1
|
Tian X, Lu M, Bu Y, Zhang Y, Aimulajiang K, Liang M, Li C, Yan R, Xu L, Song X, Li X. Immunization With Recombinant Haemonchus contortus Y75B8A.8 Partially Protects Local Crossbred Female Goats From Haemonchus contortus Infection. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:765700. [PMID: 35445096 PMCID: PMC9014092 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.765700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus Y75B8A.8 (Hc8) derived from H. contortus excretory–secretory (ES) products was identified as a functional inhibitor of goat interleukin 2 (IL-2). It may act as a vaccine candidate for the development of therapeutic strategies against H. contortus infection. In this research, recombinant Hc8 (rHc8) and goat anti-rHc8 polyclonal antibodies were employed to evaluate the protective capacities of Hc8 antigen against H. contortus infections via active and passive immunization trials, respectively. In both trials, local crossbred female goats aged 9–12 months old were randomly divided into three groups, five in each group, respectively. Parasitological examinations, including fecal egg counts (FEC), cumulative FEC (cFEC), and worm burdens, were performed. In addition, antibody levels in mucosal homogenate (MH) samples and hematological and immunological parameters were detected. In the passive trial, goats were intravenously immunized with 5 mg total IgG containing anti-rHc8 goat polyclonal antibodies. After twice immunization, compared with the challenged control group, cFEC was reduced by 39%. In addition, there was a 46% reduction of worm burdens compared with the challenged controls. In the active immunization trials, 500 μg of recombinant Hc8 protein was given subcutaneously twice to 9–12-month-old local crossbred female goats with a 2-week interval, resulting in the generation of high levels of antigen-specific circulating antibodies. Besides, cFEC and abomasal worm burden were reduced by 70 and 55%, respectively, compared with the challenged control group. In addition, immunized goats had higher mucosal homogenate IgA and hemoglobin levels than the challenged controls in both passive and active immunization trials. These preliminary results demonstrated the immunoprophylactic effects of Hc8 antigen and will inform new studies on ES proteins in developing subunit recombinant vaccines against H. contortus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Tian
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingmin Lu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongqian Bu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kalibixiati Aimulajiang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Liang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Charles Li
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lixin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wen Z, Aleem MT, Aimulajiang K, Chen C, Liang M, Song X, Xu L, Li X, Yan R. The GT1-TPS Structural Domain Protein From Haemonchus contortus Could Be Suppressive Antigen of Goat PBMCs. Front Immunol 2022; 12:787091. [PMID: 35058927 PMCID: PMC8764253 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.787091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Trehalose phosphate synthase (TPS), a key enzyme in trehalose synthesis, is not present in mammals but critical to the viability of a wide range of lower organisms. However, almost nothing is known about the function of Hc-TPS (GT1-TPS structural domain protein from Haemonchus contortus). In this study, Hc-TPS gene was cloned and the recombinant protein (rHc-TPS) was expressed and purified. The quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) results showed that Hc-TPS was transcribed at different stages of H. contortus, with higher levels of transcription at the molting and embryo stages. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that Hc-TPS was widely distributed in adults, but the expression was mainly localized on the mucosal surface of the intestine as well as in the embryos of female worms. The impacts of rHc-TPS on peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation, nitric oxide (NO) generation, transcriptional expression of cytokines, and related pathways were examined by co-incubating rHc-TPS with goat PBMCs. The results showed that rHc-TPS significantly inhibited PBMC proliferation and NO secretion in a dose-dependent manner. We also found that rHc-TPS activated the interleukin (IL)-10/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3/suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (IL-10/STAT3/SOCS3) axis and significantly promoted SOCS3 expression, while inhibiting interferon-gamma (INF-γ), IL-4, IL-9, and IL-2 pathways. Our findings may contribute to understanding the immune evasion mechanism for the parasite during host-parasite interactions and also help to provide ideas for discovering new drug targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohai Wen
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muhammad Tahir Aleem
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kalibixiati Aimulajiang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Liang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lixin Xu
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lu M, Tian X, Wang W, Zhang Y, Aimulajiang K, Tian AL, Li C, Yan R, Xu L, Song X, Li X. The excretory-secretory antigen HcADRM1 to generate protective immunity against Haemonchus contortus. Parasitology 2021; 148:1497-1508. [PMID: 34193327 PMCID: PMC11010155 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021001141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The prevention, treatment and control of Haemonchus contortus have been increasingly problematic due to its widespread occurrence and anthelmintic resistance. There are very few descriptions of recombinant antigens being protective for H. contortus, despite the success of various native antigen preparations, including Barbervax. We recently identified an H. contortus excretory–secretory antigen, H. contortus adhesion-regulating molecule 1 (HcADRM1), that served as an immunomodulator to impair host T-cell functions. Given the prophylactic potential of HcADRM1 protein as a vaccine candidate, we hereby assessed the