1
|
Stéger A, Palmgren M. Hypothesis paper: the development of a regulatory layer in P2B autoinhibited Ca 2+-ATPases may have facilitated plant terrestrialization and animal multicellularization. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2023; 18:2204284. [PMID: 37096591 PMCID: PMC10132250 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2023.2204284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
With the appearance of plants and animals, new challenges emerged. These multicellular eukaryotes had to solve for example the difficulties of multifaceted communication between cells and adaptation to new habitats. In this paper, we are looking for one piece of the puzzle that made the development of complex multicellular eukaryotes possible with a focus on regulation of P2B autoinhibited Ca2+-ATPases. P2B ATPases pump Ca2+ out of the cytosol at the expense of ATP hydrolysis, and thereby maintain a steep gradient between the extra- and intracytosolic compartments which is utilized for Ca2+-mediated rapid cell signaling. The activity of these enzymes is regulated by a calmodulin (CaM)-responsive autoinhibitory region, which can be located in either termini of the protein, at the C-terminus in animals and at the N-terminus in plants. When the cytoplasmic Ca2+ level reaches a threshold, the CaM/Ca2+ complex binds to a calmodulin-binding domain (CaMBD) in the autoinhibitor, which leads to the upregulation of pump activity. In animals, protein activity is also controlled by acidic phospholipids that bind to a cytosolic portion of the pump. Here, we analyze the appearance of CaMBDs and the phospholipid-activating sequence and show that their evolution in animals and plants was independent. Furthermore, we hypothesize that different causes may have initiated the appearance of these regulatory layers: in animals, it is linked to the appearance of multicellularity, while in plants it co-occurs with their water-to-land transition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anett Stéger
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Michael Palmgren
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- CONTACT Michael Palmgren Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, FrederiksbergDK-1871, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Palmgren M. P-type ATPases: Many more enigmas left to solve. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105352. [PMID: 37838176 PMCID: PMC10654040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
P-type ATPases constitute a large ancient super-family of primary active pumps that have diverse substrate specificities ranging from H+ to phospholipids. The significance of these enzymes in biology cannot be overstated. They are structurally related, and their catalytic cycles alternate between high- and low-affinity conformations that are induced by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of a conserved aspartate residue. In the year 1988, all P-type sequences available by then were analyzed and five major families, P1 to P5, were identified. Since then, a large body of knowledge has accumulated concerning the structure, function, and physiological roles of members of these families, but only one additional family, P6 ATPases, has been identified. However, much is still left to be learned. For each family a few remaining enigmas are presented, with the intention that they will stimulate interest in continued research in the field. The review is by no way comprehensive and merely presents personal views with a focus on evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Palmgren
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Palmgren M. Evolution of the sodium pump. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119511. [PMID: 37301269 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic plasma membranes (PMs) are energized by electrogenic P-type ATPases that generate either Na+ or H+ motive forces to drive Na+ and H+ dependent transport processes, respectively. For this purpose, animal rely on Na+/K+-ATPases whereas fungi and plants employ PM H+-ATPases. Prokaryotes, on the other hand, depend on H+ or Na+-motive electron transport complexes to energize their cell membranes. This raises the question as to why and when electrogenic Na+ and H+ pumps evolved? Here it is shown that prokaryotic Na+/K+-ATPases have near perfect conservation of binding sites involved in coordination of three Na+ and two K+ ions. Such pumps are rare in Eubacteria but are common in methanogenic Archaea where they often are found together with P-type putative PM H+-ATPases. With some exceptions, Na+/K+-ATPases and PM H+-ATPases are found everywhere in the eukaryotic tree of life, but never together in animals, fungi and land plants. It is hypothesized that Na+/K+-ATPases and PM H+-ATPases evolved in methanogenic Archaea to support the bioenergetics of these ancestral organisms, which can utilize both H+ and Na+ as energy currencies. Both pumps must have been simultaneously present in the first eukaryotic cell, but during diversification of the major eukaryotic kingdoms, and at the time animals diverged from fungi, animals kept Na+/K+-ATPases but lost PM H+-ATPases. At the same evolutionary branch point, fungi did loose Na+/K+-ATPases, and their role was taken over by PM H+-ATPases. An independent but similar scenery emerged during terrestrialization of plants: they lost Na+/K+-ATPases but kept PM H+-ATPases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Palmgren
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
The evolution of plant proton pump regulation via the R domain may have facilitated plant terrestrialization. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1312. [PMID: 36446861 PMCID: PMC9708826 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04291-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPases are the electrogenic proton pumps that export H+ from plant and fungal cells to acidify the surroundings and generate a membrane potential. Plant PM H+-ATPases are equipped with a C‑terminal autoinhibitory regulatory (R) domain of about 100 amino acid residues, which could not be identified in the PM H+-ATPases of green algae but appeared fully developed in immediate streptophyte algal predecessors of land plants. To explore the physiological significance of this domain, we created in vivo C-terminal truncations of autoinhibited PM H+‑ATPase2 (AHA2), one of the two major isoforms in the land plant Arabidopsis thaliana. As more residues were deleted, the mutant plants became progressively more efficient in proton extrusion, concomitant with increased expansion growth and nutrient uptake. However, as the hyperactivated AHA2 also contributed to stomatal pore opening, which provides an exit pathway for water and an entrance pathway for pests, the mutant plants were more susceptible to biotic and abiotic stresses, pathogen invasion and water loss, respectively. Taken together, our results demonstrate that pump regulation through the R domain is crucial for land plant fitness and by controlling growth and nutrient uptake might have been necessary already for the successful water-to-land transition of plants.
