive derivatives in solution. Donor‐substituted psoralens exhibit remarkable photophysical properties, such as high fluorescence quantum yields and pronounced emission solvatochromicity and acidochromicity, which were scrutinized by Lippert–Mataga and Stern–Volmer plots. The results indicate that the compounds exceed the limit of visible light, a significant factor for potential applications as an active agent. In addition, (TD)DFT calculations were performed to elucidate the underlying electronic structure and to assign experimentally obtained data.

The efficacy of omalizumab in Cutaneous Mastocytosis: A case series

BACKGROUND

Mastocytosis describes a heterogeneous group of disorders arising from a clonal proliferation of mast cells. Given the lack of curative treatments for the cutaneous form, there is a significant need for superior therapies. Omalizumab is a recombinant DNA-derived humanized IgG monoclonal antibody that selectively binds to human immunoglobulin E (IgE). It represents a potential treatment for the management of cutaneous mastocytosis, which currently has no standard treatment.

METHODS

Two patients were treated with subcutaneous omalizumab 300 mg every 4 weeks.

DISCUSSION

Patient 1 experienced 50% reduction in cutaneous infiltration and moderate improvement in pruritus. Patient 2 underwent 90% complete clearance of cutaneous lesions and reported full resolution of pruritus. The median duration of treatment was 24 weeks and time to response was 8 weeks. No significant changes in tryptase levels were observed. Both patients experienced injection site reactions.

CONCLUSION

We provide evidence from two cases supporting the efficacy of IgE-mediated therapy in the treatment of cutaneous mastocytosis. Even at a higher-than-standard dose (300 mg vs. 150 mg), the drug was well-tolerated. As we await the results of pivotal clinical trials, omalizumab appears to be a promising treatment option in patients with cutaneous mastocytosis unresponsive to traditional therapies.

Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis: Case report and literature review

A 6-month-old boy was referred to our burn unit with a recurrent bullous dermatitis, fever, and emesis, originally diagnosed as staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) at an outside hospital. Infectious workup was negative and shave biopsy revealed a dense, diffuse dermal infiltrate of mast cells, consistent with diffuse cutaneous bullous mastocytosis-a rare variant of cutaneous mastocytosis. Treatment included a prolonged course of corticosteroids and antihistamines. Recognition of this rare form of mastocytosis is important, as it can be easily mistaken for other pediatric bullous diseases and is associated with life-threatening complications including vasodilation, anaphylactic shock, gastrointestinal bleeding, and death.

From Early Immunomodulatory Triggers to Immunosuppressive Outcome: Therapeutic Implications of the Complex Interplay Between the Wavebands of Sunlight and the Skin

Phototherapy is an efficient treatment for many cutaneous diseases that involve the activation of inflammatory pathways or the overgrowth of cells with aberrant phenotype. In this review, we discuss recent advances in photoimmunology, focusing on the effects of UV-based therapies currently used in dermatology. We describe the molecular responses to the main forms of photo(chemo)therapy such as UVB, UVA-1, and PUVA that include the triggering of apoptotic or immunosuppressive pathways and help to clear diseased skin. The early molecular response to UV involves DNA photoproducts, the isomerization of urocanic acid, the secretion of biophospholipids such as platelet activating factor (PAF), the activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor and inflammasome, and vitamin D synthesis. The simultaneous and complex interaction of these events regulates the activity of the immune system both locally and systemically, resulting in apoptosis of neoplastic and/or benign cells, reduction of cellular infiltrate, and regulation of cytokines and chemokines. Regulatory T-cells and Langerhans cells, among other skin-resident cellular populations, are deeply affected by UV exposure and are therefore important players in the mechanisms of immunomodulation and the therapeutic value of UV in all its forms. We weigh the contribution of these cells to the therapeutic application of UV and how they may participate in transferring the direct impact of UV on the skin into local and systemic immunomodulation. Moreover, we review the therapeutic mechanisms revealed by clinical and laboratory animal investigations in the most common cutaneous diseases treated with phototherapy such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, vitiligo, and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Better understanding of phototherapeutic mechanisms in these diseases will help advance treatment in general and make future therapeutic strategies more precise, targeted, personalized, safe, and efficient.

Cutaneous mastocytosis treatment: strategies, limitations and perspectives

Mastocytosis is a rare myeloproliferative disease, characterized by excessive proliferation and accumulation of mast cells in the tissues. In cutaneous mastocytosis (CM), mast cells infiltration is limited to the skin, whereas in systemic mastocytosis (SM) internal organs are involved. The first-line treatment in CM is antimediator therapy (mainly H1 and H2 antihistamines) and short-term topical corticosteroids. Phototherapy is the second-line therapy which may be considered when antihistamines do not produce the expected improvement. New therapeutic options include omalizumab and KIT-targeting agents. Although the disappearance of skin lesions has been reported as a result of cytoreductive therapies in SM, the use of potentially toxic drugs in CM is not recommended. In all adults with mastocytosis and in pediatric patients with severe CM, a persistently elevated serum tryptase level and anaphylaxis in medical history, equipping with epinephrine autoinjector for use in case of anaphylaxis is recommended.

A Perspective on the Use of NB-UVB Phototherapy vs. PUVA Photochemotherapy

Narrowband UVB (NB-UVB) phototherapy and psoralen-UVA (PUVA) photochemotherapy are widely used phototherapeutic modalities for a range of skin diseases. The main indication for NB-UVB and PUVA therapies is psoriasis, and other key diagnoses include atopic eczema, vitiligo, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), and the photodermatoses. The decision on choice of phototherapy is important and NB-UVB is usually the primary choice. NB-UVB phototherapy is a safe and effective therapy which is usually considered when topical agents have failed. PUVA requires prior psoralen sensitization but remains a highly effective mainstay therapy, often used when NB-UVB fails, there is rapid relapse following NB-UVB or in specific indications, such as pustular or erythrodermic psoriasis. This review will provide a perspective on the main indications for use of NB-UVB and PUVA therapies and provide comparative information on these important dermatological treatments.