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Huang Z, Gan Q, Luo M, Zhang Y, Ge J, Fu Y, Chen Z. Social support and prosocial behavior in Chinese college students during the COVID-19 outbreak: a moderated mediation model of positive affect and parental care. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1127194. [PMID: 37235096 PMCID: PMC10208223 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1127194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Prosocial behavior (PSB) plays a critical role in everyday society, especially during the pandemic of COVID-19. Understanding the underlying mechanism will provide insight and advance its implementation. According to the theory of PSB, social interaction, family and individual characters all contribute to its development. The current study aimed to investigate the influencing factor of PSB among Chinese college students during COVID-19 outbreak. This is an attempt to understand the mechanism of PSB and to provide a reference for the formulation of policies aimed at promoting healthy collaborative relationships for college students. Method The online questionnaire was administered to 664 college students from 29 provinces of China via Credamo platform. There were 332 medical students and 332 non-medical students aged between 18 and 25 included for final study. The mediating role of positive emotion/affect (PA) and the moderating role of parental care in the association between social support and PSB during the pandemic of COVID-19 was explored by using Social Support Rate Scale (SSRS), Prosocial Tendencies Measurement Scale (PTM), The Positive and Negative Affect (PANAS), as well as Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI). The process macro model of SPSS was adopted for mediating and moderating analysis. Results The results showed that social support positively predicted PSB among Chinese college students, even after adding PA as a mediation variable. PA during COVID-19 mediated the association between social support and PSB. PSB also revealed as a predictor of PA by regression analysis. Moreover, the moderating effect of parental care in the relationship between PA and PSB was detected. Conclusion PA under stress acts as a mediator between social support and PSB. This mediating effect was moderated by PC in childhood. In addition, PSB was observed to predict PA reversely. The promoting factors and path between the variables of PSB are complex and need to be explored extensively. The underlying factors and process should be further investigated for the development of intervention plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Huang
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Brain Science and Visual Cognition Research Center, Medical School of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Quan Gan
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Brain Science and Visual Cognition Research Center, Medical School of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Miaoling Luo
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Brain Science and Visual Cognition Research Center, Medical School of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yunpeng Zhang
- Faculty of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Jie Ge
- Brain Science and Visual Cognition Research Center, Medical School of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Students Counseling and Mental Health Center, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Brain Science and Visual Cognition Research Center, Medical School of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Zhuangfei Chen
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Brain Science and Visual Cognition Research Center, Medical School of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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Schütz J, Bäker N. Associations between Parenting, Temperament-Related Self-Regulation and the Moral Self in Middle Childhood. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10020302. [PMID: 36832431 PMCID: PMC9954859 DOI: 10.3390/children10020302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The moral self is increasingly being debated in research, i.e., what causes children to internalise and evaluate the importance of certain moral values. The aim of the present study is to analyse associations between parental warmth and harsh parenting, temperamental self-regulation (inhibitory control and impulsivity), and the moral self in middle childhood. A total of 194 (n = 52 children with special educational needs in emotional-social development) six- to eleven-year-old children (Mage = 8.53, SDage = 1.40) and their primary caregivers (Mage = 40.41, SDage = 5.94) participated in this cross-sectional questionnaire study. Parental warmth and impulsivity were associated with the moral self. Impulsivity mediated the relationship between harsh parenting as well as parental warmth and the moral self. Results are discussed in terms of their relevance to social information processing theory. The importance of parenting and temperamental self-regulation is discussed as implications that may in turn strengthen children's moral selves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Schütz
- Department of Special Needs Education and Rehabilitation, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Ammerleander Heerstr. 114-118, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Neele Bäker
- Department of Special Needs Education and Rehabilitation, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Ammerleander Heerstr. 114-118, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
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Hong X, Liu S, Fan H, Xie H, Fang S, Zhang L. Effects of economic regional differences and family on adolescents' aggressive behaviors: Perspective of ecosystem integration. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e2856. [PMID: 36575610 PMCID: PMC9927846 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Based on the ecological systems theory and cumulative risk model, the current study aimed to determine the mediating effects of parenting styles, peer relationship, and psychological capital on family socioeconomic status and adolescents' aggressive behaviors, as well as the moderating effects of economic regional differences. METHODS In a cross-sectional design, 1271 Chinese adolescents were recruited to complete the MacArthur Scale, the short-form Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran, the Positive PsyCap Questionnaire, the peer support subscale in the Student Personal Perception of Classroom Climate, and the Aggression Questionnaire. RESULTS After controlling for gender and age, parenting style, peer relationship, and psychological capital not only mediated, but also constituted multiple chains mediation between family socioeconomic status and aggressive behaviors. Moreover, economic regional differences moderated the multiple chains mediation model between family socioeconomic status and aggressive behaviors. CONCLUSION The accumulation of multiple adverse factors increases the probability of inducing aggressive behaviors, and the development of psychological capital helps reduce the occurrence of aggressive behaviors in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Hong
- Department and Institute of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, P. R. China
| | - Shen Liu
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Hang Fan
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Xie
- Department and Institute of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, P. R. China
| | | | - Lin Zhang
- Department and Institute of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, P. R. China
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Sociomoral Reasoning Skills during Childhood: A Comprehensive and Predictive Approach. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12091226. [PMID: 36138963 PMCID: PMC9496755 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12091226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sociomoral reasoning (SMR) is an essential component of social functioning allowing children to establish judgments based on moral criteria. The progressive emergence and complexification of SMR during childhood is thought to be underpinned by a range of characteristics and abilities present in the preschool years. Past studies have mostly examined concurrent associations between individual factors and SMR. Using a more comprehensive and predictive approach to identify early predictors of school-age SMR would contribute to a more complete picture of SMR development. This study aimed to investigate the contribution of four domains of preschool predictors to SMR at school-age: demographic (age, sex, parental education), cognitive (executive and sociocognitive functions), behavioral (internalizing and externalizing behaviors), and familial (parent–child interactions, parental stress) factors. Parents of 122 children 3 to 5 years (M = 3.70, SD = 0.66 years, 51% girls) completed questionnaires and children were administered executive and sociocognitive tasks. Parent–child interactions were assessed using an observational approach. SMR was measured four years later using the SoMoral task. A four-step hierarchical regression analysis revealed that executive functions and internalizing problems were significant independent predictors of SMR. These findings provide a more comprehensive understanding of the early precursors of SMR during childhood.
