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Obi Y, Raimann JG, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Murea M. Residual Kidney Function in Hemodialysis: Its Importance and Contribution to Improved Patient Outcomes. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:298. [PMID: 39057938 PMCID: PMC11281084 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16070298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Individuals afflicted with advanced kidney dysfunction who require dialysis for medical management exhibit different degrees of native kidney function, called residual kidney function (RKF), ranging from nil to appreciable levels. The primary focus of this manuscript is to delve into the concept of RKF, a pivotal yet under-represented topic in nephrology. To begin, we unpack the definition and intrinsic nature of RKF. We then juxtapose the efficiency of RKF against that of hemodialysis in preserving homeostatic equilibrium and facilitating physiological functions. Given the complex interplay of RKF and overall patient health, we shed light on the extent of its influence on patient outcomes, particularly in those living with advanced kidney dysfunction and on dialysis. This manuscript subsequently presents methodologies and measures to assess RKF, concluding with the potential benefits of targeted interventions aimed at preserving RKF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitsugu Obi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Jochen G. Raimann
- Renal Research Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA;
- Katz School of Science and Health, Yeshiva University, New York, NY 10033, USA
| | - Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh
- Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA;
- The Lundquist Institute at Harbor, UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Mariana Murea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
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Wong G, Zimbudzi E, Kerr PG. Comparison of Residual Kidney Function Assessment Between the Hemodialysis 2-Day and 3-Day Interdialytic Interval. KIDNEY360 2023; 4:976-981. [PMID: 37289187 PMCID: PMC10371281 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0000000000000174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Key Points There was no detected difference in measured residual kidney function between the short and long interdialytic intervals. Sample collection for assessment of residual kidney function can occur at either interdialytic interval without concerns surrounding comparability of results. Background Residual kidney function (RKF) is a dynamic marker having been shown to demonstrate fluctuations over successive days of the interdialytic interval. This study compares measured RKF between the long interdialytic interval (LIDP) and short interdialytic interval (SIDP). Methods This was a prospective cohort study. Thirty-four clinically stable, ambulatory facility hemodialysis patients were recruited. Urine samples collected in the last 12 hours of each interdialytic interval were paired with a blood test at the conclusion of each 12-hour interval to evaluate measured RKF through a mean of urinary urea and creatinine clearances. The paired Student t test and the Wilcoxon matched pairs signed-ranks were used, respectively, to compare differences in assessed mean and median RKF. Results Although average serum creatinine (607±219 µ mol/L versus 547±192 µ mol/L, P = <0.01) and serum urea concentrations (25±15 mmol/L versus 19±5 mmol/L, P = 0.01) were higher in the LIDP compared with SIDP, there was no statistically significant difference in urine volume (630±460 ml versus 520±470 ml, P = 0.06), urine urea (116±49 mmol/L versus 118±90 mmol/L, P = 0.87), or urine creatinine (7816±3943 µ mol/L versus 8926±5752 µ mol/L, P = 0.06) concentrations. On the whole, there was no significant difference in assessed RKF between the LIDP and SIDP (mean 8±6 ml/min versus 6±4 ml/min, P = 0.24; median 6.3 [3.2–10.4] versus 5.8 [3.8–8.9], P = 0.13). Conclusions There was no statistically significant difference observed in assessed RKF between the LIDP and SIDP. Measured RKF through samples collected from the LIDP and SIDP is comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edward Zimbudzi
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre Clayton, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter G. Kerr
