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Choi W, Ro Y, Choe E, Hong L, Lee W, Kim D. Evaluation of Corpus Luteum and Plasma Progesterone the Day before Embryo Transfer as an Index for Recipient Selection in Dairy Cows. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10040262. [PMID: 37104417 PMCID: PMC10144467 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10040262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of synchronization method, season, parity, corpus luteum (CL) size, and progesterone (P4) levels on the pregnancy rate after bovine embryo transfer (ET). Among 165 recipient candidates who received 1 of 2s estrus synchronization treatments, 96 heifers and 43 cows were selected through rectal examination and used as recipients. The day before ET, the CL size and plasma P4 concentration were evaluated. The CL sizes and plasma P4 levels were not different between the selected and unselected candidates, and the pregnancy rates with the two synchronization methods were not different. However, the pregnancy rates were higher in heifers than in lactating cows, and also higher after ET performed from September to February than from March to August (p < 0.05). The recipients with a CL larger than 1.5 cm showed statistically higher pregnancy rates, and although there was no statistical significance, the pregnancy rate was higher when the plasma P4 levels were between 2.0 and 4.0 ng/mL. Exposure to a stressful environment and repeated manipulations can reduce the success rate of ET, and recipient selection with an optimal CL size and P4 level can increase the success rate of ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojae Choi
- Department of Farm Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghye Ro
- Farm Animal Clinical Training and Research Center, Institutes of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhui Choe
- Farm Animal Clinical Training and Research Center, Institutes of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Leegon Hong
- Department of Farm Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonyou Lee
- Lartbio Co., Ltd., Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06221, Republic of Korea
| | - Danil Kim
- Department of Farm Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Farm Animal Clinical Training and Research Center, Institutes of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
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Jaśkowski BM, Opałka A, Gehrke M, Herudzińska M, Czeladko J, Baumgartner W, Jaśkowski JM. A Critical Overview on Prostaglandin Inhibitors and Their Influence on Pregnancy Results after Insemination and Embryo Transfer in Cows. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123368. [PMID: 34944145 PMCID: PMC8697890 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Assisted reproductive techniques, such as artificial insemination or embryo transfer have been used in cattle reproduction for decades, but despite many methodological improvements, pregnancy rates have not increased proportionately. One strategy to improve the pregnancy rate after artificial insemination and embryo transfer is to increase the chance of early embryo survival with the use of medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. This paper compares the effect of the application of the most frequently used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in cattle (flunixin meglumine, carprofen, meloxicam, ibuprofen, aspirin, and sildenafil), as well as of steroid drugs that are used less frequently in cattle reproduction. An evaluation of published reports revealed a range of outcomes that were not always consistent with each other. However, a positive effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug treatment on the pregnancy rate in cattle was indicated, especially with the use of flunixin meglumine. Abstract Assisted reproductive techniques in cattle, such as artificial insemination (AI) and embryo transfer (ET), are widely used. Despite many years of methodological improvements, the pregnancy rate (PR) in cows has not increased in direct proportion with their development. Among the possibilities to increase the PR is the use of certain steroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The antiluteolytic effect of NSAIDs is achieved by blocking cyclooxygenase, which is involved in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. This article compares the PRs obtained after treatment with the commonly used NSAIDs in cattle, including flunixin meglumine, carprofen, meloxicam, ibuprofen, aspirin, and sildenafil. Studies on the effectiveness of certain steroid drugs on the PR have also been described. The results were not always consistent, and so comparisons between studies were made. In conclusion, flunixin meglumine seems to be an option, and can be recommended for improving ET results, especially in situations of high exposure or susceptibility to stress. Its administration under all circumstances, however, might be pointless and will not lead to the desired effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej M. Jaśkowski
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-71-320-5301
| | - Adam Opałka
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Marek Gehrke
- Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.G.); (J.M.J.)
| | - Magdalena Herudzińska
- Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | | | - Walter Baumgartner
- University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Jędrzej M. Jaśkowski
- Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.G.); (J.M.J.)