Collapse
|
5
|
Shahnazari M, Zakipour Z, Razi H, Moghadam A, Alemzadeh A. Bioinformatics approaches for classification and investigation of the evolution of the Na/K-ATPase alpha-subunit. BMC Ecol Evol 2022; 22:122. [PMID: 36289471 PMCID: PMC9609216 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-022-02071-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Na,K-ATPase is a key protein in maintaining membrane potential that has numerous additional cellular functions. Its catalytic subunit (α), found in a wide range of organisms from prokaryotes to complex eukaryote. Several studies have been done to identify the functions as well as determining the evolutionary relationships of the α-subunit. However, a survey of a larger collection of protein sequences according to sequences similarity and their attributes is very important in revealing deeper evolutionary relationships and identifying specific amino acid differences among evolutionary groups that may have a functional role. RESULTS In this study, 753 protein sequences using phylogenetic tree classification resulted in four groups: prokaryotes (I), fungi and various kinds of Protista and some invertebrates (II), the main group of invertebrates (III), and vertebrates (IV) that was consisted with species tree. The percent of sequences that acquired a specific motif for the α/β subunit assembly increased from group I to group IV. The vertebrate sequences were divided into four groups according to isoforms with each group conforming to the evolutionary path of vertebrates from fish to tetrapods. Data mining was used to identify the most effective attributes in classification of sequences. Using 1252 attributes extracted from the sequences, the decision tree classified them in five groups: Protista, prokaryotes, fungi, invertebrates and vertebrates. Also, vertebrates were divided into four subgroups (isoforms). Generally, the count of different dipeptides and amino acid ratios were the most significant attributes for grouping. Using alignment of sequences identified the effective position of the respective dipeptides in the separation of the groups. So that 208GC is apparently involved in the separation of vertebrates from the four other organism groups, and 41DH, 431FK, and 451KC were involved in separation vertebrate isoform types. CONCLUSION The application of phylogenetic and decision tree analysis for Na,K-ATPase, provides a better understanding of the evolutionary changes according to the amino acid sequence and its related properties that could lead to the identification of effective attributes in the separation of sequences in different groups of phylogenetic tree. In this study, key evolution-related dipeptides are identified which can guide future experimental studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Shahnazari
- grid.412573.60000 0001 0745 1259Department of Plant Production and Genetics, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Zakipour
- grid.412573.60000 0001 0745 1259Department of Plant Production and Genetics, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hooman Razi
- grid.412573.60000 0001 0745 1259Department of Plant Production and Genetics, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Moghadam
- grid.412573.60000 0001 0745 1259Institute of Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abbas Alemzadeh
- grid.412573.60000 0001 0745 1259Department of Plant Production and Genetics, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang J, Fu X, Zhang S, Chen G, Li S, Shangguan T, Zheng Y, Xu F, Chen ZH, Xu S. Evolutionary and Regulatory Pattern Analysis of Soybean Ca 2+ ATPases for Abiotic Stress Tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:898256. [PMID: 35665149 PMCID: PMC9161174 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.898256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
P2-type Ca2+ ATPases are responsible for cellular Ca2+ transport, which plays an important role in plant development and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the role of P2-type Ca2+ ATPases in stress response and stomatal regulation is still elusive in soybean. In this study, a total of 12 P2-type Ca2+ ATPases genes (GmACAs and GmECAs) were identified from the genome of Glycine max. We analyzed the evolutionary relationship, conserved motif, functional domain, gene structure and location, and promoter elements of the family. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging analysis showed that vegetable soybean leaves are damaged to different extents under salt, drought, cold, and shade stresses. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis demonstrated that most of the GmACAs and GmECAs are up-regulated after drought, cold, and NaCl treatment, but are down-regulated after shading stress. Microscopic observation showed that different stresses caused significant stomatal closure. Spatial location and temporal expression analysis suggested that GmACA8, GmACA9, GmACA10, GmACA12, GmACA13, and GmACA11 might promote stomatal closure under drought, cold, and salt stress. GmECA1 might regulate stomatal closure in shading stress. GmACA1 and GmECA3 might have a negative function on cold stress. The results laid an important foundation for further study on the function of P2-type Ca2+ ATPase genes GmACAs and GmECAs for breeding abiotic stress-tolerant vegetable soybean.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Central Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xujun Fu
