1
|
Baes L, Pessi CF, Roman L, Chupil H, Dos Santos Costa PC, Reigada C. Postmortem examinations show human activity impacts over half of seabirds beach-cast in Brazil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2025; 973:179197. [PMID: 40121914 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2025] [Revised: 03/11/2025] [Accepted: 03/19/2025] [Indexed: 03/25/2025]
Abstract
The Southern Atlantic Ocean is home to globally significant seabird populations, and off Brazil little is known about health condition in many species. Despite major known threats that these birds face (i.e., bycatch in fisheries, climate change, disease and pollution), plastic ingestion has become an emerging risk to seabirds, of which it is not clear how sublethal effects take part in the health of individuals that wash up along the coastline. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize seabird health of beach-cast seabirds in Brazil to understand how ingested plastic is related to cause of death and other pathologies. We reviewed complete postmortem examination records of 654 seabirds that beached between 2017 and 2021 in Southeastern Brazil. We identified a multitude of causes that lead to the beaching and death of wild seabirds, including natural and anthropogenic causes, and we also found that over half of analyzed seabirds were impacted by anthropogenic activity (fisheries, oil, plastic, and trauma). Fisheries foremost among them have been impacting seabirds in interactive ways, through bycatch, trauma, and by mismanaged associated debris. We found 5 % of birds that ingested plastic had potential debris obstruction in the gastrointestinal tract, and a possible relationship between ingested plastic and starvation either as a cause of death or as a pathological condition. This study highlights that seabird populations that beach in southeastern Brazil are subject to multiple and interacting threats from anthropogenic activities, providing recent data that can serve as baseline for awareness, conservation and public policies in the South Atlantic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Baes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, Washington Luiz, s/n - Monjolinho, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil; Laboratório de Ecologia de Interações, Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luiz, s/n - Monjolinho, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Caroline Freitas Pessi
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada de Animais Silvestres FMVZ/USP, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária "Armando Salles de Oliveira", São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Lauren Roman
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, 20 Castray Esp, Battery Point, Hobart, Tasmania 7004, Australia
| | - Henrique Chupil
- Instituto de Pesquisas Cananéia - IPeC - Centro de Reabilitação e Despetrolização de Animais Marinhos, Avenida Luiz Rangel, 1167, Cananéia, SP 11.990-000, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina Reigada
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Interações, Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luiz, s/n - Monjolinho, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
de Brito SG, Dias TS, Dos Santos Machado L, de Souza JB, da Cunha NC, de Almeida Pereira VL, Barreto ML, de Mello Figueiredo Cerqueira A, Neves FPG. Detection of Mycoplasma spp. in free-living seabirds. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:2937-2942. [PMID: 38833117 PMCID: PMC11405359 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01409-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the presence of Mycoplasma spp. and identify the species of mycoplasma isolates obtained from seabirds found on Brazilian coastal beaches. Tracheal and cloacal swab samples were collected from 50 seabirds rescued by three conservation and marine animal rehabilitation centers located in Brazil. The tracheal and cloacal samples were subjected to mycoplasma culture and the isolates were identified through PCR. A "Mollicutes-specific" 16S rRNA PCR reaction was employed for triage. Four species-specific PCR reactions were used to detect Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, Mycoplasma meleagridis, or M. gallinarum. The Mollicutes positive and species negative samples were submitted do 16S rRNA sequencing. Eighteen (36%) of 50 seabirds tested positive for mycoplasma by culture. In the PCR for the genus, 28 (56%) of 50 seabirds were positive for Mycoplasma spp., with 13 (26%) detected in the trachea, one (2%) in the cloaca, and 14 (28%) in both sites. In the species-specific PCR, M. gallisepticum was detected in 17.8%, and M. meleagridis in 17.8%. Both species were detected in 14.3%. Of the isolates not characterized at species level, we obtained ten sequences and they were divided into three clusters. The first cluster was closely related to M. meleagridis, the second to M. synoviae, and the third grouped M. tully, M. gallisepticum, and M. imitans. Four and five of nine species of seabirds studied had mycoplasma detected by culture or PCR, respectively. Mycoplasmas were found in the majority of the animals studied, with the highest prevalence proportionally found in Sula leucogaster, and the lowest in Fregata magnificens. The phylogenetic analysis identified Mycoplasma spp. adapted to aquatic birds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samara Gomes de Brito
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu Em Microbiologia E Parasitologia Aplicadas (PPGMPA), da Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Thomas Salles Dias
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva Veterinária E Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leandro Dos Santos Machado
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva Veterinária E Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jenif Braga de Souza
- Instituto de Ciência E Tecnologia Em Biomodelos (ICTB), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Nathalie Costa da Cunha