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Mojdehi AS, Shohoudi A, Talwar V. Children’s moral evaluations of different types of lies and parenting practices and across cultural contexts. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-01059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Schütz J, Koglin U. A systematic review and meta-analysis of associations between self-regulation and morality in preschool and elementary school children. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03226-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe importance of self-regulatory skills for the socio-emotional competencies of children is being researched and discussed extensively. However, in order to make a clear statement about the impact of self-regulation on children’s morality, a systematic review of the literature is urgently needed. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to analyze associations between self-regulation and morality of preschool and elementary school children. In this context, distinctions among different definitions and operationalizations of self-regulation and morality are considered. Search terms were entered in the bibliographic databases PsycINFO, Scopus and Web of Science. To meet the inclusion criterion, studies needed to report empirical associations between self-regulation and morality in children of preschool and elementary school age. Furthermore, the studies should report primary data and be published in English in a peer-reviewed journal. Studies with secondary or summarized data, special populations or with certain designs were excluded. A total of 37 studies were included in the narrative synthesis. 35 of these studies were included in the meta-analysis. The narrative synthesis showed that different definitions and operationalizations were used for both self-regulation and morality. There also seems to be no consensus regarding the association between the constructs. Meta-analysis results revealed a small positive combined effect between self-regulation and morality, especially between temperament-related self-regulation and moral behavior and moral emotions. In order to gain a better understanding of the effects of self-regulation on morality, longitudinal research and further research addressing different forms of these constructs are essential.
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Yoo HN, Smetana JG. Associations among child temperament, parenting, and young children's moral and conventional understanding: The moderating role of self‐regulation. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ha Na Yoo
- Department of Psychology University of Rochester Rochester New York USA
- Department of Psychology University of Utah Asia Campus Incheon South Korea
| | - Judith G. Smetana
- Department of Psychology University of Rochester Rochester New York USA
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Ravindran N, Genaro BG, Cole PM. Parental Structuring in Response to Toddler Negative Emotion Predicts Children's Later Use of Distraction as a Self-Regulation Strategy for Waiting. Child Dev 2021; 92:1969-1983. [PMID: 33788268 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Structuring is a parental response to young children's behavior that may foster children's attempts to use cognitive skills to engage in self-regulation. Using a rural, economically strained sample, parental structuring in response to 127 eighteen-month-olds' negative emotion was observed during a home visit. Children's distraction, a useful cognitive strategy when waiting for a reward, was assessed during a laboratory wait task at 18, 24, 36, and 48 months. More frequent parental structuring at child age 18 months predicted more developmental growth in children's use of distraction between 18 and 48 months, in contrast with parental directives. Consistent with Kopp's (1989) framework, parental structuring may capitalize on children's cognitive development to play a unique role in fostering children's self-regulation of negative emotion.
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Dong S, Dubas JS, Deković M, Wang Z. Cool and hot effortful control moderate how parenting predicts child internalization in Chinese families. J Exp Child Psychol 2021; 206:105099. [PMID: 33631633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2021.105099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Internalization of external rules is a behavioral manifestation of moral development during childhood, and its development has come to be understood from the view of a complex parenting-by-temperament process. To examine this developmental process, the current research investigated how maternal parenting behaviors and child effortful control foretell internalization throughout early to middle childhood with two longitudinal samples of Chinese mother-child dyads. In Study 1 (N = 226), maternal respect for autonomy and negative control during free plays at 15 months of age were observed. At 25 months, child cool and hot effortful control were measured with a Stroop-like categorization task and an externally imposed delay task. At 37 months, observed internalization of maternal rules was assessed. Results showed that for toddlers with high levels of cool effortful control, maternal respect for autonomy positively predicted later internalization. In Study 2 (N = 88), maternal respect for autonomy and negative control during free plays at 38 months of age were coded. At 60 months, child cool and hot effortful control were measured with a Stroop-like inhibition task and a delay-of-gratification task. Observed internalization of maternal and experimenter rules and mother-reported internalization in everyday life were assessed at 60 and 84 months. Results showed that for children low on either cool or hot effortful control, maternal respect for autonomy negatively predicted later internalization during childhood. Together, the current findings support an age-relevant goodness-of-fit model for internalization development in Chinese children throughout the first 7 years of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Dong
- Beijing Key Lab of "Learning and Cognition", School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, 100037 Beijing, China; Department of Developmental Psychology, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Judith Semon Dubas
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maja Deković
- Department of Clinical Child and Family Studies, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Zhengyan Wang
- Beijing Key Lab of "Learning and Cognition", School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, 100037 Beijing, China.