- Central Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Taizhou Seed Administration Station, Taizhou, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Central Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sujuan Li
- Central Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tengwei Shangguan
- College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanting Zheng
- Central Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Central Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Shengchun Xu
- Central Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fuglsang AT, Palmgren M. Proton and calcium pumping P-type ATPases and their regulation of plant responses to the environment. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1856-1875. [PMID: 35235671 PMCID: PMC8644242 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant plasma membrane H+-ATPases and Ca2+-ATPases maintain low cytoplasmic concentrations of H+ and Ca2+, respectively, and are essential for plant growth and development. These low concentrations allow plasma membrane H+-ATPases to function as electrogenic voltage stats, and Ca2+-ATPases as "off" mechanisms in Ca2+-based signal transduction. Although these pumps are autoregulated by cytoplasmic concentrations of H+ and Ca2+, respectively, they are also subject to exquisite regulation in response to biotic and abiotic events in the environment. A common paradigm for both types of pumps is the presence of terminal regulatory (R) domains that function as autoinhibitors that can be neutralized by multiple means, including phosphorylation. A picture is emerging in which some of the phosphosites in these R domains appear to be highly, nearly constantly phosphorylated, whereas others seem to be subject to dynamic phosphorylation. Thus, some sites might function as major switches, whereas others might simply reduce activity. Here, we provide an overview of the relevant transport systems and discuss recent advances that address their relation to external stimuli and physiological adaptations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja T Fuglsang
- Department for Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Michael Palmgren
- Department for Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
- Author for communication:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
López-Marqués RL, Davis JA, Harper JF, Palmgren M. Dynamic membranes: the multiple roles of P4 and P5 ATPases. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:619-631. [PMID: 33822217 PMCID: PMC8133672 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The lipid bilayer of biological membranes has a complex composition, including high chemical heterogeneity, the presence of nanodomains of specific lipids, and asymmetry with respect to lipid composition between the two membrane leaflets. In membrane trafficking, membrane vesicles constantly bud off from one membrane compartment and fuse with another, and both budding and fusion events have been proposed to require membrane lipid asymmetry. One mechanism for generating asymmetry in lipid bilayers involves the action of the P4 ATPase family of lipid flippases; these are biological pumps that use ATP as an energy source to flip lipids from one leaflet to the other. The model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) contains 12 P4 ATPases (AMINOPHOSPHOLIPID ATPASE1-12; ALA1-12), many of which are functionally redundant. Studies of P4 ATPase mutants have confirmed the essential physiological functions of these pumps and pleiotropic mutant phenotypes have been observed, as expected when genes required for basal cellular functions are disrupted. For instance, phenotypes associated with ala3 (dwarfism, pollen defects, sensitivity to pathogens and cold, and reduced polar cell growth) can be related to membrane trafficking problems. P5 ATPases are evolutionarily related to P4 ATPases, and may be the counterpart of P4 ATPases in the endoplasmic reticulum. The absence of P4 and P5 ATPases from prokaryotes and their ubiquitous presence in eukaryotes make these biological pumps a defining feature of eukaryotic cells. Here, we review recent advances in the field of plant P4 and P5 ATPases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa L López-Marqués
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - James A Davis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Jeffrey F Harper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Michael Palmgren
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Torbøl Pedersen J, De Loma J, Levi M, Palmgren M, Broberg K. Predicted AS3MT Proteins Methylate Arsenic and Support Two Major Phylogenetic AS3MT Groups. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:3041-3047. [PMID: 33156617 PMCID: PMC7759005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Inorganic
arsenic is one of the most toxic and carcinogenic substances
in the environment, but many organisms, including humans, methylate
inorganic arsenic to mono-, di-, and trimethylated arsenic metabolites,
which the organism can excrete. In humans and other eukaryotic organisms,
the arsenite methyltransferase (AS3MT) protein methylates arsenite.