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva Veterinária E Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Virginia Léo de Almeida Pereira
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva Veterinária E Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Lúcia Barreto
- Departamento de Imunologia (GIM), Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Felipe Piedade Gonçalves Neves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu Em Microbiologia E Parasitologia Aplicadas (PPGMPA), da Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Departamento de Microbiologia E Parasitologia (MIP), Instituto Biomédico (CMB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Klukowski N, Eden P, Uddin MJ, Sarker S. Virome of Australia's most endangered parrot in captivity evidenced of harboring hitherto unknown viruses. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0305223. [PMID: 38047696 PMCID: PMC10783009 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03052-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The impact of circulating viruses on the critically endangered, orange-bellied parrot (OBP) population can be devastating. The OBP already faces numerous threats to its survival in the wild, including habitat loss, predation, and small population impacts. Conservation of the wild OBP population is heavily reliant on supplementation using OBPs from a managed captive breeding program. These birds may act as a source for introduction of a novel disease agent to the wild population that may affect survival and reproduction. It is, therefore, essential to monitor and assess the health of OBPs and take appropriate measures to prevent and control the spread of viral infections. This requires knowledge of the existing virome to identify novel and emerging viruses and support development of appropriate measures to manage associated risk. By monitoring and protecting these animals from emerging viral diseases, we can help ensure their ongoing survival and preserve the biodiversity of our planet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Klukowski
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Eden
- Wildlife Conservation and Science, Zoos Victoria, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Muhammad Jasim Uddin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- Center for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Subir Sarker
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Biomedical Sciences & Molecular Biology, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Guth S, Mollentze N, Renault K, Streicker DG, Visher E, Boots M, Brook CE. Bats host the most virulent-but not the most dangerous-zoonotic viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2113628119. [PMID: 35349342 DOI: 10.1101/2021.07.25.453574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
SignificanceThe clear need to mitigate zoonotic risk has fueled increased viral discovery in specific reservoir host taxa. We show that a combination of viral and reservoir traits can predict zoonotic virus virulence and transmissibility in humans, supporting the hypothesis that bats harbor exceptionally virulent zoonoses. However, pandemic prevention requires thinking beyond zoonotic capacity, virulence, and transmissibility to consider collective "burden" on human health. For this, viral discovery targeting specific reservoirs may be inefficient as death burden correlates with viral, not reservoir, traits, and depends on context-specific epidemiological dynamics across and beyond the human-animal interface. These findings suggest that longitudinal studies of viral dynamics in reservoir and spillover host populations may offer the most effective strategy for mitigating zoonotic risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Guth
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Nardus Mollentze
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Katia Renault
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Daniel G Streicker
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Visher
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Mike Boots
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Exeter TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
| | - Cara E Brook
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Guth S, Mollentze N, Renault K, Streicker DG, Visher E, Boots M, Brook CE. Bats host the most virulent-but not the most dangerous-zoonotic viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2113628119. [PMID: 35349342 PMCID: PMC9168486 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2113628119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SignificanceThe clear need to mitigate zoonotic risk has fueled increased viral discovery in specific reservoir host taxa. We show that a combination of viral and reservoir traits can predict zoonotic virus virulence and transmissibility in humans, supporting the hypothesis that bats harbor exceptionally virulent zoonoses. However, pandemic prevention requires thinking beyond zoonotic capacity, virulence, and transmissibility to consider collective "burden" on human health. For this, viral discovery targeting specific reservoirs may be inefficient as death burden correlates with viral, not reservoir, traits, and depends on context-specific epidemiological dynamics across and beyond the human-animal interface. These findings suggest that longitudinal studies of viral dynamics in reservoir and spillover host populations may offer the most effective strategy for mitigating zoonotic risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Guth
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Nardus Mollentze
- Medical Research Council–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Katia Renault
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Daniel G. Streicker
- Medical Research Council–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Visher
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Mike Boots