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Karasahin T, Alkan H, Satilmis F, Dursun S, Erdem H. Effect of flunixin meglumine treatment during and after embryo transfer on the pregnancy rate in cattle. Reprod Domest Anim 2021; 56:1555-1561. [PMID: 34523163 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effect of flunixin meglumine treatment during and after the transfer of in vivo produced embryos to Angus (cows) and Holstein (cows and heifers) breeds of cattle on pregnancy rate. Holstein cows were used as donors in the study. A double dose of prostaglandin F2α was administered to the recipient animals for synchronization. Uterine flushing was performed in donors on day 7 after artificial insemination. A total of 295 transferable embryos were obtained. These embryos were transferred to Angus cows (n = 85), Holstein heifers (n = 80) and Holstein cows (n = 130). After the transfer, these animals were divided into three subgroups. The first subgroup (TI) was administered flunixin meglumine during embryo transfer, and the second subgroup (TII) was administered flunixin meglumine both during embryo transfer and on days 8 and 9 after the transfer. The third subgroup (TIII) was not administered anything and it was considered the control group. Pregnancy examination of the recipients was performed on days 30-35 after the transfer using real-time ultrasonography. The pregnancy rates after embryo transfer were found to be 43.52% in Angus cows, 42.5% in Holstein heifers, and 24.61% in Holstein cows (p < .05). When the animals were not classified according to breed, the pregnancy rates in subgroups TI, TII and TIII were found to be 29.29%, 45.10% and 29.79%, respectively (p < .05). In addition, the pregnancy rates were higher in TII and TIII subgroups of Angus cows and Holstein heifers compared to that of Holstein cows (p < .05). As a result, the pregnancy rates obtained after embryo transfer in Angus cows and Holstein heifers were found to be higher than that in Holstein cows. In addition, it was concluded that the administration of flunixin meglumine during and during/after embryo transfer has a positive effect on pregnancy rates in Angus cows and Holstein heifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Karasahin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Hasan Alkan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Fatma Satilmis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Sukru Dursun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Erdem
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
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Besbaci M, Abdelli A, Belabdi I, Raboisson D. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs at embryo transfer on pregnancy rates in cows: A meta-analysis. Theriogenology 2021; 171:64-71. [PMID: 34029785 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) at the time of embryo transfer (ET) are commonly used to improve pregnancy rates in cows. A meta-analysis was conducted on 16 trials from 9 publications involving control (n = 2335) and NSAID-treated (n = 2849) cows. The meta-analysis explained the relative risk (RR) with its 95% confidence interval (CI) for pregnancy per embryo transfer (P/ET) after NSAID treatment under various circumstances. NSAID treatment with was associated on average with a 15% higher P/ET compared to no treatment (RR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.07 to 1.2). The results also highlight that the use of NSAIDs at the time of ET was particularly effective in cows with difficulty in passing the catheter from the cervix during ET, with 71% more likely P/ET (RR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.07 to 2.74) with the use of NSAIDs for these cows compared to other cows. The data were too limited to analyse the influence of NSAID molecules (flunixin meglumine [FM] and meloxicam), cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor type (non-selective COX inhibitor [both COX-1 and COX-2] and selective COX inhibitor [only COX-2]), embryo processing (embryo production, embryo conservation and embryo quality), stress, synchronization, breed and parity on the relationship between NSAIDs and P/ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Besbaci
- Laboratory of Biotechnology in Animal Reproduction (LBRA), Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Blida, 1, 09,000, Blida, Algeria.