AS3MT sequences from eukaryotic organisms group phylogenetically with
predicted eubacterial AS3MT sequences, which has led to the suggestion
that AS3MT was acquired from eubacteria by multiple events of horizontal
gene transfer. In this study, we evaluated whether 55 (out of which
47 were predicted based on protein sequence similarity) sequences
encoding putative AS3MT orthologues in 47 species from different kingdoms
can indeed methylate arsenic. Fifty-three of the proteins showed arsenic
methylating capacity. For example, the predicted AS3MT of the human
gut bacterium Faecalibacterium prausnitzii methylated
arsenic efficiently. We performed a kinetic analysis of 14 AS3MT proteins
representing two phylogenetically distinct clades (Group 1 and 2)
that each contain both eubacterial and eukaryotic sequences. We found
that animal and bacterial AS3MTs in Group 1 rarely produce trimethylated
arsenic, whereas Hydra vulgaris and the bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris in Group 2 produce trimethylated
arsenic metabolites. These findings suggest that animals during evolution
have acquired different arsenic methylating phenotypes from different
bacteria. Further, it shows that humans carry two bacterial systems
for arsenic methylation: one bacterium-derived AS3MT from Group 1
incorporated in the human genome and one from Group 2 in F.
prausnitzii present in the gut microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Torbøl Pedersen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-1871, Denmark.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Jessica De Loma
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Michael Levi
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Michael Palmgren
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-1871, Denmark
| | - Karin Broberg
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-1871, Denmark.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
García Bossi J, Kumar K, Barberini ML, Domínguez GD, Rondón Guerrero YDC, Marino-Buslje C, Obertello M, Muschietti JP, Estevez JM. The role of P-type IIA and P-type IIB Ca2+-ATPases in plant development and growth. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:1239-1248. [PMID: 31740935 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants have evolved mechanisms to adapt to variable and rapidly fluctuating environmental conditions. Calcium (Ca2+) in plant cells is a versatile intracellular second messenger that is essential for stimulating short- and long-term responses to environmental stresses through changes in its concentration in the cytosol ([Ca2+]cyt). Increases in [Ca2+]cyt direct the strength and length of these stimuli. In order to terminate them, the cells must then remove the cytosolic Ca2+ against a concentration gradient, either taking it away from the cell or storing it in organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and/or vacuoles. Here, we review current knowledge about the biological roles of plant P-type Ca2+-ATPases as potential actors in the regulation of this cytosolic Ca2+ efflux, with a focus the IIA ER-type Ca2+-ATPases (ECAs) and the IIB autoinhibited Ca2+-ATPases (ACAs). While ECAs are analogous proteins to animal sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPases (SERCAs), ACAs are equivalent to animal plasma membrane-type ATPases (PMCAs). We examine their expression patterns in cells exhibiting polar growth and consider their appearance during the evolution of the plant lineage. Full details of the functions and coordination of ECAs and ACAs during plant growth and development have not yet been elucidated. Our current understanding of the regulation of fluctuations in Ca2+ gradients in the cytoplasm and organelles during growth is in its infancy, but recent technological advances in Ca2+ imaging are expected to shed light on this subject.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julián García Bossi
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Dr. Héctor Torres (INGEBI-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Krishna Kumar
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Centre, GKVK Post, Bengaluru, India
| | - María Laura Barberini
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Dr. Héctor Torres (INGEBI-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Díaz Domínguez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Cristina Marino-Buslje
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Obertello
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Dr. Héctor Torres (INGEBI-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge P Muschietti
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Dr. Héctor Torres (INGEBI-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Int. Güiraldes, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José M Estevez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal (CBV), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|