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Exeter TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
| | - Cara E. Brook
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lilly M, Amaya-Mejia W, Pavan L, Peng C, Crews A, Tran N, Sehgal R, Swei A. Local Community Composition Drives Avian Borrelia burgdorferi Infection and Tick Infestation. Vet Sci 2022; 9:55. [PMID: 35202308 PMCID: PMC8875765 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, zoonotic vector-borne diseases are on the rise and understanding their complex transmission cycles is pertinent to mitigating disease risk. In North America, Lyme disease is the most commonly reported vector-borne disease and is caused by transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) from Ixodes spp. ticks to a diverse group of vertebrate hosts. Small mammal reservoir hosts are primarily responsible for maintenance of B. burgdorferi s.l. across the United States. Nevertheless, birds can also be parasitized by ticks and are capable of infection with B. burgdorferi s.l. but their role in B. burgdorferi s.l. transmission dynamics is understudied. Birds could be important in both the maintenance and spread of B. burgdorferi s.l. and ticks because of their high mobility and shared habitat with important mammalian reservoir hosts. This study aims to better understand the role of avian hosts in tick-borne zoonotic disease transmission cycles in the western United States. We surveyed birds, mammals, and ticks at nine sites in northern California for B. burgdorferi s.l. infection and collected data on other metrics of host community composition such as abundance and diversity of birds, small mammals, lizards, predators, and ticks. We found 22.8% of birds infected with B. burgdorferi s.l. and that the likelihood of avian B. burgdorferi s.l. infection was significantly associated with local host community composition and pathogen prevalence in California. Additionally, we found an average tick burden of 0.22 ticks per bird across all species. Predator and lizard abundances were significant predictors of avian tick infestation. These results indicate that birds are relevant hosts in the local B. burgdorferi s.l. transmission cycle in the western United States and quantifying their role in the spread and maintenance of Lyme disease requires further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Lilly
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 94132, USA; (N.T.); (R.S.)
| | - Wilmer Amaya-Mejia
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 612 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Lucas Pavan
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Ceili Peng
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 31 Ames St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA;
| | - Arielle Crews
- San Mateo County Mosquito and Vector Control District, 1351 Rollins Road, Burlingame, CA 94010, USA;
| | - Nghia Tran
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 94132, USA; (N.T.); (R.S.)
| | - Ravinder Sehgal
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 94132, USA; (N.T.); (R.S.)
| | - Andrea Swei
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 94132, USA; (N.T.); (R.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bonneaud C, Tardy L, Hill GE, McGraw KJ, Wilson AJ, Giraudeau M. Experimental evidence for stabilizing selection on virulence in a bacterial pathogen. Evol Lett 2020; 4:491-501. [PMID: 33312685 PMCID: PMC7719545 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The virulence‐transmission trade‐off hypothesis has provided a dominant theoretical basis for predicting pathogen virulence evolution, but empirical tests are rare, particularly at pathogen emergence. The central prediction of this hypothesis is that pathogen fitness is maximized at intermediate virulence due to a trade‐off between infection duration and transmission rate. However, obtaining sufficient numbers of pathogen isolates of contrasting virulence to test the shape of relationships between key pathogen traits, and doing so without the confounds of evolved host protective immunity (as expected at emergence), is challenging. Here, we inoculated 55 isolates of the bacterial pathogen, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, into non‐resistant house finches (Haemorhous mexicanus) from populations that have never been exposed to the disease. Isolates were collected over a 20‐year period from outbreak in disease‐exposed populations of house finches and vary markedly in virulence. We found a positive linear relationship between pathogen virulence and transmission rate to an uninfected sentinel, supporting the core assumption of the trade‐off hypothesis. Further, in support of the key prediction, there was no evidence for directional selection on a quantitative proxy of pathogen virulence and, instead, isolates of intermediate virulence were fittest. Surprisingly, however, the positive relationship between virulence and transmission rate was not underpinned by variation in pathogen load or replication rate as is commonly assumed. Our results indicate that selection favors pathogens of intermediate virulence at disease emergence in a novel host species, even when virulence and transmission are not linked to pathogen load.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Bonneaud
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences University of Exeter Penryn Cornwall TR10 9FE United Kingdom
| | - Luc Tardy
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences University of Exeter Penryn Cornwall TR10 9FE United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey E Hill
- Department of Biological Sciences Auburn University Auburn Alabama 36849-5414, United States of America
| | - Kevin J McGraw
- School of Life Sciences Arizona State University Tempe Arizona 85287-4501, United States of America
| | - Alastair J Wilson
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences University of Exeter Penryn Cornwall TR10 9FE United Kingdom