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre Clayton, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Hegbrant J, Bernat A, Del Castillo D, Pizarro JL, Caparros S, Gaspar M, Jarava C, Strippoli GFM, Daugirdas JT. Residual Renal Phosphate Clearance in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis or Hemodiafiltration. J Ren Nutr 2023; 33:326-331. [PMID: 35792258 DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Substantial levels of residual renal clearance and urine output may occur in patients treated with hemodialysis or hemodiafiltration. However, the relationships among residual renal urea, creatinine, and phosphate clearances, respectively, and between clearances and urine volume have not been well described. METHODS We performed a prospective, cross-sectional study which enrolled hemodialysis and hemodiafiltration patients with a urine volume of >100 mL/day, in whom at least 2 residual renal clearances were obtained over a 6-month observation period. Urine was collected for 24 hours prior to the midweek treatment session and concentrations of urea, creatinine, and phosphate were measured. RESULTS Thirty-eight patients (24 men, 14 women) with a mean age of 70.4 ± 12.4 (SD) years were included in this analysis. All patients were dialyzed 3 times per week with mean treatment duration of 243 ± 7.89 minutes. Twenty patients were undergoing hemodiafiltration and 18 patients high-flux hemodialysis. In total, 102 dialysis sessions, of which 52 were hemodiafiltration, and urine collections were analyzed. Mean urine volume was 457 ± 254 mL per 24 hours. Residual renal clearance rates of urea (Kr Urea), creatinine (Kr Cr), and phosphate (Kr Phos) were 1.60 ± 0.979, 4.69 ± 3.79, and 1.98 ± 1.36 mL/minute, respectively. Mean ratios of Kr Cr/Kr Urea, Kr Phos/Kr Urea, and Kr Phos/Kr Cr were 2.83 ± 1.21, 1.23 ± 0.387, and 0.477 ± 0.185, respectively. There was a modest correlation between Kr Phos and daily urine volume (r = 0.605, P = .001). CONCLUSIONS In maintenance hemodialysis and hemodiafiltration patients, residual renal phosphate clearance is approximately 23% higher than residual renal urea clearance. Urine volume is a modestly accurate surrogate for estimating residual renal phosphate clearance, but only when urine volume is <300 mL/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörgen Hegbrant
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Sonia Caparros
- Diaverum Spain Emilio Rotellar Dialysis Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Jarava
- Diaverum Spain Isla de la Cartuja Dialysis Clinic, Seville, Spain
| | | | - John T Daugirdas
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
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Vilar E, Kaja Kamal RM, Fotheringham J, Busby A, Berdeprado J, Kislowska E, Wellsted D, Alchi B, Burton JO, Davenport A, Farrington K. A multicenter feasibility randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of incremental versus conventional initiation of hemodialysis on residual kidney function. Kidney Int 2021; 101:615-625. [PMID: 34418414 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Twice-weekly hemodialysis, as part of incremental initiation, has reported benefits including preservation of residual kidney function (RKF). To explore this, we initiated a randomized controlled feasibility trial examining 55 incident hemodialysis patients with urea clearance of 3 ml/min/1.73 m2 or more across four centers in the United Kingdom randomized to standard or incremental schedules for 12 months. Incremental hemodialysis involved twice-weekly sessions, upwardly adjusting hemodialysis dose as RKF was lost, maintaining total (Dialysis+Renal) Std Kt/V above 2. Standard hemodialysis was thrice weekly for 3.5-4 hours, minimum Dialysis Std Kt/V of 2. Primary outcomes were feasibility parameters and effect size of group differences in rate of loss of RKF at six months. Health care cost impact and patient-reported outcomes were explored. Around one-third of patients met eligibility criteria. Half agreed to randomization; 26 received standard hemodialysis and 29 incremental. At 12 months, 21 incremental patients remained in the study vs 12 in the standard arm with no group differences in the urea clearance slope. Ninety-two percent of incremental and 75% of standard arm patients had a urea clearance of 2 ml/min/1.73 m2 or more at six months. Serious adverse events were less frequent in incremental patients (Incidence Rate Ratio 0.47, confidence interval 0.27-0.81). Serum bicarbonate was significantly lower in incremental patients indicating supplementation may be required. There were three deaths in each arm. Blood pressure, extracellular fluid and patient-reported outcomes were similar. There was no signal of benefit of incremental hemodialysis in terms of protection of RKF or Quality of Life score. Median incremental hemodialysis costs were significantly lower compared to standard hemodialysis. Thus, incremental hemodialysis appears safe and cost-saving in incident patients with adequate RKF, justifying a definitive trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enric Vilar
- Renal Unit, Lister Hospital, East and North Hertfordshire National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Stevenage, UK; School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.