| | - A Abdelli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bouira, 10,000, Bouira, Algeria
| | - I Belabdi
- Laboratory of Local and Natural Resources, Department of Biology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University Hassiba Benbouali of Chlef, 02000 Chlef, Algeria
| | - D Raboisson
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France; ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Toulouse, France
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Alkan H, Karaşahin T, Dursun Ş, Satılmış F, Erdem H, Güler M. Evaluation of the factors that affect the pregnancy rates during embryo transfer in beef heifers. Reprod Domest Anim 2020; 55:421-428. [PMID: 31916290 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the transfer side, transfer location, cervix transfer score, type and diameter of corpus luteum (CL) during embryo transfer on pregnancy rates in beef heifers. Progesterone-based synchronization and superovulation protocol were applied to Simmental cows used as donors (n = 168). Uterine flushings were performed on day 7 following artificial insemination. Obtained Code I (excellent or good) and II (fair) quality embryos were transferred to recipient beef heifers (n = 561). During embryo transfer, side of transfer (right or left), transfer location (the cranial or middle third of uterine horn), cervix transfer score (easy, moderate or difficult) and type (CLa, CLb and CLc) and diameter of CL were determined. Pregnancy rates following the transfer of Code I and II embryos were 44.66% and 33.07%, respectively (p < .05). The rates of pregnancy after transfers to the right and left uterine horn were 37% and 42.2%, respectively (p > .05). The pregnancy rates were 41.2%, 34.9% and 30.3% for cervix transfer scores as easy, moderate and difficult, respectively (p > .05). Pregnancy rates after transfer to the cranial third and middle third were 41.06% and 29.67%, respectively (p < .05). According to types of CL, pregnancy rates were 31.7%, 40.4% and 45.3% for CLa, CLb and CLc, respectively (p < .05). Moreover, it was found that as the CL diameter increased, the pregnancy rates increased. As a result, it was concluded that there was no effect of side of transfer and cervix transfer score, but embryo quality, transfer location, type and diameter of CL had significant effects on the pregnancy rate during embryo transfer in beef heifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Alkan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Tahir Karaşahin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Şükrü Dursun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Fatma Satılmış
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Erdem
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Güler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
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Abstract
Inflammation is not only the first line of defense of the organism but is also required in many reproductive processes such as ovulation, corpus luteum development, luteolysis, uterine clearance after insemination and post partum. Nevertheless, if excessive or persistent, inflammation can switch from a positive mechanism to a deleterious process, impairing oocyte quality and embryo development. Not only uterine but also non genital inflammatory sites can depreciate reproductive performances, with a carry over effect of 2 to 4 months. Since the metabolic challenges of the peripartum transition period make difficult for the cow to control inflammation, dairy cows are frequently in a pro-inflammatory stage, suggesting that inflammation, rather than infection, is a limiting factor of fertility in modern dairy cows. Within the first week after calving, cows have to mount an intense inflammatory response to the bacterial invasion of the uterine cavity with the challenge of being able to switch it off in no more than 5-6 weeks. The absence of neutrophils on endometrial smear is associated with the highest success rate at insemination. Since a fine tuning – rather than an absence - of inflammation is required along the reproductive cycle, anti-inflammatory drugs do not allow any improvement of pregnancy rate, except in the specific case of embryo transfer. Appropriate management of the transition period (especially nutritional) and in a long term perspective, genetic selection contribute to improve the aptitude of cows to controls the intensity of inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Chastant
- Reproduction, UMR INRA/ENVT 1225, Toulouse National Veterinary School, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Saint-Dizier
- Université de Tours, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Centre INRA Val-de-Loire, Nouzilly, France