| | - Mathieu Giraudeau
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences University of Exeter Penryn Cornwall TR10 9FE United Kingdom.,School of Life Sciences Arizona State University Tempe Arizona 85287-4501, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Current status of vaccine research, development, and challenges of vaccines for Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Poult Sci 2020; 99:4195-4202. [PMID: 32867963 PMCID: PMC7598112 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is an important avian pathogen that causes significant economic losses in the poultry industry. Surprisingly, the limited protection and adverse reactions caused by the vaccines, including live vaccines, bacterin-based (killed) vaccines, and recombinant viral vaccines is still a major concern. Mycoplasma gallisepticum strains vary in infectivity and virulence and infection may sometimes unapparent and goes undetected. Although extensive research has been carried out on the biology of this pathogen, information is lacking about the type of immune response that confers protection and selection of appropriate protective antigens and adjuvants. Regardless of numerous efforts focused on the development of safe and effective vaccine for the control of MG, the use of modern DNA vaccine technology selected in silico approaches for the use of conserved recombinant proteins may be a better choice for the preparation of novel effective vaccines. More research is needed to characterize and elucidate MG products modulating MG-host interactions. These products could be used as a reference for the preparation and development of vaccines to control MG infections in poultry flocks.
Collapse
|
9
|
Pitarch A, Gil C, Blanco G. Vultures from different trophic guilds show distinct oral pathogenic yeast signatures and co-occurrence networks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 723:138166. [PMID: 32224410 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Vultures have evolved adaptive mechanisms to prevent infections associated with their scavenging lifestyle. However, food-borne exposure to antimicrobial pharmaceuticals can promote opportunistic infections with adverse outcomes. Here, we used multivariate and network analyses to increase understanding of the behavior of the yeast communities causing oral mycosis outbreaks recently reported in wild nestling cinereous (Aegypius monachus), griffon (Gyps fulvus) and Egyptian (Neophron percnopterus) vultures (CV, GV and EV, respectively) exposed to antibiotics from livestock farming. Common and unique yeast signatures (of Candida, Debaromyces, Diutina, Meyerozyma, Naganishia, Pichia, Rhodotorula, Trichosporon and Yarrowia species) associated with oral mycoses were identified in the three vulture species. Hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) highlighted that oral lesions from CV and GV shared similar yeast signatures (of major causative pathogens of opportunistic mycoses, such as Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis), while EV had a distinct yeast signature (of uncommon pathogenic species, such as Candida dubliniensis, Candida zeylanoides, Pichia fermentans and Rhodotorula spp.). Synergistic interactions between yeast species from distinct fungal phyla were found in lesions from CV and GV, but not in EV. These formed co-occurrence subnetworks with partially or fully connected topology. This study reveals that the composition, assembly and co-occurrence patterns of the yeast communities causing oral mycoses differ between vulture species with distinct feeding habits and scavenging lifestyles. Yeast species widely pathogenic to humans and animals, and yeast co-occurrence relationships, are distinctive hallmarks of oral mycoses in CV and GV. These vulture species are more exposed to antibiotics from intensively medicated livestock carcasses provided in supplementary feeding stations and show higher incidence of thrush-like oral lesions than EV. These findings may be useful for development of new initiatives or changes in the conservation of these avian scavengers affected by anthropogenic activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aida Pitarch
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) and Ramón y Cajal Institute of Health Research (IRYCIS), Spain; Ramón y Cajal University Hospital (HURC) Foundation for Biomedical Research, Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Concha Gil
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) and Ramón y Cajal Institute of Health Research (IRYCIS), Spain; Ramón y Cajal University Hospital (HURC) Foundation for Biomedical Research, Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI), Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Blanco
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, National Museum of Natural Sciences, Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Contrasting evolution of virulence and replication rate in an emerging bacterial pathogen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:16927-16932. [PMID: 31371501 PMCID: PMC6708350 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1901556116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing antibiotic resistance, there is a pressing need to understand how host resistance naturally influences bacterial virulence and replication rates. We test this in an infection experiment using 55 isolates of a bacterium, which were collected over the course of the epidemic following its natural emergence in a North American songbird. We demonstrate virulence has increased linearly from outbreak to the present day, encompassing >150,000 bacterial generations. Despite this, bacterial replication rate only increased during the initial spread of host resistance but not thereafter. Thus, contrary to common assumptions, virulence and replication rates can evolve independently, particularly after the initial spread of host resistance. Host resistance through immune clearance is predicted to favor pathogens that are able to transmit