| | - Raja M Kaja Kamal
- Renal Unit, Lister Hospital, East and North Hertfordshire National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Stevenage, UK; School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - James Fotheringham
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; Department of Renal Medicine, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Amanda Busby
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Jocelyn Berdeprado
- Renal Unit, Lister Hospital, East and North Hertfordshire National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Stevenage, UK
| | - Ewa Kislowska
- Renal Unit, Lister Hospital, East and North Hertfordshire National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Stevenage, UK
| | - David Wellsted
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Bassam Alchi
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Berkshire Hospital NHS Trust, Reading, UK
| | - James O Burton
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; Department of Renal Medicine, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Andrew Davenport
- Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ken Farrington
- Renal Unit, Lister Hospital, East and North Hertfordshire National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Stevenage, UK; School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
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Obi Y, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Streja E, Daugirdas JT. Prediction equation for calculating residual kidney urea clearance using urine collections for different hemodialysis treatment frequencies and interdialytic intervals. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2019; 33:530-539. [PMID: 28340192 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfw473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of the study was to explore the precision of an equation designed to estimate residual kidney urea clearance (KRU) from interdialytic urine collection data and pre-hemodialysis (HD) serum urea nitrogen (SUN) in different hemodialysis treatment schedules. Methods The generalizability of the proposed equation was tested in 32 731 HD treatments where urine was collected prior to a dialysis session, mostly for 24 h but sometimes longer, in patients being dialyzed 1-4 times/week. Results The residual kidney urea clearance estimating equation predicted a KRU that matched the one computed by formal modeling within 5% in >98% of sessions analyzed. The errors in estimated versus modeled KRU for interdialytic intervals (IDIs) of 2, 3, 4 and 7 days, were 1.6 ± 1.5%, -0.4 ± 1.6%, 0.9 ± 1.6%, and 1.5 ± 1.2%, respectively. Percent errors were similar for schedules of 1-4/week with the exception of urine collection during the 2-day interval of a 2:5-day twice-weekly schedule; here error averaged 5.0 ± 1.2%. Use of the average of the SUN values at the start and end of the collection period overestimated modeled KRU by 11.3 ± 4.5%, whereas an equation suggested by others underestimated modeled KRU by -9.9 ± 3.4%. Conclusions The equation tested predicts values for KRU that are similar to those obtained from formal urea kinetic modeling, with percent errors that only rarely exceed 5%. It gives relatively precise results for a wide range of HD treatment schedules, IDIs and urine collection periods. Keywords chronic hemodialysis, clearance, guidelines, hemodialysis, predialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitsugu Obi
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Elani Streja
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - John T Daugirdas
- Medicine/Nephrology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Burr Ridge, IL, USA
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Davenport A. Measuring residual renal function for hemodialysis adequacy: Is there an easier option? Hemodial Int 2018; 21 Suppl 2:S41-S46. [PMID: 29064172 DOI: 10.1111/hdi.12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Most patients starting hemodialysis (HD) have residual renal function. As such, there has been increased interest in starting patients with less frequent and shorter dialysis session times. However, for this incremental approach to be successful, patients require regular monitoring of residual renal function, so that as residual renal function declines, the amount of HD is appropriately increased. Currently most dialysis centers rely on interdialytic urine collections. However, many patients find these inconvenient and there may be marked intrapatient variability due to compliance issues. Thus, alternative markers of residual renal function are required for routine clinical practice. Currently three middle sized molecules; cystatin C, β2 microglobulin, and βtrace protein have been investigated as potential endogenous markers of glomerular filtration. Although none is ideal, combinations of these markers have been proposed to provide a more accurate estimation of glomerular clearance, and in particular cut offs for minimal residual renal function. However, in patients with low levels of residual renal function it remains unclear as to whether the benefits of residual renal function equally apply to glomerular filtration or tubular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Davenport
- UCL Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF
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Chin AI, Appasamy S, Carey RJ, Madan N. Feasibility of Incremental 2-Times Weekly Hemodialysis in Incident Patients With Residual Kidney Function. Kidney Int Rep 2017; 2:933-942. [PMID: 29270499 PMCID: PMC5733820 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We hypothesized that at least half of incident hemodialysis (HD) patients on 3-times weekly dialysis could safely start on an incremental, 2-times weekly HD schedule if residual kidney function (RKF) had been considered. METHODS RKF is assessed in all our HD patients. This single-center, retrospective cohort study of incident adult HD patients, who survived ≥6 months on a 3-times weekly HD regimen and had a timed urine collection within 3 months of starting HD, assessed each patient's theoretical ability to achieve adequate urea clearance, ultrafiltration rate, and hemodynamic stability if on 2-times weekly HD. RESULTS Of the 410 patients in the cohort, we found that 112 (27%) could have optimally and 107 (26%) could have been appropriately considered for 2-times weekly incremental HD. In general, diuretics were underutilized in >50% of subjects who had adequate RKF urea clearance. The optimal 2-times weekly patients had better potassium and phosphorus control. The correlation coefficient of calculated residual kidney urea clearance with 24-hour urine volume and with kinetic model residual kidney clearance was 0.68 and 0.99, respectively. DISCUSSION More than 50% of incident HD patients with RKF have adequate kidney urea clearance to be considered for 2-times weekly HD. When additionally ultrafiltration volume and blood pressure stability are taken into account, more than one-fourth of the total cohort could optimally start HD in an incremental fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew I. Chin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Sacramento VA Medical Center, VA Northern California Health Care Systems, Mather Field, California, USA
| | - Suresh Appasamy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Robert J. Carey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Niti Madan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
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Chin AI, Depner TA, Daugirdas JT. Assessing the Adequacy of Small Solute Clearance for Various Dialysis Modalities, with Inclusion of Residual Native Kidney Function. Semin Dial 2017; 30:235-240. [DOI: 10.1111/sdi.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew I. Chin
- Department of Medicine; Davis School of Medicine; University of California; Sacramento California
| | - Thomas A. Depner
- Department of Medicine; Davis School of Medicine; University of California; Sacramento California
| | - John T. Daugirdas
- Department of Medicine; University of Illinois College of Medicine; Chicago Illinois
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