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Infant temperament, early-childhood parenting, and early-adolescent development: Testing alternative models of Parenting × Temperament interaction. Dev Psychopathol 2021; 34:784-795. [PMID: 33446300 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579420002096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Here we evaluate whether infant difficult temperament (6 months) functions as a vulnerability or more general plasticity factor when investigating effects of early-childhood parenting (8-42 months) on both positive and negative early-adolescent socioemotional development (age 8-11 years). Using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC, N = 14,541) and a re-parameterized model-testing approach to distinguish alternative person × environment conceptual models, results indicated that temperament × parenting interacted in predicting externalizing (i.e., hyperactivity, conduct problems), but not other behavior (i.e., emotional symptoms, peer problems), in a (weak) differential susceptibility manner. While more and less supportive parenting predicted, respectively, fewer and more behavior problems, it did so more strongly for children who were more difficult as infants.
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ZHANG W, LI X, CHEN G, CAO Y. The relationship between positive parenting and adolescent prosocial behaviour: The mediating role of empathy and the moderating role of the oxytocin receptor gene. ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA SINICA 2021. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1041.2021.00976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rottman J, Zizik V, Minard K, Young L, Blake PR, Kelemen D. The moral, or the story? Changing children's distributive justice preferences through social communication. Cognition 2020; 205:104441. [PMID: 33045639 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Can social communication alter children's preexisting inclinations toward equality-based or merit-based forms of resource distribution? Six- to eight-year-old children's (N = 248) fairness preferences were evaluated with third-party distribution tasks before and after an intervention. Study 1 indicated that stories about beavers dividing wood had no impact on children's fairness preferences, while Study 2 indicated that brief, direct testimony was highly influential. Study 3 matched storybooks and testimony in content, with each discussing a situation resembling the distribution task, and both formats exerted a significant impact on children's fairness preferences that persisted across several weeks. There were some indications that interventions preaching the superiority of equality-based fairness were particularly effective, but there were no differences between reason-based and emotion-based interventions. Overall, storybooks and testimony can powerfully and enduringly change children's existing distributive justice preferences, as long as the moral lessons that are conveyed are easily transferable to children's real-world contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Rottman
- Department of Psychology, Franklin & Marshall College, P.O. Box 3003, Lancaster, PA 17604, United States of America.
| | - Valerie Zizik
- Department of Psychology, Franklin & Marshall College, P.O. Box 3003, Lancaster, PA 17604, United States of America
| | - Kelly Minard
- Department of Psychology, Franklin & Marshall College, P.O. Box 3003, Lancaster, PA 17604, United States of America
| | - Liane Young
- Department of Psychology, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, United States of America
| | - Peter R Blake
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 64 Cummington St., Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
| | - Deborah Kelemen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 64 Cummington St., Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
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Schroeder KM, Liben LS. Felt Pressure to Conform to Cultural Gender Roles: Correlates and Consequences. SEX ROLES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-020-01155-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Children's behavioral self-regulation and conscience: Roles of child temperament, parenting, and parenting context. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 63:54-64. [PMID: 31933507 DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study examined longitudinal, temperament-specific relations between parenting qualities in two interactive contexts and behavioral measures of child self-regulation and conscience. Mother-toddler interactions were observed for maternal gentle control and mutual positivity and responsiveness (MPR) when children were 18 months old (sample N=134, 53% male, 92% non-Hispanic White). Child temperament was also assessed, yielding exuberant, inhibited, and average-approach temperament groups. Children's behavioral self-regulation and conscience were assessed at 4.5 years of age. Mother gentle control in a free play related to poorer later behavioral self-regulation for children in the average-approach group, whereas gentle control in a clean-up related to better behavioral self-regulation in the exuberant group. MPR during the clean-up related to better conscience in the inhibited group. These results provide further support for temperament- and context-specific relations between different parenting qualities and children's later regulatory skills, which may inform the development of more effective temperament-based parenting interventions.
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Seay DM, Umaña-Taylor AJ, Jahromi LB, Updegraff KA. A prospective study of adolescent mothers’ social competence, children's effortful control and compliance and children's subsequent developmental outcomes. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Scrimgeour MB, Mariotti EC, Blandon AY. Children's Physiological Regulation and Sibling Conflict as Correlates of Children's Conscience Development. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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