faster and are hence more virulent. Increasing pathogen virulence is, in turn, typically assumed to be mediated by increasing replication rates. However, experiments designed to test how pathogen virulence and replication rates evolve in response to increasing host resistance, as well as the relationship between the two, are rare and lacking for naturally evolving host–pathogen interactions. We inoculated 55 isolates of Mycoplasma gallisepticum, collected over 20 y from outbreak, into house finches (Haemorhous mexicanus) from disease-unexposed populations, which have not evolved protective immunity to M. gallisepticum. We show using 3 different metrics of virulence (body mass loss, symptom severity, and putative mortality rate) that virulence has increased linearly over >150,000 bacterial generations since outbreak (1994 to 2015). By contrast, while replication rates increased from outbreak to the initial spread of resistance (1994 to 2004), no further increases have occurred subsequently (2007 to 2015). Finally, as a consequence, we found that any potential mediating effect of replication rate on virulence evolution was restricted to the period when host resistance was initially increasing in the population. Taken together, our results show that pathogen virulence and replication rates can evolve independently, particularly after the initial spread of host resistance. We hypothesize that the evolution of pathogen virulence can be driven primarily by processes such as immune manipulation after resistance spreads in host populations.
Collapse
|
12
|
Townsend AK, Taff CC, Wheeler SS, Weis AM, Hinton MG, Jones ML, Logsdon RM, Reisen WK, Freund D, Sehgal RNM, Saberi M, Suh YH, Hurd J, Boyce WM. Low heterozygosity is associated with vector‐borne disease in crows. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Conor C. Taff
- Cornell University Laboratory of Ornithology Ithaca New York 14850 USA
| | - Sarah S. Wheeler
- Sacramento‐Yolo Mosquito and Vector Control District Elk Grove California 95624 USA
| | - Allison M. Weis
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction School of Veterinary Medicine 100K Pathogen Genome Project University of California Davis California 95616 USA
| | - Mitch G. Hinton
- Animal Behavior Graduate Group University of California Davis California 95616 USA
| | - Melissa L. Jones
- Avian Sciences Graduate Group University of California Davis California 95616 USA
| | - Ryane M. Logsdon
- Animal Behavior Graduate Group University of California Davis California 95616 USA
| | - William K. Reisen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis California 95616 USA
| | - David Freund
- Department of Biology San Francisco State University San Francisco California 94132 USA
| | - Ravinder N. M. Sehgal
- Department of Biology San Francisco State University San Francisco California 94132 USA
| | - Mojan Saberi
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology University of California Davis California 95616 USA
| | - Young Ha Suh
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Jacqueline Hurd
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology University of California Davis California 95616 USA
| | - Walter M. Boyce
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis California 95616 USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gates DE, Valletta JJ, Bonneaud C, Recker M. Quantitative host resistance drives the evolution of increased virulence in an emerging pathogen. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:1704-1714. [PMID: 30107064 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Emergent infectious diseases can have a devastating impact on host populations. The high selective pressures on both the hosts and the pathogens frequently lead to rapid adaptations not only in pathogen virulence but also host resistance following an initial outbreak. However, it is often unclear whether hosts will evolve to avoid infection-associated fitness costs by preventing the establishment of infection (here referred to as qualitative resistance) or by limiting its deleterious effects through immune functioning (here referred to as quantitative resistance). Equally, the evolutionary repercussions these different resistance mechanisms have for the pathogen are often unknown. Here, we investigate the co-evolutionary dynamics of pathogen virulence and host resistance following the epizootic outbreak of the highly pathogenic bacterium Mycoplasma gallisepticum in North American house finches (Haemorhous mexicanus). Using an evolutionary modelling approach and with a specific emphasis on the evolved resistance trait, we demonstrate that the rapid increase in the frequency of resistant birds following the outbreak is indicative of strong selection pressure to reduce infection-associated mortality. This, in turn, created the ecological conditions that selected for increased bacterial virulence. Our results thus suggest that quantitative host resistance was the key factor underlying the evolutionary interactions in this natural host-pathogen system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - John Joseph Valletta
- Centre for Mathematics & the Environment, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | | | - Mario Recker
- Centre for Mathematics & the Environment, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sebastiano M, Eens M, Messina S, AbdElgawad H, Pineau K, Beemster GTS, Chastel O, Costantini D. Resveratrol supplementation reduces oxidative stress and modulates the immune response in free‐living animals during a viral infection. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manrico Sebastiano
- Department of Biology, Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology GroupUniversity of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium
| | - Marcel Eens
- Department of Biology, Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology GroupUniversity of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium
| | - Simone Messina