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Kasimanickam R, Kasimanickam V, Gold J, Moore D, Kastelic JP, Pyrdek D, Ratzburg K. Injectable or transdermal flunixin meglumine improves pregnancy rates in embryo transfer recipient beef cows without altering returns to estrus. Theriogenology 2019; 140:8-17. [PMID: 31421533 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES were to determine effects of 1) injectable or transdermal flunixin meglumine (FM) at embryo transfer (ET) compared to an untreated control group on pregnancy per ET (P/ET; ∼35 d after ET); 2) embryo and recipient factors on P/ET; 3) FM on hormone concentrations; and 4) FM on returns to estrus. Angus-cross beef cows (n = 1145) at five locations were scored for body condition (BCS; 1-9) and temperament (0 or 1) and given Select-Synch + CIDR. Recipient cows with a corpus luteum (CL) ≥1.5 cm received a frozen-thawed embryo 7 d after estrus and were concurrently given 1.1 mg/kg injectable FM im (INJFM; n = 384), 3.3 mg/kg transdermal FM pour on (TDFM; n = 388), or nothing (CON group; n = 373). Blood samples were collected at ET and 7 d later (60 cows). Accounting for temperament (P < 0.05), ET difficulty score (1-3, easy to difficult; P < 0.01), treatment by temperament (P < 0.001) and treatment by embryo quality (P < 0.05), FM treatments affected P/ET (P < 0.05). The P/ET for cows given INJFM [62.8% (241/384)] or TDFM [58.7% (228/388)] were not different (P = 0.26), but they were greater (P = 0.01 and P = 0.04, respectively) than P/ET for controls [51.2% (191/373)]. The P/ET was greater for calm versus excitable cows, 60.2 (463/769) and 52.4% (197/376), respectively (P < 0.01) and was lower for difficulty score 3 [49.2% (156/317)] compared to score 1 [62.7% (254/405; P < 0.001) or score 2 [59.1% (250/423; P < 0.01)]. There was no effect (P > 0.1) of cow age, BCS, or stage of embryo development on P/ET. Pregnancy rates for embryo quality grade 1 (excellent/good) and grade 2 (fair) were 60.4% (314/520) and 55.4% (346/625), respectively (P > 0.05). Percentages of non-pregnant recipient cows in estrus from Days 18-26 did not differ among treatment groups (P > 0.1). Control cows had lower progesterone concentrations and greater substance-P, PGFM and 8-isoprostane PGF2α concentrations at 7 d after ET compared to FM-treated cows (P < 0.05). In conclusion, injectable or transdermal FM improved pregnancy rates in ET recipients, without affecting nonpregnant cows return to estrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kasimanickam
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
| | - V Kasimanickam
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - J Gold
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - D Moore
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - J P Kastelic
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - D Pyrdek
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - K Ratzburg
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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Barkhori-Mehni S, Karami-Shabankareh H, Masoumi R, Kazemi-Bonchenari M, Pezeshki A, Badiei A, Dirandeh E, Colazo MG. Effect of Exogenous Progesterone or Flunixin Meglumine After AI on Serum Progesterone Concentration and Pregnancy per AI in Lactating Dairy Cows. Anim Reprod 2018; 15:140-147. [PMID: 34122645 PMCID: PMC8186875 DOI: 10.21451/1984-3143-ar2017-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of post AI administration of exogenous
progesterone (P4) or a prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) synthesis
inhibitor agent on serum P4 concentrations and pregnancy per AI (P/AI) in lactating
dairy cows. Eighty lactating cows were randomly allocated to one of four treatment groups:
1) CON (control), received 5 mL of saline solution on d 6 and 14 post AI; 2) IP4 (injection of P
4), received 125 mg of P4 im on d 6 and 14 post AI; 3) CIDR, received a
controlled internal drug release insert containing 1.38g of P4 from d 6 to 20 post
AI; and 4) FM (Flunixin Meglumine), received 0.625 g of Flunixin Meglumine, a nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drug, twice daily on d 15 and 19 post AI. Blood samples were taken on d 0, 6,
14, 17 and 20 post AI to determine P4 concentrations. Transrectal palpation was
performed between 40 and 45 d post AI to determine pregnancy status. All treatment groups (i.e.
IP4, CIDR and FM) resulted in greater serum P4 concentration on d 17 and 20 post
AI compared to CON (P < 0.05). Cows given a CIDR insert had greater concentrations of P
4 on d 17 and 20 than IP4 and FM cows (P < 0.05). However, no significant difference
was found between IP4 and FM groups for serum P4 concentrations. The P/AI was greater
(P < 0.05) in CIDR-treated cows (55%, 11/20) than CON (25%, 5/20), and intermediate in IP4
(40%, 8/20) and FM (35%, 7/20) cows. In summary, treatment with exogenous P4 (i.e.
CIDR and IP4) or FM increased serum P4 concentrations in lactating dairy cows.
However, results suggest that only CIDR administration would improve P/AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber Barkhori-Mehni
- Department of Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Reza Masoumi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Kazemi-Bonchenari
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, Arak, Iran
| | - Adel Pezeshki
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, United States of America
| | - Arya Badiei
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Alborz, Iran
| | - Essa Dirandeh
- Department of Animal Science, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
| | - Marcos G Colazo
- Livestock Research Section, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, AB, T6H 5T6, Canada
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Lopes LMJ, Balbinot M, Fonseca BA, de Araújo CV, Martins LR. Pregnancy rates and serum 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2α concentrations in recipient Nelore heifers treated with meloxicam after the transfer of in vitro–produced embryos. Theriogenology 2015; 84:553-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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