efficacies of HcADRM1 preparations against H. contortus infection. Parasitological and immunological parameters were evaluated throughout all time points of the trials, including fecal egg counts (FEC), abomasal worm burdens, complete blood counts, cytokine production profiles and antibody responses. Active vaccination with recombinant HcADRM1 (rHcADRM1) protein induced protective immunity in inoculated goats, resulting in reductions of 48.9 and 58.6% in cumulative FEC and worm burdens. Simultaneously, passive administration of anti-HcADRM1 antibodies generated encouraging levels of protection with 46.7 and 56.2% reductions in cumulative FEC and worm burdens in challenged goats. In addition, HcADRM1 preparations-immunized goats showed significant differences in mucosal and serum antigen-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels, total mucosal IgA levels, haemoglobin values and circulating interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-17A production compared to control goats in both trials. The preliminary data of these laboratory trials validated the immunoprophylactic effects of rHcADRM1 protein. It can be pursued as a potential vaccine antigen to develop an effective recombinant subunit vaccine against H. contortus under field conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingmin Lu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Tian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, P. R. China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, P. R. China
| | - Kalibixiati Aimulajiang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, P. R. China
| | - Ai-Ling Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province730046, P. R. China
| | - Charles Li
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD20705, USA
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, P. R. China
| | - Lixin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, P. R. China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, P. R. China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lu M, Tian X, Zhang Y, Wang W, Tian AL, Aimulajiang K, Liu L, Li C, Yan R, Xu L, Song X, Li X. Protection studies of an excretory-secretory protein HcABHD against Haemonchus contortus infection. Vet Res 2021; 52:3. [PMID: 33407892 PMCID: PMC7786147 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00871-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike the successful immunization of native H. contortus antigens that contributed to the realization of the first commercial vaccine Barbervax, not many studies revealed the encouraging protective efficacies of recombinant H. contortus antigens in laboratory trials or under field conditions. In our preliminary study, H. contortus α/β-hydrolase domain protein (HcABHD) was demonstrated to be an immunomodulatory excretory-secretory (ES) protein that interacts with goat T cells. We herein evaluated the protective capacities of two HcABHD preparations, recombinant HcABHD (rHcABHD) antigen and anti-rHcABHD IgG, against H. contortus challenge via active and passive immunization trials, respectively. Parasitological parameter, antibody responses, hematological pathology and cytokine profiling in unchallenged and challenged goats were monitored and determined throughout both trials. Subcutaneous administration of rHcABHD with Freund adjuvants elicited protective immune responses in challenged goats, diminishing cumulative fecal egg counts (FEC) and total worm burden by 54.0% and 74.2%, respectively, whereas passive immunization with anti-rHcABHD IgG conferred substantial protection to challenged goats by generating a 51.5% reduction of cumulative FEC and a 73.8% reduction of total worm burden. Additionally, comparable changes of mucosal IgA levels, circulating IgG levels, hemoglobin levels, and serum interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-17A levels were observed in rHcABHD protein/anti-rHcABHD IgG immunized goats in both trials. Taken together, the recombinant version of HcABHD might have further application under field conditions in protecting goats against H. contortus infection, and the integrated immunological pipeline of ES antigen identification, screening and characterization may provide new clues for further development of recombinant subunit vaccines to control H. contortus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingmin Lu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Tian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Ai-Ling Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Kalibixiati Aimulajiang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Lianrui Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Charles Li
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Lixin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bu Y, Cao M, Tian X, Lu M, Li J, Mao D, Yu L, Memon MA, Li C, Xu L, Song X, Yan R, Li X. HcFAR, a functional inhibitor of goat TGF-β1 identified from excretory and secretory products of Haemonchus contortus. Vet Parasitol 2020; 286:109236. [PMID: 32961509 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus has developed complexed and multifaceted mechanisms of immune evasion to enable the survival in the host. Generating excretion and secretion products (ESPs) to subvert or suppress the functions of host cytokines is a newly immune regulatory pattern found during recent years. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has critical immune regulatory functions in nematode infections. In this study, co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) assay was used to identify the goat TGF-β1 binding proteins from HcESPs. The interaction between TGF-β1 and nematode fatty acid retinoid binding domain containing protein of H. contortus (HcFAR) was analyzed by glutathione S-transferase (GST)-pull down assay. The suppressive effect of rHcFAR on TGF-β1-induced immunoglobulin A (IgA) secretion was observed by co-incubation of rHcFAR and TGF-β1 with goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The IgA concentrations were determined using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Meanwhile, the suppressive effect of rHcFAR on TGF-β1-induced T helper (Th) 9 differentiation was investigated by co-incubation of rHcFAR, TGF-β1 and interleukin (IL)-4 with goats PBMCs. In parallel, IL-4 was replaced by IL-6 to determine the effects on the Th17 differentiation. The transcriptions of IL-9 and IL-17 in PBMCs were then evaluated by real-time PCR. Finally, we found that HcFAR from HcESPs could bind to goat TGF-β1 in vitro. The ELISA results of IgA showed that 40 μg/mL rHcFAR could suppress the IgA secretion of PBMCs induced by TGF-β1. Additionally, rHcFAR (at 10 μg/mL and 20 μg/mL) could inhibit the mRNA transcription of IL-9 induced by TGF-β1 and IL-4. Meanwhile, rHcFAR could also downregulate the transcription of IL-17 induced by TGF-β1 and IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicated that HcFAR was a functional inhibitor of goat TGF-β1 and this information may help contribute to understanding of the relationship between the ESPs and host cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongqian Bu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Man Cao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Xiaowei Tian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Mingmin Lu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Junjie Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Dingyi Mao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Lin Yu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Muhammad Ali Memon
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Charles Li
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States; Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States.
| | - Lixin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Xiaokai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Xiangrui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Besnard F, Picao-Osorio J, Dubois C, Félix MA. A broad mutational target explains a fast rate of phenotypic evolution. eLife 2020; 9:54928. [PMID: 32851977 PMCID: PMC7556874 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid evolution of a trait in a clade of organisms can be explained by the sustained action of natural selection or by a high mutational variance, that is the propensity to change under spontaneous mutation. The causes for a high mutational variance are still elusive. In some cases, fast evolution depends on the high mutation rate of one or few loci with short tandem repeats. Here, we report on the fastest evolving cell fate among vulva precursor cells in Caenorhabditis nematodes, that of P3.p. We identify and validate causal mutations underlying P3.p's high mutational variance. We find that these positions do not present any characteristics of a high mutation rate, are scattered across the genome and the corresponding genes belong to distinct biological pathways. Our data indicate that a broad mutational target size is the cause of the high mutational variance and of the corresponding fast phenotypic evolutionary rate. Heritable characteristics or traits of a group of organisms, for example the large brain size of primates or the hooves of a horse, are determined by genes, the environment, and by the interactions between them. Traits can change over time and generations when enough mutations in these genes have spread in a species to result in visible differences. However, some traits, such as the large brain of primates, evolve faster than others, but why this is the case has been unclear. It could be that a few specific genes important for that trait in question mutate at a high rate, or, that many genes affect the trait, creating a lot of variation for natural selection to choose from. Here, Besnard, Picao-Osorio et al. studied the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans to better understand the causes underlying the different rates of trait evolution. These worms have a short life cycle and evolve quickly over many generations, making them an ideal candidate for studying mutation rates in different traits. Previous studies have shown that one of C. elegans’ six cells of the reproductive system evolves faster than the others. To investigate this further, Besnard, Picao-Osorio et al. analysed the genetic mutations driving change in this cell in 250 worm generations. The results showed that five mutations in five different genes – all responsible for different processes in the cells – were behind the supercharged evolution of this particular cell. This suggests that fast evolution results from natural selection acting upon a collection of genes, rather than one gene, and that many genes and pathways shape this trait. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that how traits are coded at the molecular level, in one gene or many, can influence the rate at which they evolve.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Besnard
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, Inserm, Paris, France.,Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Inria, Lyon, France
| | - Joao Picao-Osorio
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Clément Dubois
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Anne Félix
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, Inserm, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lu M, Tian X, Zhang Y, Aimulajiang K, Wang W, Ehsan M, Li C, Yan R, Xu L, Song X, Li X. Unveiling the immunomodulatory properties of Haemonchus contortus adhesion regulating molecule 1 interacting with goat T cells. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:424. [PMID: 32811556 PMCID: PMC7432459 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04297-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastrointestinal nematodes could release excretory-secretory (ES) proteins into the host environment to ensure their survival. These ES proteins act as immunomodulators to suppress or subvert the host immune response via the impairment of immune cell functions, especially in chronic infections. In our preliminary study, Haemonchus contortus adhesion-regulating molecule 1 (HcADRM1) was identified from H. contortus ES proteins (HcESPs) that interacted with host T cells via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. However, little is known about HcADRM1 as an ES protein which may play a pivotal role at the parasite-host interface. Methods Based on bioinformatics approaches, multiple amino acid sequence alignment was conducted and the evolutionary relationship of HcADRM1 with ADRM1 orthologues was extrapolated. Employing RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry assays, temporal transcriptional and spatial expression profiles of HcADRM1 were investigated. Using immunostaining approaches integrated with immunological bioassays, the immunomodulatory potentials of HcADRM1 on goat T cells were assessed. Results We hereby demonstrated that HcADRM1 with immunodiagnostic utility was a mammalian ADRM1 orthologue abundantly expressed at all developmental stages of H. contortus. Given the implications of ADRM1 proteins in cell growth, survival and development, we further investigated the immunomodulatory property of HcADRM1 as an individual ES protein acting at the parasite-host interface. The rHcADRM1 stimuli notably suppressed T cell viability, promoted intrinsic and extrinsic T cell apoptosis, inhibited T cell proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest at G1 phase. Simultaneously, rHcADRM1 stimuli exerted critical controls on T cell cytokine secretion profiles, predominantly by restraining the secretions of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10 and interferon-gamma. Conclusions Importantly, HcADRM1 protein may have prophylactic potential for anti-H. contortus vaccine development. Together, these findings may contribute to the clarification of molecular and immunomodulatory traits of ES proteins, as well as improvement of our understanding of parasite immune evasion mechanism in H. contortus-host biology.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingmin Lu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Tian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Kalibixiati Aimulajiang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Ehsan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Charles Li
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USA Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lu M, Tian X, Yang Z, Wang W, Tian AL, Li C, Yan R, Xu L, Song X, Li X. Proteomic analysis revealed T cell hyporesponsiveness induced by Haemonchus contortus excretory and secretory proteins. Vet Res 2020; 51:65. [PMID: 32404195 PMCID: PMC7222441 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00790-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus has evolved highly integrated and sophisticated mechanisms to promote coexistence with hosts. The excretory-secretory (ES) products generated by this parasite contribute to the regulation of the host immune response to facilitate immune evasion and induce chronicity, but the proteins responsible for this process and the exact cellular mechanisms have yet to be defined. In this study, we identified 114 H. contortus ES proteins (HcESPs) interacting with host T cells and 15 T cell binding receptors via co-immunoprecipitation and shotgun liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Based on bioinformatics analysis, we demonstrated that HcESPs could inhibit T cell viability, induce cell apoptosis, suppress T cell proliferation and cause cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, the stimulation of HcESPs exerted critical control effects on T cell cytokine production profiles, predominantly promoting the secretion of interleukin (IL)-10, IL-17A and transforming growth factor-β1 and inhibiting IL-2, IL-4 and interferon-γ production. Collectively, these findings may provide insights into the interaction between ES proteins and key host effector cells, enhancing our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying parasite immune evasion and providing new clues for novel vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingmin Lu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaowei Tian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhang Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ai-Ling Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Charles Li
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lixin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ehsan M, Gadahi JA, Lu M, Yan R, Xu L, Song X, Zhu XQ, Du A, Hu M, Li X. Recombinant elongation factor 1 alpha of Haemonchus contortus affects the functions of goat PBMCs. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12703. [PMID: 32043596 PMCID: PMC7187238 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Excretory/secretory proteins of Haemonchus contortus (HcESPs) intermingle comprehensively with host immune cells and modulate host immune responses. In this study, H contortus ES antigen named as elongation factor 1 alpha (HcEF‐1α) was cloned and expressed. The influences of recombinant HcEF‐1α on multiple functions of goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were observed in vitro. Immunoblot analysis revealed that rHcEF‐1α was recognized by the serum of goat infected with H contortus. Immunofluorescence analysis indicated that rHcEF‐1α was bound on surface of PBMCs. Moreover, the productions of IL‐4, TGF‐β1, IFN‐γ and IL‐17 of cells were significantly modulated by the incubation with rHcEF‐1α. The production of interleukin IL‐10 was decreased. Cell migration, cell proliferation and cell apoptosis were significantly increased; however, nitric oxide production (NO) was significantly decreased. The MHC II molecule expression of cells incubated with rHcEF‐1α was increased significantly, whereas MHC‐I was not changed as compared to the control groups (PBS control and pET32a). These findings indicated that rHcEF‐1α protein might play essential roles in functional regulations of HcESPs on goat PBMC and mediate the immune responses of the host during host‐parasite relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ehsan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Javaid Ali Gadahi
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan
| | - MingMin Lu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - RuoFeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - LiXin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - XiaoKai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - AiFang Du
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - XiangRui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|