- Department of Biology, Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology GroupUniversity of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Department of Biology, Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES)University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium
| | - Kévin Pineau
- Groupe d'Etude et de Protection des Oiseaux en Guyane (GEPOG) Cayenne French Guiana
| | - Gerrit T. S. Beemster
- Department of Biology, Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES)University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium
| | - Olivier Chastel
- Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC)UMR7372 ‐ CNRS/University of La Rochelle La Rochelle France
| | - David Costantini
- Department of Biology, Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology GroupUniversity of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium
- UMR 7221 CNRS/MNHN, Muséum National d'Histoire NaturelleSorbonne Universités Paris France
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative MedicineUniversity of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Vinkler M, Leon AE, Kirkpatrick L, Dalloul RA, Hawley DM. Differing House Finch Cytokine Expression Responses to Original and Evolved Isolates of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29403495 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00013/full] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of the poultry bacterial pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) in free-living house finches (Haemorhous mexicanus), which causes mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in this passerine bird species, resulted in a rapid coevolutionary arms-race between MG and its novel avian host. Despite extensive research on the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of this host-pathogen system over the past two decades, the immunological responses of house finches to MG infection remain poorly understood. We developed seven new probe-based one-step quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays to investigate mRNA expression of house finch cytokine genes (IL1B, IL6, IL10, IL18, TGFB2, TNFSF15, and CXCLi2, syn. IL8L). These assays were then used to describe cytokine transcription profiles in a panel of 15 house finch tissues collected at three distinct time points during MG infection. Based on initial screening that indicated strong pro-inflammatory cytokine expression during MG infection at the periorbital sites in particular, we selected two key house finch tissues for further characterization: the nictitating membrane, i.e., the internal eyelid in direct contact with MG, and the Harderian gland, the secondary lymphoid tissue responsible for regulation of periorbital immunity. We characterized cytokine responses in these two tissues for 60 house finches experimentally inoculated either with media alone (sham) or one of two MG isolates: the earliest known pathogen isolate from house finches (VA1994) or an evolutionarily more derived isolate collected in 2006 (NC2006), which is known to be more virulent. We show that the more derived and virulent isolate NC2006, relative to VA1994, triggers stronger local inflammatory cytokine signaling, with peak cytokine expression generally occurring 3-6 days following MG inoculation. We also found that the extent of pro-inflammatory interleukin 1 beta signaling was correlated with conjunctival MG loads and the extent of clinical signs of conjunctivitis, the main pathological effect of MG in house finches. These results suggest that the pathogenicity caused by MG infection in house finches is largely mediated by host pro-inflammatory immune responses, with important implications for the dynamics of host-pathogen coevolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Vinkler
- Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ariel E Leon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Laila Kirkpatrick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Rami A Dalloul
- Avian Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Dana M Hawley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Vinkler M, Leon AE, Kirkpatrick L, Dalloul RA, Hawley DM. Differing House Finch Cytokine Expression Responses to Original and Evolved Isolates of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Front Immunol 2018; 9:13. [PMID: 29403495 PMCID: PMC5786573 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of the poultry bacterial pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) in free-living house finches (Haemorhous mexicanus), which causes mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in this passerine bird species, resulted in a rapid coevolutionary arms-race between MG and its novel avian host. Despite extensive research on the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of this host-pathogen system over the past two decades, the immunological responses of house finches to MG infection remain poorly understood. We developed seven new probe-based one-step quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays to investigate mRNA expression of house finch cytokine genes (IL1B, IL6, IL10, IL18, TGFB2, TNFSF15, and CXCLi2, syn. IL8L). These assays were then used to describe cytokine transcription profiles in a panel of 15 house finch tissues collected at three distinct time points during MG infection. Based on initial screening that indicated strong pro-inflammatory cytokine expression during MG infection at the periorbital sites in particular, we selected two key house finch tissues for further characterization: the nictitating membrane, i.e., the internal eyelid in direct contact with MG, and the Harderian gland, the secondary lymphoid tissue responsible for regulation of periorbital immunity. We characterized cytokine responses in these two tissues for 60 house finches experimentally inoculated either with media alone (sham) or one of two MG isolates: the earliest known pathogen isolate from house finches (VA1994) or an evolutionarily more derived isolate collected in 2006 (NC2006), which is known to be more virulent. We show that the more derived and virulent isolate NC2006, relative to VA1994, triggers stronger local inflammatory cytokine signaling, with peak cytokine expression generally occurring 3-6 days following MG inoculation. We also found that the extent of pro-inflammatory interleukin 1 beta signaling was correlated with conjunctival MG loads and the extent of clinical signs of conjunctivitis, the main pathological effect of MG in house finches. These results suggest that the pathogenicity caused by MG infection in house finches is largely mediated by host pro-inflammatory immune responses, with important implications for the dynamics of host-pathogen coevolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Vinkler
- Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ariel E. Leon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Laila Kirkpatrick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Rami A. Dalloul
- Avian Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Dana M. Hawley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hacioglu S, Dincer E, Isler CT, Karapinar Z, Ataseven VS, Ozkul A, Ergunay K. A Snapshot Avian Surveillance Reveals West Nile Virus and Evidence of Wild Birds Participating in Toscana Virus Circulation. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2017; 17:698-708. [PMID: 28832259 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2017.2138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Birds are involved in the epidemiology of several vector-borne viruses, as amplification hosts for viruses, dissemination vehicles for the vectors, and sources of emerging strains in cross-species transmission. Turkey provides diverse habitats for a variety of wild birds and is located along major bird migration routes. This study was undertaken to provide a cross-sectional screening of avian specimens for a spectrum of vector-borne viruses. MATERIALS AND METHODS The specimens were collected in Hatay province, in the Mediterranean coast of the Anatolian peninsula, located in the convergence zone of the known migration routes. Generic PCR assays were used for the detection of members of Nairovirus, Flavivirus, and Phlebovirus genera of Flaviviridae and Bunyaviridae families. The circulating viruses were characterized via sequencing and selected specimens were inoculated onto Vero cell lines for virus isolation. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Specimens from 72 wild birds belonging in 8 orders and 14 species were collected. A total of 158 specimens that comprise 32 sera (20.3%) from 7 species and 126 tissues (79.7%) from 14 species were screened. Eight specimens (8/158, 5%), obtained from 4 individuals (4/72, 5.5%), were positive. West Nile virus (WNV) lineage 1 sequences were characterized in the spleen, heart, and kidney tissues from a lesser spotted eagle (Clanga pomarina), which distinctly clustered from sequences previously identified in Turkey. Toscana virus (TOSV) genotype A and B sequences were identified in brain and kidney tissues from a greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus), a great white pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus), and a black stork (Ciconia nigra), without successful virus isolation. Partial amino acid sequences of the viral nucleocapsid protein revealed previously unreported substitutions. This study documents the involvement of avians in WNV dispersion in Anatolia as well in TOSV life cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabri Hacioglu
- 1 Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University , Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ender Dincer
- 2 Advanced Technology Education, Research and Application Center, Mersin University , Mersin, Turkey
| | - Cafer Tayer Isler
- 3 Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University , Hatay, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Karapinar
- 4 Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yuzuncu Yıl University , Van, Turkey
| | - Veysel Soydal Ataseven
- 5 Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University , Hatay, Turkey
| | - Aykut Ozkul
- 1 Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University , Ankara, Turkey
| | - Koray Ergunay
- 6 Virology Unit, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University , Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Oxidative stress biomarkers are associated with visible clinical signs of a disease in frigatebird nestlings. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1599. [PMID: 28487518 PMCID: PMC5431617 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01417-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are one of the most common threats for both domestic and wild animals, but little is known about the effects on the physiological condition and survival of wild animals. Here, we have tested for the first time in a wild vertebrate facing a viral disease possibly due to herpesvirus (i) whether nestlings with either low levels of oxidative damage or high levels of antioxidant protection are less susceptible to develop visible clinical signs, (ii) whether the disease is associated with the nestlings’ oxidative status, (iii) whether the association between the disease and oxidative status is similar between males and females (iv), and whether cloacal and tracheal swabs might be used to detect herpesvirus. To address our questions, we took advantage of a population of Magnificent frigatebirds (Fregata magnificens) whose nestlings have experienced high mortality rates in recent times. Our work shows that (i) blood lipid oxidative damage is associated with observable clinical signs and survival probabilities of nestling frigatebirds, and (ii) that high glutathione levels in red blood cells are associated with the emergence of visible clinical signs of the disease. Our work provides evidence that differences in the oxidative status of nestlings might underlie individual health and survival.
Collapse
|
19
|
Shultz AJ, Baker AJ, Hill GE, Nolan PM, Edwards SV. SNPs across time and space: population genomic signatures of founder events and epizootics in the House Finch ( Haemorhous mexicanus). Ecol Evol 2016; 6:7475-7489. [PMID: 28725414 PMCID: PMC5513257 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying genomic signatures of natural selection can be challenging against a background of demographic changes such as bottlenecks and population expansions. Here, we disentangle the effects of demography from selection in the House Finch (Haemorhous mexicanus) using samples collected before and after a pathogen‐induced selection event. Using ddRADseq, we genotyped over 18,000 SNPs across the genome in native pre‐epizootic western US birds, introduced birds from Hawaii and the eastern United States, post‐epizootic eastern birds, and western birds sampled across a similar time span. We found 14% and 7% reductions in nucleotide diversity, respectively, in Hawaiian and pre‐epizootic eastern birds relative to pre‐epizootic western birds, as well as elevated levels of linkage disequilibrium and other signatures of founder events. Despite finding numerous significant frequency shifts (outlier loci) between pre‐epizootic native and introduced populations, we found no signal of reduced genetic diversity, elevated linkage disequilibrium, or outlier loci as a result of the epizootic. Simulations demonstrate that the proportion of outliers associated with founder events could be explained by genetic drift. This rare view of genetic evolution across time in an invasive species provides direct evidence that demographic shifts like founder events have genetic consequences more widespread across the genome than natural selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison J Shultz
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard University Cambridge MA USA
| | - Allan J Baker
- Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Geoffrey E Hill
- Department of Biological Sciences Auburn University Auburn AL USA
| | - Paul M Nolan
- Department of Biology The Citadel Charleston SC USA
| | - Scott V Edwards
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard University Cambridge MA USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sebastiano M, Chastel O, de Thoisy B, Eens M, Costantini D. Oxidative stress favours herpes virus infection in vertebrates: a meta-analysis. Curr Zool 2016; 62:325-332. [PMID: 29491920 PMCID: PMC5829443 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zow019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes viruses are responsible for a variety of pathological effects in humans and in both wild and domestic animals. One mechanism that has been proposed to facilitate replication and activity of herpes viruses is oxidative stress (OS). We used meta-analytical techniques to test the hypotheses that (1) herpes virus infection causes OS and (2) supplementation of antioxidants reduces virus load, indicating that replication is favoured by a state of OS. Results based on studies on mammals, including humans, and birds show that (1) OS is indeed increased by herpes virus infection across multiple tissues and species, (2) biomarkers of OS may change differently between tissues, and (3) the effect size does not differ among different virus strains. In addition, the increase of oxidative damage in blood (tissue commonly available in ecological studies) was similar to that in the tissues most sensitive to the herpes virus. Our results also show that administration of antioxidants reduces virus yield, indicating that a condition of OS is favorable for the viral replication. In addition, some antioxidants may be more efficient than others in reducing herpes virus yield. Our results point to a potential mechanism linking herpes virus infection to individual health status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manrico Sebastiano
- Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Biology,
University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Olivier Chastel
- Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR7372 – Centre National de la
Recherche Scientifique/Université La Rochelle
| | - Benoît de Thoisy
- Laboratory of Virus-Host Interactions. Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, French
Guiana, France, and
| | - Marcel Eens
- Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Biology,
University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - David Costantini
- Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Biology,
University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine
(IBAHCM), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Affiliation(s)
- J E Bradley
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|